You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with GCC; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
-the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
-Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
+the Free Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
+Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */
/* This file is part of the C++ front end.
#include "convert.h"
#include "c-common.h"
+static tree pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (tree);
static tree convert_for_assignment (tree, tree, const char *, tree, int);
static tree cp_pointer_int_sum (enum tree_code, tree, tree);
static tree rationalize_conditional_expr (enum tree_code, tree);
static int comp_ptr_ttypes_real (tree, tree, int);
-static int comp_ptr_ttypes_const (tree, tree);
static bool comp_except_types (tree, tree, bool);
static bool comp_array_types (tree, tree, bool);
static tree common_base_type (tree, tree);
else if (TREE_CODE (type) == ARRAY_TYPE && TYPE_DOMAIN (type))
{
tree t = complete_type (TREE_TYPE (type));
+ unsigned int needs_constructing, has_nontrivial_dtor;
if (COMPLETE_TYPE_P (t) && !dependent_type_p (type))
layout_type (type);
- TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (type)
+ needs_constructing
= TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t));
- TYPE_HAS_NONTRIVIAL_DESTRUCTOR (type)
+ has_nontrivial_dtor
= TYPE_HAS_NONTRIVIAL_DESTRUCTOR (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (t));
+ for (t = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type); t; t = TYPE_NEXT_VARIANT (t))
+ {
+ TYPE_NEEDS_CONSTRUCTING (t) = needs_constructing;
+ TYPE_HAS_NONTRIVIAL_DESTRUCTOR (t) = has_nontrivial_dtor;
+ }
}
else if (CLASS_TYPE_P (type) && CLASSTYPE_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATION (type))
instantiate_class_template (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type));
/* Given a type, perhaps copied for a typedef,
find the "original" version of it. */
-tree
+static tree
original_type (tree t)
{
- while (TYPE_NAME (t) != NULL_TREE)
+ int quals = cp_type_quals (t);
+ while (t != error_mark_node
+ && TYPE_NAME (t) != NULL_TREE)
{
tree x = TYPE_NAME (t);
if (TREE_CODE (x) != TYPE_DECL)
break;
t = x;
}
- return t;
+ return cp_build_qualified_type (t, quals);
}
/* T1 and T2 are arithmetic or enumeration types. Return the type
default:;
}
- return cp_build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
+
+ if (attribute_list_equal (TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (t1), attributes))
+ return t1;
+ else if (attribute_list_equal (TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (t2), attributes))
+ return t2;
+ else
+ return cp_build_type_attribute_variant (t1, attributes);
}
/* Return the common type of two types.
return value;
}
-/* Process a sizeof or alignof expression where the operand is an
- expression. */
+/* Process a sizeof expression where the operand is an expression. */
-tree
-cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_expr (tree e, enum tree_code op)
+static tree
+cxx_sizeof_expr (tree e)
{
- const char *op_name = operator_name_info[(int) op].name;
-
if (e == error_mark_node)
return error_mark_node;
if (processing_template_decl)
{
- e = build_min (op, size_type_node, e);
+ e = build_min (SIZEOF_EXPR, size_type_node, e);
TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (e) = 0;
TREE_READONLY (e) = 1;
&& TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)) == FIELD_DECL
&& DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)))
{
- error ("invalid application of %qs to a bit-field", op_name);
+ error ("invalid application of %<sizeof%> to a bit-field");
e = char_type_node;
}
else if (is_overloaded_fn (e))
{
- pedwarn ("ISO C++ forbids applying %qs to an expression of "
- "function type", op_name);
+ pedwarn ("ISO C++ forbids applying %<sizeof%> to an expression of "
+ "function type");
e = char_type_node;
}
else if (type_unknown_p (e))
else
e = TREE_TYPE (e);
- return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (e, op, true);
+ return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (e, SIZEOF_EXPR, true);
}
+/* Implement the __alignof keyword: Return the minimum required
+ alignment of E, measured in bytes. For VAR_DECL's and
+ FIELD_DECL's return DECL_ALIGN (which can be set from an
+ "aligned" __attribute__ specification). */
+
+static tree
+cxx_alignof_expr (tree e)
+{
+ tree t;
+
+ if (e == error_mark_node)
+ return error_mark_node;
+
+ if (processing_template_decl)
+ {
+ e = build_min (ALIGNOF_EXPR, size_type_node, e);
+ TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (e) = 0;
+ TREE_READONLY (e) = 1;
+
+ return e;
+ }
+
+ if (TREE_CODE (e) == VAR_DECL)
+ t = size_int (DECL_ALIGN_UNIT (e));
+ else if (TREE_CODE (e) == COMPONENT_REF
+ && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)) == FIELD_DECL
+ && DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)))
+ {
+ error ("invalid application of %<__alignof%> to a bit-field");
+ t = size_one_node;
+ }
+ else if (TREE_CODE (e) == COMPONENT_REF
+ && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)) == FIELD_DECL)
+ t = size_int (DECL_ALIGN_UNIT (TREE_OPERAND (e, 1)));
+ else if (is_overloaded_fn (e))
+ {
+ pedwarn ("ISO C++ forbids applying %<__alignof%> to an expression of "
+ "function type");
+ t = size_one_node;
+ }
+ else if (type_unknown_p (e))
+ {
+ cxx_incomplete_type_error (e, TREE_TYPE (e));
+ t = size_one_node;
+ }
+ else
+ return cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_type (TREE_TYPE (e), ALIGNOF_EXPR, true);
+
+ return fold_convert (size_type_node, t);
+}
+
+/* Process a sizeof or alignof expression E with code OP where the operand
+ is an expression. */
+
+tree
+cxx_sizeof_or_alignof_expr (tree e, enum tree_code op)
+{
+ if (op == SIZEOF_EXPR)
+ return cxx_sizeof_expr (e);
+ else
+ return cxx_alignof_expr (e);
+}
\f
/* EXPR is being used in a context that is not a function call.
Enforce:
return false;
}
+/* If EXP is a reference to a bitfield, and the type of EXP does not
+ match the declared type of the bitfield, return the declared type
+ of the bitfield. Otherwise, return NULL_TREE. */
+
+tree
+is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (tree exp)
+{
+ tree field;
+
+ if (TREE_CODE (exp) == COND_EXPR)
+ {
+ if (!is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1)))
+ return NULL_TREE;
+ return is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (TREE_OPERAND (exp, 2));
+ }
+ if (TREE_CODE (exp) != COMPONENT_REF)
+ return NULL_TREE;
+ field = TREE_OPERAND (exp, 1);
+ if (TREE_CODE (field) != FIELD_DECL || !DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (field))
+ return NULL_TREE;
+ if (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
+ (TREE_TYPE (exp), DECL_BIT_FIELD_TYPE (field)))
+ return NULL_TREE;
+ return DECL_BIT_FIELD_TYPE (field);
+}
+
/* Perform the conversions in [expr] that apply when an lvalue appears
in an rvalue context: the lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, and
- function-to-pointer conversions.
+ function-to-pointer conversions. In addition, manifest constants
+ are replaced by their values, and bitfield references are converted
+ to their declared types.
- In addition manifest constants are replaced by their values. */
+ Although the returned value is being used as an rvalue, this
+ function does not wrap the returned expression in a
+ NON_LVALUE_EXPR; the caller is expected to be mindful of the fact
+ that the return value is no longer an lvalue. */
tree
decay_conversion (tree exp)
enum tree_code code;
type = TREE_TYPE (exp);
- code = TREE_CODE (type);
-
if (type == error_mark_node)
return error_mark_node;
return error_mark_node;
}
- exp = integral_constant_value (exp);
+ exp = decl_constant_value (exp);
+ if (error_operand_p (exp))
+ return error_mark_node;
/* build_c_cast puts on a NOP_EXPR to make the result not an lvalue.
Leave such NOP_EXPRs, since RHS is being used in non-lvalue context. */
-
+ code = TREE_CODE (type);
if (code == VOID_TYPE)
{
error ("void value not ignored as it ought to be");
return cp_convert (ptrtype, adr);
}
- /* [basic.lval]: Class rvalues can have cv-qualified types; non-class
- rvalues always have cv-unqualified types. */
- if (! CLASS_TYPE_P (type))
- exp = cp_convert (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type), exp);
+ /* If a bitfield is used in a context where integral promotion
+ applies, then the caller is expected to have used
+ default_conversion. That function promotes bitfields correctly
+ before calling this function. At this point, if we have a
+ bitfield referenced, we may assume that is not subject to
+ promotion, and that, therefore, the type of the resulting rvalue
+ is the declared type of the bitfield. */
+ exp = convert_bitfield_to_declared_type (exp);
+
+ /* We do not call rvalue() here because we do not want to wrap EXP
+ in a NON_LVALUE_EXPR. */
+
+ /* [basic.lval]
+
+ Non-class rvalues always have cv-unqualified types. */
+ type = TREE_TYPE (exp);
+ if (!CLASS_TYPE_P (type) && cp_type_quals (type))
+ exp = build_nop (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (type), exp);
return exp;
}
+/* Perform prepatory conversions, as part of the "usual arithmetic
+ conversions". In particular, as per [expr]:
+
+ Whenever an lvalue expression appears as an operand of an
+ operator that expects the rvalue for that operand, the
+ lvalue-to-rvalue, array-to-pointer, or function-to-pointer
+ standard conversions are applied to convert the expression to an
+ rvalue.
+
+ In addition, we perform integral promotions here, as those are
+ applied to both operands to a binary operator before determining
+ what additional conversions should apply. */
+
tree
default_conversion (tree exp)
{
- exp = decay_conversion (exp);
-
+ /* Perform the integral promotions first so that bitfield
+ expressions (which may promote to "int", even if the bitfield is
+ declared "unsigned") are promoted correctly. */
if (INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (exp)))
exp = perform_integral_promotions (exp);
+ /* Perform the other conversions. */
+ exp = decay_conversion (exp);
return exp;
}
tree type;
tree promoted_type;
- type = TREE_TYPE (expr);
+ /* [conv.prom]
+
+ If the bitfield has an enumerated type, it is treated as any
+ other value of that type for promotion purposes. */
+ type = is_bitfield_expr_with_lowered_type (expr);
+ if (!type || TREE_CODE (type) != ENUMERAL_TYPE)
+ type = TREE_TYPE (expr);
gcc_assert (INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (type));
promoted_type = type_promotes_to (type);
if (type != promoted_type)
{
tree t;
- if (! flag_const_strings || TREE_CODE (totype) != POINTER_TYPE)
+ if (TREE_CODE (totype) != POINTER_TYPE)
return 0;
t = TREE_TYPE (totype);
}
/* This warning is not very useful, as it complains about printf. */
- if (warn && warn_write_strings)
- warning (0, "deprecated conversion from string constant to %qT'", totype);
+ if (warn)
+ warning (OPT_Wwrite_strings,
+ "deprecated conversion from string constant to %qT",
+ totype);
return 1;
}
tree member_scope;
tree result = NULL_TREE;
- if (object == error_mark_node || member == error_mark_node)
+ if (error_operand_p (object) || error_operand_p (member))
return error_mark_node;
gcc_assert (DECL_P (member) || BASELINK_P (member));
tree dtor_type = TREE_OPERAND (dtor_name, 0);
tree expr;
- if (scope && !check_dtor_name (scope, dtor_name))
+ if (scope && !check_dtor_name (scope, dtor_type))
{
error ("qualified type %qT does not match destructor name ~%qT",
scope, dtor_type);
return expr;
}
+/* An expression of the form "A::template B" has been resolved to
+ DECL. Issue a diagnostic if B is not a template or template
+ specialization. */
+
+void
+check_template_keyword (tree decl)
+{
+ /* The standard says:
+
+ [temp.names]
+
+ If a name prefixed by the keyword template is not a member
+ template, the program is ill-formed.
+
+ DR 228 removed the restriction that the template be a member
+ template.
+
+ DR 96, if accepted would add the further restriction that explicit
+ template arguments must be provided if the template keyword is
+ used, but, as of 2005-10-16, that DR is still in "drafting". If
+ this DR is accepted, then the semantic checks here can be
+ simplified, as the entity named must in fact be a template
+ specialization, rather than, as at present, a set of overloaded
+ functions containing at least one template function. */
+ if (TREE_CODE (decl) != TEMPLATE_DECL
+ && TREE_CODE (decl) != TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
+ {
+ if (!is_overloaded_fn (decl))
+ pedwarn ("%qD is not a template", decl);
+ else
+ {
+ tree fns;
+ fns = decl;
+ if (BASELINK_P (fns))
+ fns = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (fns);
+ while (fns)
+ {
+ tree fn = OVL_CURRENT (fns);
+ if (TREE_CODE (fn) == TEMPLATE_DECL
+ || TREE_CODE (fn) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR)
+ break;
+ if (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL
+ && DECL_USE_TEMPLATE (fn)
+ && PRIMARY_TEMPLATE_P (DECL_TI_TEMPLATE (fn)))
+ break;
+ fns = OVL_NEXT (fns);
+ }
+ if (!fns)
+ pedwarn ("%qD is not a template", decl);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
/* This function is called by the parser to process a class member
access expression of the form OBJECT.NAME. NAME is a node used by
the parser to represent a name; it is not yet a DECL. It may,
however, be a BASELINK where the BASELINK_FUNCTIONS is a
TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR. Templates must be looked up by the parser, and
there is no reason to do the lookup twice, so the parser keeps the
- BASELINK. */
+ BASELINK. TEMPLATE_P is true iff NAME was explicitly declared to
+ be a template via the use of the "A::template B" syntax. */
tree
-finish_class_member_access_expr (tree object, tree name)
+finish_class_member_access_expr (tree object, tree name, bool template_p)
{
tree expr;
tree object_type;
}
if (BASELINK_P (name))
- {
- /* A member function that has already been looked up. */
- gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (name)) == TEMPLATE_ID_EXPR);
- member = name;
- }
+ /* A member function that has already been looked up. */
+ member = name;
else
{
bool is_template_id = false;
if (TREE_CODE (name) == SCOPE_REF)
{
- /* A qualified name. The qualifying class or namespace `S' has
- already been looked up; it is either a TYPE or a
- NAMESPACE_DECL. The member name is either an IDENTIFIER_NODE
- or a BIT_NOT_EXPR. */
+ /* A qualified name. The qualifying class or namespace `S'
+ has already been looked up; it is either a TYPE or a
+ NAMESPACE_DECL. */
scope = TREE_OPERAND (name, 0);
name = TREE_OPERAND (name, 1);
- gcc_assert (CLASS_TYPE_P (scope)
- || TREE_CODE (scope) == NAMESPACE_DECL);
- gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
- || TREE_CODE (name) == BIT_NOT_EXPR);
/* If SCOPE is a namespace, then the qualified name does not
name a member of OBJECT_TYPE. */
return error_mark_node;
}
+ gcc_assert (CLASS_TYPE_P (scope));
+ gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (name) == IDENTIFIER_NODE
+ || TREE_CODE (name) == BIT_NOT_EXPR);
+
/* Find the base of OBJECT_TYPE corresponding to SCOPE. */
access_path = lookup_base (object_type, scope, ba_check, NULL);
if (access_path == error_mark_node)
if (TREE_DEPRECATED (member))
warn_deprecated_use (member);
+ if (template_p)
+ check_template_keyword (member);
+
expr = build_class_member_access_expr (object, member, access_path,
/*preserve_reference=*/false);
if (processing_template_decl && expr != error_mark_node)
- return build_min_non_dep (COMPONENT_REF, expr,
- orig_object, orig_name, NULL_TREE);
+ {
+ if (BASELINK_P (member))
+ {
+ if (TREE_CODE (orig_name) == SCOPE_REF)
+ BASELINK_QUALIFIED_P (member) = 1;
+ orig_name = member;
+ }
+ return build_min_non_dep (COMPONENT_REF, expr,
+ orig_object, orig_name,
+ NULL_TREE);
+ }
+
return expr;
}
{
tree rval, type;
- /* Subscripting with type char is likely to lose
- on a machine where chars are signed.
- So warn on any machine, but optionally.
- Don't warn for unsigned char since that type is safe.
- Don't warn for signed char because anyone who uses that
- must have done so deliberately. */
- if (warn_char_subscripts
- && TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (idx)) == char_type_node)
- warning (0, "array subscript has type %<char%>");
+ warn_array_subscript_with_type_char (idx);
if (!INTEGRAL_OR_ENUMERATION_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (idx)))
{
while (TREE_CODE (foo) == COMPONENT_REF)
foo = TREE_OPERAND (foo, 0);
if (TREE_CODE (foo) == VAR_DECL && DECL_REGISTER (foo))
- warning (0, "subscripting array declared %<register%>");
+ warning (OPT_Wextra, "subscripting array declared %<register%>");
}
type = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (array));
/* Check for errors in format strings and inappropriately
null parameters. */
- check_function_arguments (TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (fntype), coerced_params);
+ check_function_arguments (TYPE_ATTRIBUTES (fntype), coerced_params,
+ TYPE_ARG_TYPES (fntype));
return build_cxx_call (function, coerced_params);
}
tree type = typetail ? TREE_VALUE (typetail) : 0;
tree val = TREE_VALUE (valtail);
- if (val == error_mark_node)
+ if (val == error_mark_node || type == error_mark_node)
return error_mark_node;
if (type == void_type_node)
{
if (fndecl)
{
- cp_error_at ("too many arguments to %s %q+#D", called_thing,
- fndecl);
+ error ("too many arguments to %s %q+#D", called_thing, fndecl);
error ("at this point in file");
}
else
{
if (fndecl)
{
- cp_error_at ("too few arguments to %s %q+#D",
- called_thing, fndecl);
+ error ("too few arguments to %s %q+#D", called_thing, fndecl);
error ("at this point in file");
}
else
error ("too few arguments to function");
- return error_mark_list;
+ return error_mark_node;
}
}
tree op0, op1;
enum tree_code code0, code1;
tree type0, type1;
+ const char *invalid_op_diag;
/* Expression code to give to the expression when it is built.
Normally this is CODE, which is what the caller asked for,
if (code0 == ERROR_MARK || code1 == ERROR_MARK)
return error_mark_node;
- switch (code)
+ if ((invalid_op_diag
+ = targetm.invalid_binary_op (code, type0, type1)))
{
- case PLUS_EXPR:
- /* Handle the pointer + int case. */
- if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
- return cp_pointer_int_sum (PLUS_EXPR, op0, op1);
- else if (code1 == POINTER_TYPE && code0 == INTEGER_TYPE)
- return cp_pointer_int_sum (PLUS_EXPR, op1, op0);
- else
- common = 1;
- break;
+ error (invalid_op_diag);
+ return error_mark_node;
+ }
+ switch (code)
+ {
case MINUS_EXPR:
/* Subtraction of two similar pointers.
We must subtract them as integers, then divide by object size. */
&& same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (TREE_TYPE (type0),
TREE_TYPE (type1)))
return pointer_diff (op0, op1, common_type (type0, type1));
- /* Handle pointer minus int. Just like pointer plus int. */
- else if (code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
- return cp_pointer_int_sum (MINUS_EXPR, op0, op1);
- else
- common = 1;
+ /* In all other cases except pointer - int, the usual arithmetic
+ rules aply. */
+ else if (!(code0 == POINTER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE))
+ {
+ common = 1;
+ break;
+ }
+ /* The pointer - int case is just like pointer + int; fall
+ through. */
+ case PLUS_EXPR:
+ if ((code0 == POINTER_TYPE || code1 == POINTER_TYPE)
+ && (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == INTEGER_TYPE))
+ {
+ tree ptr_operand;
+ tree int_operand;
+ ptr_operand = ((code0 == POINTER_TYPE) ? op0 : op1);
+ int_operand = ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE) ? op0 : op1);
+ if (processing_template_decl)
+ {
+ result_type = TREE_TYPE (ptr_operand);
+ break;
+ }
+ return cp_pointer_int_sum (code,
+ ptr_operand,
+ int_operand);
+ }
+ common = 1;
break;
case MULT_EXPR:
|| code1 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code1 == VECTOR_TYPE))
{
if (TREE_CODE (op1) == INTEGER_CST && integer_zerop (op1))
- warning (0, "division by zero in %<%E / 0%>", op0);
+ warning (OPT_Wdiv_by_zero, "division by zero in %<%E / 0%>", op0);
else if (TREE_CODE (op1) == REAL_CST && real_zerop (op1))
- warning (0, "division by zero in %<%E / 0.%>", op0);
+ warning (OPT_Wdiv_by_zero, "division by zero in %<%E / 0.%>", op0);
if (code0 == COMPLEX_TYPE || code0 == VECTOR_TYPE)
code0 = TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (op0)));
case TRUNC_MOD_EXPR:
case FLOOR_MOD_EXPR:
if (code1 == INTEGER_TYPE && integer_zerop (op1))
- warning (0, "division by zero in %<%E %% 0%>", op0);
+ warning (OPT_Wdiv_by_zero, "division by zero in %<%E %% 0%>", op0);
else if (code1 == REAL_TYPE && real_zerop (op1))
- warning (0, "division by zero in %<%E %% 0.%>", op0);
+ warning (OPT_Wdiv_by_zero, "division by zero in %<%E %% 0.%>", op0);
if (code0 == INTEGER_TYPE && code1 == INTEGER_TYPE)
{
case EQ_EXPR:
case NE_EXPR:
- if (warn_float_equal && (code0 == REAL_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE))
- warning (0, "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
+ if (code0 == REAL_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE)
+ warning (OPT_Wfloat_equal,
+ "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
+ if ((TREE_CODE (orig_op0) == STRING_CST && !integer_zerop (op1))
+ || (TREE_CODE (orig_op1) == STRING_CST && !integer_zerop (op0)))
+ warning (OPT_Wstring_literal_comparison,
+ "comparison with string literal");
build_type = boolean_type_node;
if ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code0 == REAL_TYPE
case GE_EXPR:
case LT_EXPR:
case GT_EXPR:
+ if (TREE_CODE (orig_op0) == STRING_CST
+ || TREE_CODE (orig_op1) == STRING_CST)
+ warning (OPT_Wstring_literal_comparison,
+ "comparison with string literal");
+
build_type = boolean_type_node;
if ((code0 == INTEGER_TYPE || code0 == REAL_TYPE)
&& (code1 == INTEGER_TYPE || code1 == REAL_TYPE))
/* Vector arithmetic is only allowed when both sides are vectors. */
if (code0 == VECTOR_TYPE && code1 == VECTOR_TYPE)
{
- if (!tree_int_cst_equal (TYPE_SIZE (type0), TYPE_SIZE (type1)))
- error ("can't convert between vector values of different size");
+ if (!tree_int_cst_equal (TYPE_SIZE (type0), TYPE_SIZE (type1))
+ || !same_scalar_type_ignoring_signedness (TREE_TYPE (type0),
+ TREE_TYPE (type1)))
+ {
+ binary_op_error (code);
+ return error_mark_node;
+ }
arithmetic_types_p = 1;
}
}
if (!flag_ms_extensions && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (xarg)) == METHOD_TYPE
&& (TREE_CODE (xarg) != OFFSET_REF || !PTRMEM_OK_P (xarg)))
{
- if (TREE_CODE (xarg) != OFFSET_REF)
+ if (TREE_CODE (xarg) != OFFSET_REF
+ || !TYPE_P (TREE_OPERAND (xarg, 0)))
{
- error ("invalid use of %qE to form a pointer-to-member-function."
- " Use a qualified-id.",
+ error ("invalid use of %qE to form a pointer-to-member-function",
xarg);
+ if (TREE_CODE (xarg) != OFFSET_REF)
+ inform (" a qualified-id is required");
return error_mark_node;
}
else
{
- error ("parenthesis around %qE cannot be used to form a"
+ error ("parentheses around %qE cannot be used to form a"
" pointer-to-member-function",
xarg);
PTRMEM_OK_P (xarg) = 1;
tree argtype = 0;
const char *errstring = NULL;
tree val;
+ const char *invalid_op_diag;
if (arg == error_mark_node)
return error_mark_node;
+ if ((invalid_op_diag
+ = targetm.invalid_unary_op ((code == UNARY_PLUS_EXPR
+ ? CONVERT_EXPR
+ : code),
+ TREE_TYPE (xarg))))
+ {
+ error (invalid_op_diag);
+ return error_mark_node;
+ }
+
switch (code)
{
case UNARY_PLUS_EXPR:
if (!noconvert && CP_INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (arg)))
arg = perform_integral_promotions (arg);
- /* Make sure the result is not a lvalue: a unary plus or minus
+ /* Make sure the result is not an lvalue: a unary plus or minus
expression is always a rvalue. */
- if (real_lvalue_p (arg))
- arg = build1 (NON_LVALUE_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (arg), arg);
+ arg = rvalue (arg);
}
}
break;
else if (!(arg = build_expr_type_conversion (WANT_INT | WANT_ENUM,
arg, true)))
errstring = "wrong type argument to bit-complement";
- else if (!noconvert)
+ else if (!noconvert && CP_INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (arg)))
arg = perform_integral_promotions (arg);
break;
tree type = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (arg)));
arg = build1 (CONVERT_EXPR, type, arg);
}
- else if (lvalue_p (arg))
+ else
/* Don't let this be an lvalue. */
- return non_lvalue (arg);
+ arg = rvalue (arg);
return arg;
}
is used here to remove this const from the diagnostics
and the created OFFSET_REF. */
tree base = TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT (TREE_TYPE (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0)));
- tree name = DECL_NAME (get_first_fn (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)));
+ tree fn = get_first_fn (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
+ mark_used (fn);
if (! flag_ms_extensions)
{
+ tree name = DECL_NAME (fn);
if (current_class_type
&& TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0) == current_class_ref)
/* An expression like &memfn. */
" Say %<&%T::%D%>",
base, name);
}
- arg = build_offset_ref (base, name, /*address_p=*/true);
+ arg = build_offset_ref (base, fn, /*address_p=*/true);
}
offset_ref:
pedwarn ("ISO C++ forbids taking the address of a cast to a non-lvalue expression");
break;
+ case BASELINK:
+ arg = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (arg);
+ /* Fall through. */
+
case OVERLOAD:
arg = OVL_CURRENT (arg);
break;
break;
}
- /* Allow the address of a constructor if all the elements
- are constant. */
- if (TREE_CODE (arg) == CONSTRUCTOR && TREE_HAS_CONSTRUCTOR (arg)
- && TREE_CONSTANT (arg))
- ;
/* Anything not already handled and not a true memory reference
is an error. */
- else if (TREE_CODE (argtype) != FUNCTION_TYPE
- && TREE_CODE (argtype) != METHOD_TYPE
- && TREE_CODE (arg) != OFFSET_REF
- && !lvalue_or_else (arg, lv_addressof))
+ if (TREE_CODE (argtype) != FUNCTION_TYPE
+ && TREE_CODE (argtype) != METHOD_TYPE
+ && TREE_CODE (arg) != OFFSET_REF
+ && !lvalue_or_else (arg, lv_addressof))
return error_mark_node;
if (argtype != error_mark_node)
argtype = build_pointer_type (argtype);
- {
- tree addr;
+ /* In a template, we are processing a non-dependent expression
+ so we can just form an ADDR_EXPR with the correct type. */
+ if (processing_template_decl)
+ {
+ val = build_address (arg);
+ if (TREE_CODE (arg) == OFFSET_REF)
+ PTRMEM_OK_P (val) = PTRMEM_OK_P (arg);
+ return val;
+ }
- if (TREE_CODE (arg) != COMPONENT_REF
- /* Inside a template, we are processing a non-dependent
- expression so we can just form an ADDR_EXPR with the
- correct type. */
- || processing_template_decl)
- {
- addr = build_address (arg);
- if (TREE_CODE (arg) == OFFSET_REF)
- PTRMEM_OK_P (addr) = PTRMEM_OK_P (arg);
- }
- else if (TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)) == BASELINK)
- {
- tree fn = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
-
- /* We can only get here with a single static member
- function. */
- gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL
- && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (fn));
- mark_used (fn);
- addr = build_address (fn);
- if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0)))
- /* Do not lose object's side effects. */
- addr = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (addr),
- TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0), addr);
- }
- else if (DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)))
- {
- error ("attempt to take address of bit-field structure member %qD",
- TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
- return error_mark_node;
- }
- else
- {
- tree object = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0);
- tree field = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1);
- gcc_assert (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
- (TREE_TYPE (object), decl_type_context (field)));
- addr = build_address (arg);
- }
+ if (TREE_CODE (arg) != COMPONENT_REF)
+ {
+ val = build_address (arg);
+ if (TREE_CODE (arg) == OFFSET_REF)
+ PTRMEM_OK_P (val) = PTRMEM_OK_P (arg);
+ }
+ else if (TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)) == BASELINK)
+ {
+ tree fn = BASELINK_FUNCTIONS (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
+
+ /* We can only get here with a single static member
+ function. */
+ gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL
+ && DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P (fn));
+ mark_used (fn);
+ val = build_address (fn);
+ if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0)))
+ /* Do not lose object's side effects. */
+ val = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (val),
+ TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0), val);
+ }
+ else if (DECL_C_BIT_FIELD (TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1)))
+ {
+ error ("attempt to take address of bit-field structure member %qD",
+ TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1));
+ return error_mark_node;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ tree object = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 0);
+ tree field = TREE_OPERAND (arg, 1);
+ gcc_assert (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p
+ (TREE_TYPE (object), decl_type_context (field)));
+ val = build_address (arg);
+ }
- if (TREE_CODE (argtype) == POINTER_TYPE
- && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (argtype)) == METHOD_TYPE)
- {
- build_ptrmemfunc_type (argtype);
- addr = build_ptrmemfunc (argtype, addr, 0,
- /*c_cast_p=*/false);
- }
+ if (TREE_CODE (argtype) == POINTER_TYPE
+ && TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (argtype)) == METHOD_TYPE)
+ {
+ build_ptrmemfunc_type (argtype);
+ val = build_ptrmemfunc (argtype, val, 0,
+ /*c_cast_p=*/false);
+ }
- return addr;
- }
+ return val;
default:
break;
}
if (code != ADDR_EXPR)
- return 0;
+ return NULL_TREE;
/* Handle (a = b) used as an "lvalue" for `&'. */
if (TREE_CODE (arg) == MODIFY_EXPR
}
/* Don't let anything else be handled specially. */
- return 0;
+ return NULL_TREE;
}
\f
/* Mark EXP saying that we need to be able to take the
if (DECL_REGISTER (x) && !TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x)
&& !DECL_ARTIFICIAL (x))
{
- if (DECL_HARD_REGISTER (x) != 0)
+ if (TREE_CODE (x) == VAR_DECL && DECL_HARD_REGISTER (x))
{
error
("address of explicit register variable %qD requested", x);
}
else if (extra_warnings)
warning
- (0, "address requested for %qD, which is declared %<register%>", x);
+ (OPT_Wextra, "address requested for %qD, which is declared %<register%>", x);
}
TREE_ADDRESSABLE (x) = 1;
return true;
static void
check_for_casting_away_constness (tree src_type, tree dest_type,
- void (*diag_fn)(const char *, ...),
+ void (*diag_fn)(const char *, ...) ATTRIBUTE_GCC_CXXDIAG(1,2),
const char *description)
{
if (diag_fn && casts_away_constness (src_type, dest_type))
- error ("%s from type %qT to type %qT casts away constness",
- description, src_type, dest_type);
+ diag_fn ("%s from type %qT to type %qT casts away constness",
+ description, src_type, dest_type);
}
/* Convert EXPR (an expression with pointer-to-member type) to TYPE
allow_inverse_p, c_cast_p);
}
+/* If EXPR is an INTEGER_CST and ORIG is an arithmetic constant, return
+ a version of EXPR that has TREE_OVERFLOW and/or TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW
+ set iff they are set in ORIG. Otherwise, return EXPR unchanged. */
+
+static tree
+ignore_overflows (tree expr, tree orig)
+{
+ if (TREE_CODE (expr) == INTEGER_CST
+ && CONSTANT_CLASS_P (orig)
+ && TREE_CODE (orig) != STRING_CST
+ && (TREE_OVERFLOW (expr) != TREE_OVERFLOW (orig)
+ || TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (expr)
+ != TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (orig)))
+ {
+ if (!TREE_OVERFLOW (orig) && !TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (orig))
+ /* Ensure constant sharing. */
+ expr = build_int_cst_wide (TREE_TYPE (expr),
+ TREE_INT_CST_LOW (expr),
+ TREE_INT_CST_HIGH (expr));
+ else
+ {
+ /* Avoid clobbering a shared constant. */
+ expr = copy_node (expr);
+ TREE_OVERFLOW (expr) = TREE_OVERFLOW (orig);
+ TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (expr)
+ = TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (orig);
+ }
+ }
+ return expr;
+}
+
/* Perform a static_cast from EXPR to TYPE. When C_CAST_P is true,
this static_cast is being attempted as one of the possible casts
allowed by a C-style cast. (In that case, accessibility of base
tree intype;
tree result;
tree orig;
- void (*diag_fn)(const char*, ...);
+ void (*diag_fn)(const char*, ...) ATTRIBUTE_GCC_CXXDIAG(1,2);
const char *desc;
/* Assume the cast is valid. */
intype = TREE_TYPE (expr);
+ /* Save casted types in the function's used types hash table. */
+ used_types_insert (type);
+
/* Determine what to do when casting away constness. */
if (c_cast_p)
{
result = convert_from_reference (result);
/* Ignore any integer overflow caused by the cast. */
- if (TREE_CODE (result) == INTEGER_CST
- && CONSTANT_CLASS_P (orig))
- {
- TREE_OVERFLOW (result) = TREE_OVERFLOW (orig);
- TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (result)
- = TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (orig);
- }
+ result = ignore_overflows (result, orig);
+
/* [expr.static.cast]
If T is a reference type, the result is an lvalue; otherwise,
the result is an rvalue. */
- if (TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE
- && real_lvalue_p (result))
- result = build1 (NON_LVALUE_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (result), result);
+ if (TREE_CODE (type) != REFERENCE_TYPE)
+ result = rvalue (result);
return result;
}
expr = ocp_convert (type, expr, CONV_C_CAST, LOOKUP_NORMAL);
/* Ignore any integer overflow caused by the cast. */
- if (TREE_CODE (expr) == INTEGER_CST
- && CONSTANT_CLASS_P (orig))
- {
- TREE_OVERFLOW (expr) = TREE_OVERFLOW (orig);
- TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (expr) = TREE_CONSTANT_OVERFLOW (orig);
- }
+ expr = ignore_overflows (expr, orig);
return expr;
}
intype = TREE_TYPE (expr);
+ /* Save casted types in the function's used types hash table. */
+ used_types_insert (type);
+
/* [expr.reinterpret.cast]
An lvalue expression of type T1 can be cast to the type
"reference to T2" if an expression of type "pointer to T1" can be
else if ((TYPE_PTRMEM_P (type) && TYPE_PTRMEM_P (intype))
|| (TYPE_PTROBV_P (type) && TYPE_PTROBV_P (intype)))
{
+ tree sexpr = expr;
+
if (!c_cast_p)
check_for_casting_away_constness (intype, type, error,
"reinterpret_cast");
"target type",
intype, type);
+ /* We need to strip nops here, because the frontend likes to
+ create (int *)&a for array-to-pointer decay, instead of &a[0]. */
+ STRIP_NOPS (sexpr);
+ strict_aliasing_warning (intype, type, sexpr);
+
return fold_if_not_in_template (build_nop (type, expr));
}
else if ((TYPE_PTRFN_P (type) && TYPE_PTROBV_P (intype))
/* Perform a const_cast from EXPR to TYPE. If the cast is valid,
return an appropriate expression. Otherwise, return
error_mark_node. If the cast is not valid, and COMPLAIN is true,
- then a diagnostic will be issued. If VALID_P is non-NULL, its
- value upon return will indicate whether or not the conversion
- succeeded. */
+ then a diagnostic will be issued. If VALID_P is non-NULL, we are
+ performing a C-style cast, its value upon return will indicate
+ whether or not the conversion succeeded. */
static tree
build_const_cast_1 (tree dst_type, tree expr, bool complain,
return error_mark_node;
}
+ /* Save casted types in the function's used types hash table. */
+ used_types_insert (dst_type);
+
src_type = TREE_TYPE (expr);
/* Expressions do not really have reference types. */
if (TREE_CODE (src_type) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
&& comp_ptr_ttypes_const (dst_type, src_type))
{
if (valid_p)
- *valid_p = true;
+ {
+ *valid_p = true;
+ /* This cast is actually a C-style cast. Issue a warning if
+ the user is making a potentially unsafe cast. */
+ if (warn_cast_qual)
+ check_for_casting_away_constness (src_type, dst_type,
+ warning0,
+ "cast");
+ }
if (reference_type)
{
expr = build_unary_op (ADDR_EXPR, expr, 0);
bool plain_assign = (modifycode == NOP_EXPR);
/* Avoid duplicate error messages from operands that had errors. */
- if (lhs == error_mark_node || rhs == error_mark_node)
+ if (error_operand_p (lhs) || error_operand_p (rhs))
return error_mark_node;
/* Handle control structure constructs used as "lvalues". */
cond = build_conditional_expr
(TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0),
- build_modify_expr (cp_convert (TREE_TYPE (lhs),
- TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1)),
+ build_modify_expr (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1),
modifycode, rhs),
- build_modify_expr (cp_convert (TREE_TYPE (lhs),
- TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 2)),
+ build_modify_expr (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 2),
modifycode, rhs));
if (cond == error_mark_node)
/* Allow array assignment in compiler-generated code. */
if (! DECL_ARTIFICIAL (current_function_decl))
- pedwarn ("ISO C++ forbids assignment of arrays");
+ {
+ /* This routine is used for both initialization and assignment.
+ Make sure the diagnostic message differentiates the context. */
+ if (modifycode == INIT_EXPR)
+ error ("array used as initializer");
+ else
+ error ("invalid array assignment");
+ return error_mark_node;
+ }
from_array = TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (newrhs)) == ARRAY_TYPE
? 1 + (modifycode != INIT_EXPR): 0;
- return build_vec_init (lhs, NULL_TREE, newrhs, from_array);
+ return build_vec_init (lhs, NULL_TREE, newrhs,
+ /*explicit_default_init_p=*/false,
+ from_array);
}
if (modifycode == INIT_EXPR)
tree u = NULL_TREE;
tree delta_field;
tree pfn_field;
+ VEC(constructor_elt, gc) *v;
/* Pull the FIELD_DECLs out of the type. */
pfn_field = TYPE_FIELDS (type);
delta = convert_and_check (delta_type_node, delta);
/* Finish creating the initializer. */
- u = tree_cons (pfn_field, pfn,
- build_tree_list (delta_field, delta));
- u = build_constructor (type, u);
+ v = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);
+ CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT(v, pfn_field, pfn);
+ CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT(v, delta_field, delta);
+ u = build_constructor (type, v);
TREE_CONSTANT (u) = TREE_CONSTANT (pfn) & TREE_CONSTANT (delta);
TREE_INVARIANT (u) = TREE_INVARIANT (pfn) & TREE_INVARIANT (delta);
TREE_STATIC (u) = (TREE_CONSTANT (u)
tree n;
if (!force
- && !can_convert_arg (to_type, TREE_TYPE (pfn), pfn))
+ && !can_convert_arg (to_type, TREE_TYPE (pfn), pfn, LOOKUP_NORMAL))
error ("invalid conversion to type %qT from type %qT",
to_type, pfn_type);
}
if (type_unknown_p (pfn))
- return instantiate_type (type, pfn, tf_error | tf_warning);
+ return instantiate_type (type, pfn, tf_warning_or_error);
fn = TREE_OPERAND (pfn, 0);
gcc_assert (TREE_CODE (fn) == FUNCTION_DECL
/* Return an expression for PFN from the pointer-to-member function
given by T. */
-tree
+static tree
pfn_from_ptrmemfunc (tree t)
{
if (TREE_CODE (t) == PTRMEM_CST)
overloaded function. Call instantiate_type to get error
messages. */
if (rhstype == unknown_type_node)
- instantiate_type (type, rhs, tf_error | tf_warning);
+ instantiate_type (type, rhs, tf_warning_or_error);
else if (fndecl)
error ("cannot convert %qT to %qT for argument %qP to %qD",
rhstype, type, parmnum, fndecl);
return error_mark_node;
}
}
+ if (warn_missing_format_attribute)
+ {
+ const enum tree_code codel = TREE_CODE (type);
+ if ((codel == POINTER_TYPE || codel == REFERENCE_TYPE)
+ && coder == codel
+ && check_missing_format_attribute (type, rhstype))
+ warning (OPT_Wmissing_format_attribute,
+ "%s might be a candidate for a format attribute",
+ errtype);
+ }
+
return perform_implicit_conversion (strip_top_quals (type), rhs);
}
&& codel != REFERENCE_TYPE)
rhs = TREE_OPERAND (rhs, 0);
- if (rhs == error_mark_node
+ if (type == error_mark_node
+ || rhs == error_mark_node
|| (TREE_CODE (rhs) == TREE_LIST && TREE_VALUE (rhs) == error_mark_node))
return error_mark_node;
if (fndecl)
{
if (warningcount > savew)
- cp_warning_at ("in passing argument %P of %q+D", parmnum, fndecl);
+ warning (0, "in passing argument %P of %q+D", parmnum, fndecl);
else if (errorcount > savee)
- cp_error_at ("in passing argument %P of %q+D", parmnum, fndecl);
+ error ("in passing argument %P of %q+D", parmnum, fndecl);
}
return rhs;
}
}
}
+ while (TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == COMPONENT_REF
+ || TREE_CODE (whats_returned) == ARRAY_REF)
+ whats_returned = TREE_OPERAND (whats_returned, 0);
+
if (DECL_P (whats_returned)
&& DECL_NAME (whats_returned)
&& DECL_FUNCTION_SCOPE_P (whats_returned)
|| TREE_PUBLIC (whats_returned)))
{
if (TREE_CODE (valtype) == REFERENCE_TYPE)
- cp_warning_at ("reference to local variable %qD returned",
- whats_returned);
+ warning (0, "reference to local variable %q+D returned",
+ whats_returned);
else
- cp_warning_at ("address of local variable %qD returned",
- whats_returned);
+ warning (0, "address of local variable %q+D returned",
+ whats_returned);
return;
}
}
/* Check that returning RETVAL from the current function is valid.
Return an expression explicitly showing all conversions required to
change RETVAL into the function return type, and to assign it to
- the DECL_RESULT for the function. */
+ the DECL_RESULT for the function. Set *NO_WARNING to true if
+ code reaches end of non-void function warning shouldn't be issued
+ on this RETURN_EXPR. */
tree
-check_return_expr (tree retval)
+check_return_expr (tree retval, bool *no_warning)
{
tree result;
/* The type actually returned by the function, after any
tree valtype;
int fn_returns_value_p;
+ *no_warning = false;
+
/* A `volatile' function is one that isn't supposed to return, ever.
(This is a G++ extension, used to get better code for functions
that call the `volatile' function.) */
end of a non-void function (which we don't, we gave a
return!). */
current_function_returns_null = 0;
+ /* And signal caller that TREE_NO_WARNING should be set on the
+ RETURN_EXPR to avoid control reaches end of non-void function
+ warnings in tree-cfg.c. */
+ *no_warning = true;
}
/* Check for a return statement with a value in a function that
isn't supposed to return a value. */
}
if (warn)
- warning (0, "%<operator=%> should return a reference to %<*this%>");
+ warning (OPT_Weffc__, "%<operator=%> should return a reference to %<*this%>");
}
/* The fabled Named Return Value optimization, as per [class.copy]/15:
/* The type the function is declared to return. */
tree functype = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (current_function_decl));
+ /* The functype's return type will have been set to void, if it
+ was an incomplete type. Just treat this as 'return;' */
+ if (VOID_TYPE_P (functype))
+ return error_mark_node;
+
/* First convert the value to the function's return type, then
to the type of return value's location to handle the
case that functype is smaller than the valtype. */
}
}
-/* Like comp_ptr_ttypes, for const_cast. */
+/* Return true if TO and FROM (both of which are POINTER_TYPEs or
+ pointer-to-member types) are the same, ignoring cv-qualification at
+ all levels. */
-static int
+bool
comp_ptr_ttypes_const (tree to, tree from)
{
for (; ; to = TREE_TYPE (to), from = TREE_TYPE (from))
{
if (TREE_CODE (to) != TREE_CODE (from))
- return 0;
+ return false;
if (TREE_CODE (from) == OFFSET_TYPE
&& same_type_p (TYPE_OFFSET_BASETYPE (from),
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