--- /dev/null
+// Backbone.js 1.1.2
+
+// (c) 2010-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+// Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+// For all details and documentation:
+// http://backbonejs.org
+
+(function(root, factory) {
+
+ // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
+ if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+ define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
+ // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
+ // others that may still expect a global Backbone.
+ root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $);
+ });
+
+ // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
+ } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+ var _ = require('underscore');
+ factory(root, exports, _);
+
+ // Finally, as a browser global.
+ } else {
+ root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$));
+ }
+
+}(this, function(root, Backbone, _, $) {
+
+ // Initial Setup
+ // -------------
+
+ // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
+ // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
+ var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
+
+ // Create local references to array methods we'll want to use later.
+ var array = [];
+ var slice = array.slice;
+
+ // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
+ Backbone.VERSION = '1.1.2';
+
+ // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
+ // the `$` variable.
+ Backbone.$ = $;
+
+ // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
+ // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
+ Backbone.noConflict = function() {
+ root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
+ return this;
+ };
+
+ // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
+ // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
+ // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
+ Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+
+ // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
+ // `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
+ // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
+ // form param named `model`.
+ Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+
+ // Backbone.Events
+ // ---------------
+
+ // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
+ // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback
+ // functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
+ // succession.
+ //
+ // var object = {};
+ // _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
+ // object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+ // object.trigger('expand');
+ //
+ var Events = Backbone.Events = {};
+
+ // Regular expression used to split event strings.
+ var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
+
+ // Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
+ // space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
+ // maps `{event: callback}`), reducing them by manipulating `events`.
+ // Passes a normalized (single event name and callback), as well as the `context`
+ // and `ctx` arguments to `iteratee`.
+ var eventsApi = function(iteratee, memo, name, callback, context, ctx) {
+ var i = 0, names, length;
+ if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
+ // Handle event maps.
+ for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length; i++) {
+ memo = iteratee(memo, names[i], name[names[i]], context, ctx);
+ }
+ } else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
+ // Handle space separated event names.
+ for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
+ memo = iteratee(memo, names[i], callback, context, ctx);
+ }
+ } else {
+ memo = iteratee(memo, name, callback, context, ctx);
+ }
+ return memo;
+ };
+
+ // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+ // the callback to all events fired.
+ Events.on = function(name, callback, context) {
+ this._events = eventsApi(onApi, this._events || {}, name, callback, context, this);
+ return this;
+ };
+
+ // Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
+ // an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to.
+ Events.listenTo = function(obj, name, callback) {
+ if (!obj) return this;
+ var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+ var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
+ var listening = listeningTo[id];
+
+ // This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
+ // Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
+ if (!listening) {
+ listening = listeningTo[id] = {obj: obj, events: {}};
+ id = this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+ var listeners = obj._listeners || (obj._listeners = {});
+ listeners[id] = this;
+ }
+
+ // Bind callbacks on obj, and keep track of them on listening.
+ obj.on(name, callback, this);
+ listening.events = eventsApi(onApi, listening.events, name, callback);
+ return this;
+ };
+
+ // The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
+ var onApi = function(events, name, callback, context, ctx) {
+ if (callback) {
+ var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
+ handlers.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx});
+ }
+ return events;
+ };
+
+ // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
+ // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
+ // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
+ // callbacks for all events.
+ Events.off = function(name, callback, context) {
+ if (!this._events) return this;
+ this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, context);
+
+ var listeners = this._listeners;
+ if (listeners) {
+ // Listeners always bind themselves as the context, so if `context`
+ // is passed, narrow down the search to just that listener.
+ var ids = context != null ? [context._listenId] : _.keys(listeners);
+
+ for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
+ var listener = listeners[ids[i]];
+
+ // Bail out if listener isn't listening.
+ if (!listener) break;
+
+ // Tell each listener to stop, without infinitely calling `#off`.
+ internalStopListening(listener, this, name, callback);
+ }
+ if (_.isEmpty(listeners)) this._listeners = void 0;
+ }
+ return this;
+ };
+
+ // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
+ // to every object it's currently listening to.
+ Events.stopListening = function(obj, name, callback) {
+ // Use an internal stopListening, telling it to call off on `obj`.
+ if (this._listeningTo) internalStopListening(this, obj, name, callback, true);
+ return this;
+ };
+
+ // The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
+ var offApi = function(events, name, callback, context) {
+ // Remove all callbacks for all events.
+ if (!events || !name && !context && !callback) return;
+
+ var names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events);
+ for (var i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
+ name = names[i];
+ var handlers = events[name];
+
+ // Bail out if there are no events stored.
+ if (!handlers) break;
+
+ // Find any remaining events.
+ var remaining = [];
+ if (callback || context) {
+ for (var j = 0, k = handlers.length; j < k; j++) {
+ var handler = handlers[j];
+ if (
+ callback && callback !== handler.callback &&
+ callback !== handler.callback._callback ||
+ context && context !== handler.context
+ ) {
+ remaining.push(handler);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Replace events if there are any remaining. Otherwise, clean up.
+ if (remaining.length) {
+ events[name] = remaining;
+ } else {
+ delete events[name];
+ }
+ }
+ if (!_.isEmpty(events)) return events;
+ };
+
+ var internalStopListening = function(listener, obj, name, callback, offEvents) {
+ var listeningTo = listener._listeningTo;
+ var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo);
+ for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
+ var id = ids[i];
+ var listening = listeningTo[id];
+
+ // If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently
+ // listening to obj. Break out early.
+ if (!listening) break;
+ obj = listening.obj;
+ if (offEvents) obj._events = eventsApi(offApi, obj._events, name, callback, listener);
+
+ // Events will only ever be falsey if all the event callbacks
+ // are removed. If so, stop delete the listening.
+ var events = eventsApi(offApi, listening.events, name, callback);
+ if (!events) {
+ delete listeningTo[id];
+ delete listening.obj._listeners[listener._listenId];
+ }
+ }
+ if (_.isEmpty(listeningTo)) listener._listeningTo = void 0;
+ };
+
+ // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+ // the callback is invoked, it will be removed.
+ Events.once = function(name, callback, context) {
+ // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+ var events = onceMap(name, callback, _.bind(this.off, this));
+ return this.on(events, void 0, context);
+ };
+
+ // Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
+ Events.listenToOnce = function(obj, name, callback) {
+ // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+ var events = onceMap(name, callback, _.bind(this.stopListening, this, obj));
+ return this.listenTo(obj, events);
+ };
+
+ // Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
+ // `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it as been called.
+ var onceMap = function(name, callback, offer) {
+ return eventsApi(function(map, name, callback, offer) {
+ if (callback) {
+ var once = map[name] = _.once(function() {
+ offer(name, once);
+ callback.apply(this, arguments);
+ });
+ once._callback = callback;
+ }
+ return map;
+ }, {}, name, callback, offer);
+ };
+
+ // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
+ // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
+ // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
+ // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
+ Events.trigger = function(name) {
+ if (!this._events) return this;
+
+ var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
+ var args = Array(length);
+ for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];
+
+ eventsApi(triggerApi, this, name, void 0, args);
+ return this;
+ };
+
+ // Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
+ var triggerApi = function(obj, name, cb, args) {
+ if (obj._events) {
+ var events = obj._events[name];
+ var allEvents = obj._events.all;
+ if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
+ if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
+ }
+ return obj;
+ };
+
+ // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
+ // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
+ // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
+ var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
+ var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
+ switch (args.length) {
+ case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
+ case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
+ case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
+ case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
+ default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
+ }
+ };
+
+ // Proxy Underscore methods to a Backbone class' prototype using a
+ // particular attribute as the data argument
+ var addMethod = function(length, method, attribute) {
+ switch (length) {
+ case 1: return function() {
+ return _[method](this[attribute]);
+ };
+ case 2: return function(value) {
+ return _[method](this[attribute], value);
+ };
+ case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
+ return _[method](this[attribute], iteratee, context);
+ };
+ case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) {
+ return _[method](this[attribute], iteratee, defaultVal, context);
+ };
+ default: return function() {
+ var args = slice.call(arguments);
+ args.unshift(this[attribute]);
+ return _[method].apply(_, args);
+ };
+ }
+ };
+ var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, methods, attribute) {
+ _.each(methods, function(length, method) {
+ if (_[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(length, method, attribute);
+ });
+ };
+
+ // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
+ Events.bind = Events.on;
+ Events.unbind = Events.off;
+
+ // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
+ // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
+ _.extend(Backbone, Events);
+
+ // Backbone.Model
+ // --------------
+
+ // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
+ // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
+ // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
+ // performing computations and transformations on that data.
+
+ // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
+ // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
+ var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
+ var attrs = attributes || {};
+ options || (options = {});
+ this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
+ this.attributes = {};
+ if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
+ if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
+ attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, _.result(this, 'defaults'));
+ this.set(attrs, options);
+ this.changed = {};
+ this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
+ _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
+
+ // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
+ changed: null,
+
+ // The value returned during the last failed validation.
+ validationError: null,
+
+ // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
+ // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
+ idAttribute: 'id',
+
+ // The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
+ // You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
+ cidPrefix: 'c',
+
+ // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+ // initialization logic.
+ initialize: function(){},
+
+ // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
+ toJSON: function(options) {
+ return _.clone(this.attributes);
+ },
+
+ // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
+ // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
+ sync: function() {
+ return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+ },
+
+ // Get the value of an attribute.
+ get: function(attr) {
+ return this.attributes[attr];
+ },
+
+ // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
+ escape: function(attr) {
+ return _.escape(this.get(attr));
+ },
+
+ // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
+ // or undefined.
+ has: function(attr) {
+ return this.get(attr) != null;
+ },
+
+ // Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
+ matches: function(attrs) {
+ return _.matches(attrs)(this.attributes);
+ },
+
+ // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
+ // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
+ // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
+ set: function(key, val, options) {
+ var attr, attrs, unset, changes, silent, changing, prev, current;
+ if (key == null) return this;
+
+ // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+ if (typeof key === 'object') {
+ attrs = key;
+ options = val;
+ } else {
+ (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+ }
+
+ options || (options = {});
+
+ // Run validation.
+ if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+
+ // Extract attributes and options.
+ unset = options.unset;
+ silent = options.silent;
+ changes = [];
+ changing = this._changing;
+ this._changing = true;
+
+ if (!changing) {
+ this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+ this.changed = {};
+ }
+ current = this.attributes, prev = this._previousAttributes;
+
+ // Check for changes of `id`.
+ if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];
+
+ // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
+ for (attr in attrs) {
+ val = attrs[attr];
+ if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
+ if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
+ this.changed[attr] = val;
+ } else {
+ delete this.changed[attr];
+ }
+ unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
+ }
+
+ // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
+ if (!silent) {
+ if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
+ for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
+ this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
+ }
+ }
+
+ // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
+ // be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
+ if (changing) return this;
+ if (!silent) {
+ while (this._pending) {
+ options = this._pending;
+ this._pending = false;
+ this.trigger('change', this, options);
+ }
+ }
+ this._pending = false;
+ this._changing = false;
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
+ // if the attribute doesn't exist.
+ unset: function(attr, options) {
+ return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+ },
+
+ // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
+ clear: function(options) {
+ var attrs = {};
+ for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
+ return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+ },
+
+ // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
+ // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
+ hasChanged: function(attr) {
+ if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
+ return _.has(this.changed, attr);
+ },
+
+ // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
+ // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
+ // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
+ // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
+ // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
+ // determining if there *would be* a change.
+ changedAttributes: function(diff) {
+ if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
+ var val, changed = false;
+ var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
+ for (var attr in diff) {
+ if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
+ (changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
+ }
+ return changed;
+ },
+
+ // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
+ // `"change"` event was fired.
+ previous: function(attr) {
+ if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
+ return this._previousAttributes[attr];
+ },
+
+ // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
+ // `"change"` event.
+ previousAttributes: function() {
+ return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
+ },
+
+ // Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
+ // local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
+ fetch: function(options) {
+ options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+ if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
+ var model = this;
+ var success = options.success;
+ options.success = function(resp) {
+ if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, options), options)) return false;
+ if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+ model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+ };
+ wrapError(this, options);
+ return this.sync('read', this, options);
+ },
+
+ // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
+ // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
+ // state will be `set` again.
+ save: function(key, val, options) {
+ var attrs, method, xhr, attributes = this.attributes, wait;
+
+ // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+ if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
+ attrs = key;
+ options = val;
+ } else {
+ (attrs = {})[key] = val;
+ }
+
+ options = _.extend({validate: true}, options);
+ wait = options.wait;
+
+ // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as
+ // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if
+ // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set.
+ if (attrs && !wait) {
+ if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
+ } else {
+ if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+ }
+
+ // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}`.
+ if (attrs && wait) {
+ this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
+ }
+
+ // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
+ // updated with the server-side state.
+ if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
+ var model = this;
+ var success = options.success;
+ options.success = function(resp) {
+ // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
+ model.attributes = attributes;
+ var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
+ if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
+ if (_.isObject(serverAttrs) && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) {
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+ model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+ };
+ wrapError(this, options);
+
+ method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
+ if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs;
+ xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
+
+ // Restore attributes.
+ if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = attributes;
+
+ return xhr;
+ },
+
+ // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
+ // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
+ // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
+ destroy: function(options) {
+ options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+ var model = this;
+ var success = options.success;
+ var wait = options.wait;
+
+ var destroy = function() {
+ model.stopListening();
+ model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
+ };
+
+ options.success = function(resp) {
+ if (wait || model.isNew()) destroy();
+ if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+ if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+ };
+
+ if (this.isNew()) {
+ options.success();
+ return false;
+ }
+ wrapError(this, options);
+
+ var xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
+ if (!wait) destroy();
+ return xhr;
+ },
+
+ // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
+ // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
+ // that will be called.
+ url: function() {
+ var base =
+ _.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
+ _.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
+ urlError();
+ if (this.isNew()) return base;
+ var id = this.id || this.attributes[this.idAttribute];
+ return base.replace(/([^\/])$/, '$1/') + encodeURIComponent(id);
+ },
+
+ // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
+ // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
+ parse: function(resp, options) {
+ return resp;
+ },
+
+ // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
+ clone: function() {
+ return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
+ },
+
+ // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
+ isNew: function() {
+ return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
+ },
+
+ // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
+ isValid: function(options) {
+ return this._validate({}, _.extend(options || {}, { validate: true }));
+ },
+
+ // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
+ // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
+ _validate: function(attrs, options) {
+ if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
+ attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
+ var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
+ if (!error) return true;
+ this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error}));
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ });
+
+ // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model.
+ var modelMethods = { keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
+ omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1 };
+
+ // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
+ addUnderscoreMethods(Model, modelMethods, 'attributes');
+
+ // Backbone.Collection
+ // -------------------
+
+ // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
+ // more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
+ // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
+ // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
+ // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
+ // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.
+
+ // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
+ // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
+ // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
+ var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
+ options || (options = {});
+ if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
+ if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
+ this._reset();
+ this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+ if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+ };
+
+ // Default options for `Collection#set`.
+ var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
+ var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};
+
+ // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
+ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
+
+ // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
+ // This should be overridden in most cases.
+ model: Model,
+
+ // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+ // initialization logic.
+ initialize: function(){},
+
+ // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
+ // models' attributes.
+ toJSON: function(options) {
+ return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); });
+ },
+
+ // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
+ sync: function() {
+ return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+ },
+
+ // Add a model, or list of models to the set.
+ add: function(models, options) {
+ return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
+ },
+
+ // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
+ remove: function(models, options) {
+ var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+ models = singular ? [models] : _.clone(models);
+ options || (options = {});
+ for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+ var model = models[i] = this.get(models[i]);
+ if (!model) continue;
+ var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+ if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
+ delete this._byId[model.cid];
+ var index = this.indexOf(model);
+ this.models.splice(index, 1);
+ this.length--;
+ if (!options.silent) {
+ options.index = index;
+ model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
+ }
+ this._removeReference(model, options);
+ }
+ return singular ? models[0] : models;
+ },
+
+ // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
+ // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
+ // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
+ // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
+ set: function(models, options) {
+ options = _.defaults({}, options, setOptions);
+ if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
+ var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+ models = singular ? (models ? [models] : []) : models.slice();
+ var id, model, attrs, existing, sort;
+ var at = options.at;
+ if (at != null) at = +at;
+ if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;
+ var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false;
+ var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
+ var toAdd = [], toRemove = [], modelMap = {};
+ var add = options.add, merge = options.merge, remove = options.remove;
+ var order = !sortable && add && remove ? [] : false;
+ var orderChanged = false;
+
+ // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
+ // from being added.
+ for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+ attrs = models[i];
+
+ // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
+ // optionally merge it into the existing model.
+ if (existing = this.get(attrs)) {
+ if (remove) modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
+ if (merge && attrs !== existing) {
+ attrs = this._isModel(attrs) ? attrs.attributes : attrs;
+ if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
+ existing.set(attrs, options);
+ if (sortable && !sort && existing.hasChanged(sortAttr)) sort = true;
+ }
+ models[i] = existing;
+
+ // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
+ } else if (add) {
+ model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(attrs, options);
+ if (!model) continue;
+ toAdd.push(model);
+ this._addReference(model, options);
+ }
+
+ // Do not add multiple models with the same `id`.
+ model = existing || model;
+ if (!model) continue;
+ id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+ if (order && (model.isNew() || !modelMap[id])) {
+ order.push(model);
+
+ // Check to see if this is actually a new model at this index.
+ orderChanged = orderChanged || !this.models[i] || model.cid !== this.models[i].cid;
+ }
+
+ modelMap[id] = true;
+ }
+
+ // Remove nonexistent models if appropriate.
+ if (remove) {
+ for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+ if (!modelMap[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) toRemove.push(model);
+ }
+ if (toRemove.length) this.remove(toRemove, options);
+ }
+
+ // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
+ if (toAdd.length || orderChanged) {
+ if (sortable) sort = true;
+ this.length += toAdd.length;
+ if (at != null) {
+ for (var i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
+ this.models.splice(at + i, 0, toAdd[i]);
+ }
+ } else {
+ if (order) this.models.length = 0;
+ var orderedModels = order || toAdd;
+ for (var i = 0; i < orderedModels.length; i++) {
+ this.models.push(orderedModels[i]);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
+ if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});
+
+ // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort events.
+ if (!options.silent) {
+ var addOpts = at != null ? _.clone(options) : options;
+ for (var i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
+ if (at != null) addOpts.index = at + i;
+ (model = toAdd[i]).trigger('add', model, this, addOpts);
+ }
+ if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+ }
+
+ // Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
+ return singular ? models[0] : models;
+ },
+
+ // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
+ // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
+ // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
+ // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
+ reset: function(models, options) {
+ options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+ for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
+ this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
+ }
+ options.previousModels = this.models;
+ this._reset();
+ models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+ if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
+ return models;
+ },
+
+ // Add a model to the end of the collection.
+ push: function(model, options) {
+ return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
+ },
+
+ // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
+ pop: function(options) {
+ var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
+ this.remove(model, options);
+ return model;
+ },
+
+ // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
+ unshift: function(model, options) {
+ return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
+ },
+
+ // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
+ shift: function(options) {
+ var model = this.at(0);
+ this.remove(model, options);
+ return model;
+ },
+
+ // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
+ slice: function() {
+ return slice.apply(this.models, arguments);
+ },
+
+ // Get a model from the set by id.
+ get: function(obj) {
+ if (obj == null) return void 0;
+ var id = this.modelId(this._isModel(obj) ? obj.attributes : obj);
+ return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[id] || this._byId[obj.cid];
+ },
+
+ // Get the model at the given index.
+ at: function(index) {
+ if (index < 0) index += this.length;
+ return this.models[index];
+ },
+
+ // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
+ // `filter`.
+ where: function(attrs, first) {
+ var matches = _.matches(attrs);
+ return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](function(model) {
+ return matches(model.attributes);
+ });
+ },
+
+ // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
+ // of `find`.
+ findWhere: function(attrs) {
+ return this.where(attrs, true);
+ },
+
+ // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
+ // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
+ // is added.
+ sort: function(options) {
+ if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
+ options || (options = {});
+
+ // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
+ if (_.isString(this.comparator) || this.comparator.length === 1) {
+ this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator, this);
+ } else {
+ this.models.sort(_.bind(this.comparator, this));
+ }
+
+ if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
+ pluck: function(attr) {
+ return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr);
+ },
+
+ // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
+ // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
+ // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
+ fetch: function(options) {
+ options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+ if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
+ var success = options.success;
+ var collection = this;
+ options.success = function(resp) {
+ var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
+ collection[method](resp, options);
+ if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
+ collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
+ };
+ wrapError(this, options);
+ return this.sync('read', this, options);
+ },
+
+ // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
+ // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
+ // wait for the server to agree.
+ create: function(model, options) {
+ options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+ var wait = options.wait;
+ if (!(model = this._prepareModel(model, options))) return false;
+ if (!wait) this.add(model, options);
+ var collection = this;
+ var success = options.success;
+ options.success = function(model, resp, callbackOpts) {
+ if (wait) collection.add(model, callbackOpts);
+ if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, model, resp, callbackOpts);
+ };
+ model.save(null, options);
+ return model;
+ },
+
+ // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
+ // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
+ parse: function(resp, options) {
+ return resp;
+ },
+
+ // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
+ clone: function() {
+ return new this.constructor(this.models, {
+ model: this.model,
+ comparator: this.comparator
+ });
+ },
+
+ // Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
+ modelId: function (attrs) {
+ return attrs[this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
+ },
+
+ // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
+ // is first initialized or reset.
+ _reset: function() {
+ this.length = 0;
+ this.models = [];
+ this._byId = {};
+ },
+
+ // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
+ // collection.
+ _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
+ if (this._isModel(attrs)) {
+ if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
+ return attrs;
+ }
+ options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+ options.collection = this;
+ var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
+ if (!model.validationError) return model;
+ this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options);
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ // Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
+ // the purposes of adding to the collection.
+ _isModel: function (model) {
+ return model instanceof Model;
+ },
+
+ // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
+ _addReference: function(model, options) {
+ this._byId[model.cid] = model;
+ var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+ if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+ model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+ },
+
+ // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
+ _removeReference: function(model, options) {
+ if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
+ model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+ },
+
+ // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
+ // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
+ // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
+ // in other collections are ignored.
+ _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
+ if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
+ if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
+ if (event === 'change') {
+ var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes());
+ var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+ if (prevId !== id) {
+ if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId];
+ if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+ }
+ }
+ this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+ }
+
+ });
+
+ // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
+ // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
+ // right here:
+ var collectionMethods = { forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 4,
+ foldl: 4, inject: 4, reduceRight: 4, foldr: 4, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
+ select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 2,
+ contains: 2, invoke: 2, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
+ head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
+ without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
+ isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3 };
+
+ // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
+ addUnderscoreMethods(Collection, collectionMethods, 'models');
+
+ // Underscore methods that take a property name as an argument.
+ var attributeMethods = ['groupBy', 'countBy', 'sortBy', 'indexBy'];
+
+ // Use attributes instead of properties.
+ _.each(attributeMethods, function(method) {
+ if (!_[method]) return;
+ Collection.prototype[method] = function(value, context) {
+ var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
+ return model.get(value);
+ };
+ return _[method](this.models, iterator, context);
+ };
+ });
+
+ // Backbone.View
+ // -------------
+
+ // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
+ // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
+ // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
+ // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
+ // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
+ // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
+ // react to specific changes in the state of your models.
+
+ // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+ // if an existing element is not provided...
+ var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
+ this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
+ options || (options = {});
+ _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
+ this._ensureElement();
+ this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+ var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
+
+ // List of view options to be merged as properties.
+ var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
+
+ // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+ _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
+
+ // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+ tagName: 'div',
+
+ // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+ // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
+ $: function(selector) {
+ return this.$el.find(selector);
+ },
+
+ // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+ // initialization logic.
+ initialize: function(){},
+
+ // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+ // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+ // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+ render: function() {
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
+ // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
+ remove: function() {
+ this._removeElement();
+ this.stopListening();
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
+ // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
+ // manipulation API.
+ _removeElement: function() {
+ this.$el.remove();
+ },
+
+ // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
+ // view's events on the new element.
+ setElement: function(element) {
+ this.undelegateEvents();
+ this._setElement(element);
+ this.delegateEvents();
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
+ // given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
+ // context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
+ // alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
+ // `this.el` property.
+ _setElement: function(el) {
+ this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
+ this.el = this.$el[0];
+ },
+
+ // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
+ //
+ // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+ //
+ // {
+ // 'mousedown .title': 'edit',
+ // 'click .button': 'save',
+ // 'click .open': function(e) { ... }
+ // }
+ //
+ // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+ // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
+ // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+ delegateEvents: function(events) {
+ if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return this;
+ this.undelegateEvents();
+ for (var key in events) {
+ var method = events[key];
+ if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
+ if (!method) continue;
+ var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
+ this.delegate(match[1], match[2], _.bind(method, this));
+ }
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
+ // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
+ // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+ delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+ this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+ },
+
+ // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
+ // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+ // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+ undelegateEvents: function() {
+ if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
+ // `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
+ undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+ this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+ },
+
+ // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
+ // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+ _createElement: function(tagName) {
+ return document.createElement(tagName);
+ },
+
+ // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+ // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
+ // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
+ // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+ _ensureElement: function() {
+ if (!this.el) {
+ var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
+ if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
+ if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
+ this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
+ this._setAttributes(attrs);
+ } else {
+ this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
+ }
+ },
+
+ // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element. Exposed for
+ // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+ _setAttributes: function(attributes) {
+ this.$el.attr(attributes);
+ }
+
+ });
+
+ // Backbone.sync
+ // -------------
+
+ // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+ // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+ // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
+ // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+ //
+ // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+ // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+ // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+ //
+ // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
+ // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
+ // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
+ // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+ // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
+ // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
+ Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+ var type = methodMap[method];
+
+ // Default options, unless specified.
+ _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
+ emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
+ emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
+ });
+
+ // Default JSON-request options.
+ var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
+
+ // Ensure that we have a URL.
+ if (!options.url) {
+ params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
+ }
+
+ // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
+ if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
+ params.contentType = 'application/json';
+ params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
+ }
+
+ // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
+ if (options.emulateJSON) {
+ params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
+ params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
+ }
+
+ // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
+ // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
+ if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
+ params.type = 'POST';
+ if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
+ var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
+ options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
+ xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
+ if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+ }
+
+ // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
+ if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
+ params.processData = false;
+ }
+
+ // Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
+ var error = options.error;
+ options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
+ options.textStatus = textStatus;
+ options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
+ if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
+ };
+
+ // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+ var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+ model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
+ return xhr;
+ };
+
+ // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+ var methodMap = {
+ 'create': 'POST',
+ 'update': 'PUT',
+ 'patch': 'PATCH',
+ 'delete': 'DELETE',
+ 'read': 'GET'
+ };
+
+ // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
+ // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
+ Backbone.ajax = function() {
+ return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Backbone.Router
+ // ---------------
+
+ // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+ // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+ var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
+ options || (options = {});
+ if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+ this._bindRoutes();
+ this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+ // parts of route strings.
+ var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
+ var namedParam = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
+ var splatParam = /\*\w+/g;
+ var escapeRegExp = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
+
+ // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
+ _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+
+ // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+ // initialization logic.
+ initialize: function(){},
+
+ // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+ //
+ // this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+ // ...
+ // });
+ //
+ route: function(route, name, callback) {
+ if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+ if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+ callback = name;
+ name = '';
+ }
+ if (!callback) callback = this[name];
+ var router = this;
+ Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
+ var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+ if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
+ router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+ router.trigger('route', name, args);
+ Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+ }
+ });
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters. This is an
+ // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
+ execute: function(callback, args, name) {
+ if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
+ },
+
+ // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
+ navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+ Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
+ // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
+ // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
+ _bindRoutes: function() {
+ if (!this.routes) return;
+ this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
+ var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
+ while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
+ this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
+ }
+ },
+
+ // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
+ // against the current location hash.
+ _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
+ route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
+ .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
+ .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
+ return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
+ })
+ .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
+ return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
+ },
+
+ // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
+ // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
+ // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
+ _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
+ var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+ return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
+ // Don't decode the search params.
+ if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
+ return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
+ });
+ }
+
+ });
+
+ // Backbone.History
+ // ----------------
+
+ // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
+ // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
+ // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
+ // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
+ // falls back to polling.
+ var History = Backbone.History = function() {
+ this.handlers = [];
+ _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
+
+ // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
+ if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+ this.location = window.location;
+ this.history = window.history;
+ }
+ };
+
+ // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
+ var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
+
+ // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
+ var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
+
+ // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
+ var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
+
+ // Has the history handling already been started?
+ History.started = false;
+
+ // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
+ _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
+
+ // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
+ // twenty times a second.
+ interval: 50,
+
+ // Are we at the app root?
+ atRoot: function() {
+ var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
+ return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
+ },
+
+ // Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
+ // decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
+ // of an encoded parameter.
+ decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
+ return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
+ },
+
+ // In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
+ // fragment contains `?`.
+ getSearch: function() {
+ var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
+ return match ? match[0] : '';
+ },
+
+ // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
+ // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
+ getHash: function(window) {
+ var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
+ return match ? match[1] : '';
+ },
+
+ // Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
+ getPath: function() {
+ var path = this.decodeFragment(
+ this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
+ );
+ var root = this.root.slice(0, -1);
+ if (!path.indexOf(root)) path = path.slice(root.length);
+ return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
+ },
+
+ // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
+ getFragment: function(fragment) {
+ if (fragment == null) {
+ if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
+ fragment = this.getPath();
+ } else {
+ fragment = this.getHash();
+ }
+ }
+ return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
+ },
+
+ // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
+ // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
+ start: function(options) {
+ if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
+ History.started = true;
+
+ // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
+ // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
+ this.options = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
+ this.root = this.options.root;
+ this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
+ this._hasHashChange = 'onhashchange' in window;
+ this._useHashChange = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
+ this._wantsPushState = !!this.options.pushState;
+ this._hasPushState = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
+ this._usePushState = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
+ this.fragment = this.getFragment();
+
+ // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
+ this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
+
+ // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
+ // requested.
+ if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
+
+ // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
+ // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
+ if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
+ var root = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+ this.location.replace(root + '#' + this.getPath());
+ // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
+ return true;
+
+ // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
+ // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
+ } else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
+ this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
+ // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
+ // `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
+ if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
+ var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+ iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
+ iframe.style.display = 'none';
+ iframe.tabIndex = -1;
+ var body = document.body;
+ // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
+ this.iframe = body.insertBefore(iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
+ this.iframe.document.open().close();
+ this.iframe.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
+ }
+
+ // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+ var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+ return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+ };
+
+ // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
+ // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
+ if (this._usePushState) {
+ addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+ } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+ addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+ } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+ this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
+ }
+
+ if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
+ },
+
+ // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
+ // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
+ stop: function() {
+ // Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+ var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+ return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+ };
+
+ // Remove window listeners.
+ if (this._usePushState) {
+ removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+ } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+ removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+ }
+
+ // Clean up the iframe if necessary.
+ if (this.iframe) {
+ document.body.removeChild(this.iframe.frameElement);
+ this.iframe = null;
+ }
+
+ // Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
+ if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
+ History.started = false;
+ },
+
+ // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
+ // may override previous routes.
+ route: function(route, callback) {
+ this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
+ },
+
+ // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
+ // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
+ checkUrl: function(e) {
+ var current = this.getFragment();
+
+ // If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
+ // changed and we should use that for comparison.
+ if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
+ current = this.getHash(this.iframe);
+ }
+
+ if (current === this.fragment) return false;
+ if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
+ this.loadUrl();
+ },
+
+ // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
+ // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
+ // returns `false`.
+ loadUrl: function(fragment) {
+ fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
+ return _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
+ if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
+ handler.callback(fragment);
+ return true;
+ }
+ });
+ },
+
+ // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
+ // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
+ // the fragment in advance.
+ //
+ // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
+ // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
+ // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
+ navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+ if (!History.started) return false;
+ if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
+
+ // Normalize the fragment.
+ fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
+
+ // Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
+ var root = this.root;
+ if (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?') {
+ root = root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+ }
+ var url = root + fragment;
+
+ // Strip the hash and decode for matching.
+ fragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment.replace(pathStripper, ''));
+
+ if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
+ this.fragment = fragment;
+
+ // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
+ if (this._usePushState) {
+ this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
+
+ // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
+ // fragment to store history.
+ } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+ this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
+ if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe))) {
+ // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
+ // history entry on hash-tag change. When replace is true, we don't
+ // want this.
+ if (!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
+ this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, fragment, options.replace);
+ }
+
+ // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
+ // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
+ } else {
+ return this.location.assign(url);
+ }
+ if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
+ },
+
+ // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
+ // a new one to the browser history.
+ _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
+ if (replace) {
+ var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
+ location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
+ } else {
+ // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
+ location.hash = '#' + fragment;
+ }
+ }
+
+ });
+
+ // Create the default Backbone.history.
+ Backbone.history = new History;
+
+ // Helpers
+ // -------
+
+ // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain, for subclasses.
+ // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
+ // class properties to be extended.
+ var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
+ var parent = this;
+ var child;
+
+ // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
+ // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
+ // by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
+ if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
+ child = protoProps.constructor;
+ } else {
+ child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
+ }
+
+ // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
+ _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
+
+ // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
+ // `parent`'s constructor function.
+ var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
+ Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
+ child.prototype = new Surrogate;
+
+ // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
+ // if supplied.
+ if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);
+
+ // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
+ // later.
+ child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
+
+ return child;
+ };
+
+ // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
+ Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;
+
+ // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
+ var urlError = function() {
+ throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
+ };
+
+ // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+ var wrapError = function(model, options) {
+ var error = options.error;
+ options.error = function(resp) {
+ if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+ model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+ };
+ };
+
+ return Backbone;
+
+}));
OSDN Git Service
