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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.73.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , ABI , version , dynamic , shared " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="start" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="internals.html" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="internals.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
-</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.cxx_interface"></a>The C++ Interface</h3></div></div></div><p>
- C++ applications often dependent on specific language support
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , ABI , version , dynamic , shared , compatibility " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , runtime , library " /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="test.html" title="Test" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
+ Porting and Maintenance
+
+</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
+</p><div class="section" title="The C++ Interface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.cxx_interface"></a>The C++ Interface</h3></div></div></div><p>
+ C++ applications often depend on specific language support
routines, say for throwing exceptions, or catching exceptions, and
- perhaps also dependent on features in the C++ Standard Library.
-</p><p>
+ perhaps also depend on features in the C++ Standard Library.
+</p><p>
The C++ Standard Library has many include files, types defined in
those include files, specific named functions, and other
behavior. The text of these behaviors, as written in source include
files, is called the Application Programing Interface, or API.
-</p><p>
+</p><p>
Furthermore, C++ source that is compiled into object files is
transformed by the compiler: it arranges objects with specific
alignment and in a particular layout, mangling names according to a
virtual functions, etc. These details are defined as the compiler
Application Binary Interface, or ABI. The GNU C++ compiler uses an
industry-standard C++ ABI starting with version 3. Details can be
- found in the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi/abi.html" target="_top"> ABI
+ found in the <a class="link" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/public/cxx-abi/abi.html" target="_top">ABI
specification</a>.
</p><p>
The GNU C++ compiler, g++, has a compiler command line option to
g++ command line options may change the ABI as a side-effect of
use. Such flags include <code class="code">-fpack-struct</code> and
<code class="code">-fno-exceptions</code>, but include others: see the complete
- list in the GCC manual under the heading <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Code-Gen-Options.html#Code%20Gen%20Options" target="_top">Options
+ list in the GCC manual under the heading <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Code-Gen-Options.html#Code%20Gen%20Options" target="_top">Options
for Code Generation Conventions</a>.
-</p><p>
+</p><p>
The configure options used when building a specific libstdc++
version may also impact the resulting library ABI. The available
configure options, and their impact on the library ABI, are
documented
-<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/configopts.html" target="_top">
-here</a>.
+<a class="link" href="configure.html" title="Configure">here</a>.
</p><p> Putting all of these ideas together results in the C++ Standard
library ABI, which is the compilation of a given library API by a
given compiler ABI. In a nutshell:
</p><p>
- “<span class="quote">
+ <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">
library API + compiler ABI = library ABI
- </span>”
+ </span>”</span>
</p><p>
The library ABI is mostly of interest for end-users who have
unresolved symbols and are linking dynamically to the C++ Standard
created with the same constraints.
</p><p>
To use a specific version of the C++ ABI, one must use a
- corresponding GNU C++ toolchain (Ie, g++ and libstdc++) that
+ corresponding GNU C++ toolchain (i.e., g++ and libstdc++) that
implements the C++ ABI in question.
-</p></div><div class="sect
2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning"></a>Versioning</h3></div></div></div><p> The C++ interface has evolved throughout the history of the GNU
+</p></div><div class="sect
ion" title="Versioning"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning"></a>Versioning</h3></div></div></div><p> The C++ interface has evolved throughout the history of the GNU
C++ toolchain. With each release, various details have been changed so
as to give distinct versions to the C++ interface.
-</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.goals"></a>Goals</h4></div></div></div><p>Extending existing, stable ABIs. Versioning gives subsequent stable
-releases series libraries the ability to add new symbols and add
-functionality, all the while retaining backwards compatibility with
-the previous releases in the series. Note: the reverse is not true. It
-is not possible to take binaries linked with the latest version of a
-release series (if symbols have been added) and expect the initial
-release of the series to remain link compatible.
+</p><div class="section" title="Goals"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.goals"></a>Goals</h4></div></div></div><p>Extending existing, stable ABIs. Versioning gives subsequent
+releases of library binaries the ability to add new symbols and add
+functionality, all the while retaining compatibility with the previous
+releases in the series. Thus, program binaries linked with the initial
+release of a library binary will still run correctly if the library
+binary is replaced by carefully-managed subsequent library
+binaries. This is called forward compatibility.
+</p><p>
+The reverse (backwards compatibility) is not true. It is not possible
+to take program binaries linked with the latest version of a library
+binary in a release series (with additional symbols added), substitute
+in the initial release of the library binary, and remain link
+compatible.
</p><p>Allows multiple, incompatible ABIs to coexist at the same time.
-</p></div><div class="sect
3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.history"></a>History</h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect
ion" title="History"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.history"></a>History</h4></div></div></div><p>
How can this complexity be managed? What does C++ versioning mean?
Because library and compiler changes often make binaries compiled
with one version of the GNU tools incompatible with binaries
easier.
</p><p>
The following techniques are used:
-</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Release versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary. </p><p>This is implemented via file names and the ELF DT_SONAME
- mechanism (at least on ELF systems). It is versioned as follows:
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.0.x, gcc-4.1.x, gcc-4.2.x: on m68k-linux and
- hppa-linux this is either libgcc_s.so.1 (when configuring
- <code class="code">--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>) or libgcc_s.so.2. For all
- others, this is libgcc_s.so.1. </p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>Symbol versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary.</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Release versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary. </p><p>This is implemented via file names and the ELF
+ <code class="constant">DT_SONAME</code> mechanism (at least on ELF
+ systems). It is versioned as follows:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.x: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.x: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li></ul></div><p>For m68k-linux the versions differ as follows: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: libgcc_s.so.1
+ when configuring <code class="code">--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>, or
+ libgcc_s.so.2 </p></li></ul></div><p>For hppa-linux the versions differ as follows: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.[0-1]: either libgcc_s.so.1
+ when configuring <code class="code">--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>, or
+ libgcc_s.so.2 </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.[2-7]: either libgcc_s.so.3 when configuring
+ <code class="code">--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>) or libgcc_s.so.4
+ </p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Symbol versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary.</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
definitions, where the version definition is the maximum for a
particular release. Labels are cumulative. If a particular release
- is not listed, it has the same version labels as the preceeding
- release.</p><p>This corresponds to the mapfile: gcc/libgcc-std.ver</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: GCC_3.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: GCC_3.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: GCC_3.3.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: GCC_3.3.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.4: GCC_3.3.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: GCC_3.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: GCC_3.4.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: GCC_3.4.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: GCC_4.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: GCC_4.1.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: GCC_4.2.0</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>Release versioning on the libstdc++.so binary, implemented in the same was as the libgcc_s.so binary, above.</p><p>It is versioned as follows:
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: libstdc++.so.3.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: libstdc++.so.3.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: libstdc++.so.3.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: libstdc++.so.3.0.2 (Error should be libstdc++.so.3.0.3)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: libstdc++.so.3.0.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: libstdc++.so.4.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: libstdc++.so.4.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.3 (Not strictly required)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.5: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.6: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.6</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>Symbol versioning on the libstdc++.so binary.</p><p>mapfile: libstdc++/config/linker-map.gnu</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
+ is not listed, it has the same version labels as the preceding
+ release.</p><p>This corresponds to the mapfile: gcc/libgcc-std.ver</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.0: GCC_3.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.0: GCC_3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.1: GCC_3.3.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.2: GCC_3.3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.4: GCC_3.3.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.0: GCC_3.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.2: GCC_3.4.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.4: GCC_3.4.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.0: GCC_4.0.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.1.0: GCC_4.1.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.0: GCC_4.2.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.0: GCC_4.3.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.0: GCC_4.4.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.5.0: GCC_4.5.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.0: GCC_4.6.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.7.0: GCC_4.7.0</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>
+ Release versioning on the libstdc++.so binary, implemented in
+ the same way as the libgcc_s.so binary above. Listed is the
+ filename: <code class="constant">DT_SONAME</code> can be deduced from
+ the filename by removing the last two period-delimited numbers. For
+ example, filename <code class="filename">libstdc++.so.5.0.4</code>
+ corresponds to a <code class="constant">DT_SONAME</code> of
+ <code class="constant">libstdc++.so.5</code>. Binaries with equivalent
+ <code class="constant">DT_SONAME</code>s are forward-compatibile: in
+ the table below, releases incompatible with the previous
+ one are explicitly noted.
+ If a particular release is not listed, its libstdc++.so binary
+ has the same filename and <code class="constant">DT_SONAME</code> as the
+ preceding release.
+ </p><p>It is versioned as follows:
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.0: libstdc++.so.3.0.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.1: libstdc++.so.3.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.2: libstdc++.so.3.0.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.3: libstdc++.so.3.0.2 (See Note 1)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.4: libstdc++.so.3.0.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.0: libstdc++.so.4.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.1: libstdc++.so.4.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.3 (See Note 2)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.6</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.1.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.9 (See Note 3)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.11</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.12</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.13</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.5.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.14</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.15</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.16</p></li></ul></div><p>
+ Note 1: Error should be libstdc++.so.3.0.3.
+ </p><p>
+ Note 2: Not strictly required.
+ </p><p>
+ Note 3: This release (but not previous or subsequent) has one
+ known incompatibility, see <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=33678" target="_top">33678</a>
+ in the GCC bug database.
+ </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Symbol versioning on the libstdc++.so binary.</p><p>mapfile: libstdc++-v3/config/abi/pre/gnu.ver</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
definitions, where the version definition is the maximum for a
- particular release. Note, only symbol which are newly introduced
+ particular release. Note, only symbols which are newly introduced
will use the maximum version definition. Thus, for release series
with the same label, but incremented version definitions, the later
release has both versions. (An example of this would be the
- gcc-3.2.1 release, which has GLIBCPP_3.2.1 for new symbols and
- GLIBCPP_3.2 for symbols that were introduced in the gcc-3.2.0
+ GCC 3.2.1 release, which has GLIBCPP_3.2.1 for new symbols and
+ GLIBCPP_3.2 for symbols that were introduced in the GCC 3.2.0
release.) If a particular release is not listed, it has the same
- version labels as the preceeding release.
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: GLIBCPP_3.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.1, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.1, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.4, CXXABI_1.3.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.6</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.7</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.8</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.9</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>Incremental bumping of a compiler pre-defined macro,
+ version labels as the preceding release.
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.0: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.1: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.2: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.3: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.4: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.0: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.1: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.0: GLIBCPP_3.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.1, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.0: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.1, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.4, CXXABI_1.3.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.6</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.7</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.1.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.8</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.10, CXXABI_1.3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.11, CXXABI_1.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.12, CXXABI_1.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.13, CXXABI_1.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.5.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.14, CXXABI_1.3.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.15, CXXABI_1.3.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.16, CXXABI_1.3.5</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Incremental bumping of a compiler pre-defined macro,
__GXX_ABI_VERSION. This macro is defined as the version of the
- compiler v3 ABI, with g++ 3.0.x being version 100. This macro will
+ compiler v3 ABI, with g++ 3.0 being version 100. This macro will
be automatically defined whenever g++ is used (the curious can
test this by invoking g++ with the '-v' flag.)
</p><p>
'-fabi-version' command line option.
</p><p>
It is versioned as follows, where 'n' is given by '-fabi-version=n':
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.x: 100</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.x: 100 (Error, should be 101)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.x: 102</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.x: 102</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.0.x, gcc-4.1.x, gcc-4.2.x: 102 (when n=1)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.0.x, gcc-4.1.x, gcc-4.2.x: 1000 + n (when n>1)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.0.x, gcc-4.1.x, gcc-4.2.x: 999999 (when n=0)</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>Changes to the default compiler option for
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0: 100</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1: 100 (Error, should be 101)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2: 102</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3: 102</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: 102 (when n=1)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: 1000 + n (when n>1) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: 999999 (when n=0)</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changes to the default compiler option for
<code class="code">-fabi-version</code>.
</p><p>
It is versioned as follows:
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.x: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.x: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.0.x, gcc-4.1.x, gcc-4.2.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=2</code></p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>Incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro. For releases
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4, GCC 4.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=2</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro. For releases
before 3.4.0, the macro is __GLIBCPP__. For later releases, it's
__GLIBCXX__. (The libstdc++ project generously changed from CPP to
CXX throughout its source to allow the "C" pre-processor the CPP
was released, in compressed ISO date format, as an unsigned long.
</p><p>
This macro is defined in the file "c++config" in the
- "libstdc++/include/bits" directory. (Up to gcc-4.1.0, it was
- changed every night by an automated script. Since gcc-4.1.0, it is
+ "libstdc++-v3/include/bits" directory. (Up to GCC 4.1.0, it was
+ changed every night by an automated script. Since GCC 4.1.0, it is
the same value as gcc/DATESTAMP.)
</p><p>
It is versioned as follows:
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: 20010615</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: 20010819</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: 20011023</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: 20011220</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: 20020220</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: 20020514</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: 20020725</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: 20020814</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: 20021119</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: 20030205</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: 20030422</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: 20030513</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: 20030804</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: 20031016</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: 20040214</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: 20040419</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: 20040701</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: 20040906</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: 20041105</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: 20050519</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.5: 20051201</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.6: 20060306</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: 20050421</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: 20050707</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: 20050921</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: 20060309</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: 20060228</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: 20060524</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.2: 20070214</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: 20070514</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.0: 20010615</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.1: 20010819</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.2: 20011023</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.3: 20011220</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.4: 20020220</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.0: 20020514</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.1: 20020725</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.0: 20020814</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.1: 20021119</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.2: 20030205</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.3: 20030422</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.0: 20030513</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.1: 20030804</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.2: 20031016</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.3: 20040214</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.0: 20040419</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.1: 20040701</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.2: 20040906</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.3: 20041105</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.4: 20050519</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.5: 20051201</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.6: 20060306</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.0: 20050421</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.1: 20050707</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.2: 20050921</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.0.3: 20060309</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.1.0: 20060228</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.1.1: 20060524</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.1.2: 20070214</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.0: 20070514</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.1: 20070719</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.2: 20071007</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.3: 20080201</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.2.4: 20080519</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.0: 20080306</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.1: 20080606</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.2: 20080827</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.3: 20090124</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.4: 20090804</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.5: 20100522</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.3.6: 20110627</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.0: 20090421</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.1: 20090722</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.2: 20091015</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.3: 20100121</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.4: 20100429</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.5: 20101001</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.4.6: 20110416</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.5.0: 20100414</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.5.1: 20100731</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.5.2: 20101216</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.5.3: 20110428</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.0: 20110325</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.1: 20110627</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.6.2: 20111026</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro,
_GLIBCPP_VERSION. This macro is defined as the released version of
the library, as a string literal. This is only implemented in
- gcc-3.1.0 releases and higher, and is deprecated in 3.4 (where it
+ GCC 3.1.0 releases and higher, and is deprecated in 3.4 (where it
is called _GLIBCXX_VERSION).
</p><p>
This macro is defined in the file "c++config" in the
- "libstdc++/include/bits" directory and is generated
+ "libstdc++-v3/include/bits" directory and is generated
automatically by autoconf as part of the configure-time generation
of config.h.
</p><p>
It is versioned as follows:
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: "3.0.0"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.1")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.2")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.3")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.4")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: "3.1.0"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: "3.1.1"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: "3.2"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: "3.2.1"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: "3.2.2"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: "3.2.3"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: "3.3"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: "3.3.1"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: "3.3.2"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: "3.3.3"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x: "version-unused"</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.x: "version-unused"</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.x: "version-unused"</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.x: "version-unused"</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.0: "3.0.0"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.1: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.1")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.2: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.2")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.3: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.3")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.4: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.4")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.0: "3.1.0"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.1: "3.1.1"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.0: "3.2"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.1: "3.2.1"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.2: "3.2.2"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.3: "3.2.3"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.0: "3.3"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.1: "3.3.1"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.2: "3.3.2"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.3: "3.3.3"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4: "version-unused"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.x: "version-unused"</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Matching each specific C++ compiler release to a specific set of
- C++ include files. This is only implemented in gcc-3.1.1 releases
+ C++ include files. This is only implemented in GCC 3.1.1 releases
and higher.
</p><p>
- All C++ includes are installed in include/c++, then nest in a
+ All C++ includes are installed in
+ <code class="filename">include/c++</code>, then nest in a
directory hierarchy corresponding to the C++ compiler's released
version. This version corresponds to the variable "gcc_version" in
- "libstdc++/acinclude.m4," and more details can be found in that
- file's macro GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE (GLIBCPP_CONFIGURE before gcc-3.4.0).
+ "libstdc++-v3/acinclude.m4," and more details can be found in that
+ file's macro GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE (GLIBCPP_CONFIGURE before GCC 3.4.0).
</p><p>
C++ includes are versioned as follows:
- </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: include/c++/3.1.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: include/c++/3.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: include/c++/3.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: include/c++/3.2.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: include/c++/3.2.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: include/c++/3.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: include/c++/3.3.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: include/c++/3.3.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: include/c++/3.3.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: include/c++/3.4.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: include/c++/3.4.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: include/c++/3.4.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: include/c++/3.4.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: include/c++/3.4.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.5: include/c++/3.4.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.6: include/c++/3.4.6</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: include/c++/4.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: include/c++/4.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: include/c++/4.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: include/c++/4.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: include/c++/4.1.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: include/c++/4.1.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.2: include/c++/4.1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: include/c++/4.2.0</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li></ol></div><p>
+ </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul
class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.1: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.2: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.3: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.0.4: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.1.1: include/c++/3.1.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.0: include/c++/3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.1: include/c++/3.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.2: include/c++/3.2.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.2.3: include/c++/3.2.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.0: include/c++/3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.1: include/c++/3.3.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.2: include/c++/3.3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.3.3: include/c++/3.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 3.4.x: include/c++/3.4.x</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>GCC 4.x.y: include/c++/4.x.y</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li></ol></div><p>
Taken together, these techniques can accurately specify interface
and implementation changes in the GNU C++ tools themselves. Used
properly, they allow both the GNU C++ tools implementation, and
programs using them, an evolving yet controlled development that
maintains backward compatibility.
-</p></div><div class="sect
3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect
ion" title="Prerequisites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
Minimum environment that supports a versioned ABI: A supported
dynamic linker, a GNU linker of sufficient vintage to understand
- demangled C++ name globbing (ld), a shared executable compiled
+ demangled C++ name globbing (ld) or the Sun linker, a shared
+ executable compiled
with g++, and shared libraries (libgcc_s, libstdc++) compiled by
a compiler (g++) with a compatible ABI. Phew.
</p><p>
attempt to version symbols (or age gracefully, really) until
version 3.1.0.
</p><p>
- Most modern Linux and BSD versions, particularly ones using
- gcc-3.1.x tools and more recent vintages, will meet the
- requirements above.
- </p></div><div class="sect
3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.config"></a>Configuring</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ Most modern GNU/Linux and BSD versions, particularly ones using
+ GCC 3.1 and later, will meet the
+ requirements above, as does Solaris 2.5 and up.
+ </p></div><div class="sect
ion" title="Configuring"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.config"></a>Configuring</h4></div></div></div><p>
It turns out that most of the configure options that change
default behavior will impact the mangled names of exported
symbols, and thus impact versioning and compatibility.
</p><p>
For more information on configure options, including ABI
impacts, see:
- http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/configopts.html
+ <a class="link" href="configure.html" title="Configure">here</a>
</p><p>
There is one flag that explicitly deals with symbol versioning:
--enable-symvers.
</p><p>
- In particular, libstdc++/acinclude.m4 has a macro called
+ In particular, libstdc++-v3/acinclude.m4 has a macro called
GLIBCXX_ENABLE_SYMVERS that defaults to yes (or the argument
passed in via --enable-symvers=foo). At that point, the macro
attempts to make sure that all the requirement for symbol
versioning are in place. For more information, please consult
acinclude.m4.
- </p></div><div class="sect
3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.active"></a>Checking Active</h4></div></div></div><p>
+ </p></div><div class="sect
ion" title="Checking Active"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.active"></a>Checking Active</h4></div></div></div><p>
When the GNU C++ library is being built with symbol versioning
on, you should see the following at configure time for
libstdc++:
checking versioning on shared library symbols... gnu
</code>
</pre><p>
+ or another of the supported styles.
If you don't see this line in the configure output, or if this line
appears but the last word is 'no', then you are out of luck.
</p><p>
%g++ hello.cc -o hello.out
%ldd hello.out
- libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x00764000)
- libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x004a8000)
- libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x40016000)
- libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0036d000)
- /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
+ libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x00764000)
+ libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x004a8000)
+ libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x40016000)
+ libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0036d000)
+ /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
%nm hello.out
</pre><p>
of the name, then the executable is versioned. Here's an example:
</p><p>
<code class="code">U _ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev@@GLIBCXX_3.4</code>
-</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_allowed"></a>Allowed Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
+</p><p>
+On Solaris 2, you can use <code class="code">pvs -r</code> instead:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+%g++ hello.cc -o hello.out
+
+%pvs -r hello.out
+ libstdc++.so.6 (GLIBCXX_3.4, GLIBCXX_3.4.12);
+ libgcc_s.so.1 (GCC_3.0);
+ libc.so.1 (SUNWprivate_1.1, SYSVABI_1.3);
+</pre><p>
+<code class="code">ldd -v</code> works too, but is very verbose.
+</p></div></div><div class="section" title="Allowed Changes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_allowed"></a>Allowed Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
The following will cause the library minor version number to
increase, say from "libstdc++.so.3.0.4" to "libstdc++.so.3.0.5".
-</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol
type="1"><li><p>Adding an exported global or static data member</p></li><li><p>Adding an exported function, static or non-virtual member function</p></li><li><p>Adding an exported symbol or symbols by additional instantiations</p></li></ol></div><p>
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol
class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Adding an exported global or static data member</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Adding an exported function, static or non-virtual member function</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Adding an exported symbol or symbols by additional instantiations</p></li></ol></div><p>
Other allowed changes are possible.
-</p></div><div class="sect
2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_no"></a>Prohibited Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect
ion" title="Prohibited Changes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_no"></a>Prohibited Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
The following non-exhaustive list will cause the library major version
number to increase, say from "libstdc++.so.3.0.4" to
"libstdc++.so.4.0.0".
-</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol
type="1"><li><p>Changes in the gcc/g++ compiler ABI</p></li><li><p>Changing size of an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing alignment of an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing the layout of an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing mangling on an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Deleting an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing the inheritance properties of a type by adding or removing
- base classes</p></li><li><p>
+</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol
class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Changes in the gcc/g++ compiler ABI</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing size of an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing alignment of an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing the layout of an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing mangling on an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Deleting an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing the inheritance properties of a type by adding or removing
+ base classes</p></li><li
class="listitem"><p>
Changing the size, alignment, or layout of types
specified in the C++ standard. These may not necessarily be
instantiated or otherwise exported in the library binary, and
include all the required locale facets, as well as things like
std::basic_streambuf, et al.
-</p></li><li><p> Adding an explicit copy constructor or destructor to a
+</p></li><li
class="listitem"><p> Adding an explicit copy constructor or destructor to a
class that would otherwise have implicit versions. This will change
the way the compiler deals with this class in by-value return
-statements or parameters: instead of being passing instances of this
-class in registers, the compiler will be forced to use memory. See <a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi/abi.html#calls" target="_top"> this part</a>
- of the C++ ABI documentation for further details.
- </p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
+statements or parameters: instead of passing instances of this
+class in registers, the compiler will be forced to use memory. See the
+section on <a class="link" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/public/cxx-abi/abi.html#calls" target="_top">Function
+Calling Conventions and APIs</a>
+ of the C++ ABI documentation for further details.
+</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="section" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
Separation of interface and implementation
</p><p>
This is accomplished by two techniques that separate the API from
char</code> and <code class="code"> wchar_t</code> instantiations, and
includes <code class="code"> basic_string</code>, the locale facets, and the
types in <code class="code"> iostreams</code>.
- </p></dd></dl></div><p>
+ </p></dd></dl></div><p>
In addition, these techniques have the additional benefit that they
reduce binary size, which can increase runtime performance.
- </p></li><li><p>
+ </p></li><li
class="listitem"><p>
Namespaces linking symbol definitions to export mapfiles
</p><p>
All symbols in the shared library binary are processed by a
addition, they have the possibility of changing without impacting
ABI compatibility.
</p><p>The following namespaces are transformed by the mapfile:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">namespace std</code></span></dt><dd><p> Defaults to exporting all symbols in label
-<code class="code">GLIBCXX</code> that do not begin with an underscore, ie
+<code class="code">GLIBCXX</code> that do not begin with an underscore, i.e.,
<code class="code">__test_func</code> would not be exported by default. Select
exceptional symbols are allowed to be visible.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code></span></dt><dd><p> Defaults to not exporting any symbols in label
<code class="code">GLIBCXX</code>, select items are allowed to be visible.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">namespace __gnu_internal</code></span></dt><dd><p> Defaults to not exported, no items are allowed to be visible.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">namespace __cxxabiv1</code>, aliased to <code class="code"> namespace abi</code></span></dt><dd><p> Defaults to not exporting any symbols in label
<code class="code">CXXABI</code>, select items are allowed to be visible.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
-</p></li><li><p>Freezing the API</p><p>Disallowed changes, as above, are not made on a stable release
+</p></li><li
class="listitem"><p>Freezing the API</p><p>Disallowed changes, as above, are not made on a stable release
branch. Enforcement tends to be less strict with GNU extensions that
-standard includes.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect
2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.testing"></a>Testing</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.single"></a>Single ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
+standard includes.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect
ion" title="Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.testing"></a>Testing</h3></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Single ABI Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.single"></a>Single ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
Testing for GNU C++ ABI changes is composed of two distinct
areas: testing the C++ compiler (g++) for compiler changes, and
testing the C++ library (libstdc++) for library changes.
</p><p>
Testing the C++ compiler ABI can be done various ways.
</p><p>
- One. Intel ABI checker. More information can be obtained <a class="ulink" href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/opensource/" target="_top">here.</a>
+ One. Intel ABI checker.
</p><p>
Two.
The second is yet unreleased, but has been announced on the gcc
</p><p>
Testing the C++ library ABI can also be done various ways.
</p><p>
-One.
-(Brendan Kehoe, Jeff Law suggestion to run 'make check-c++' two ways,
+One.
+(Brendan Kehoe, Jeff Law suggestion to run 'make check-c++' two ways,
one with a new compiler and an old library, and the other with an old
compiler and a new library, and look for testsuite regressions)
</p><p>
Details on how to set this kind of test up can be found here:
http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-08/msg00142.html
</p><p>
-Two.
-Use the 'make check-abi' rule in the libstdc++ Makefile.
+Two.
+Use the 'make check-abi' rule in the libstdc++ Makefile.
</p><p>
-This is a proactive check the library ABI. Currently, exported symbol
+This is a proactive check of the library ABI. Currently, exported symbol
names that are either weak or defined are checked against a last known
good baseline. Currently, this baseline is keyed off of 3.4.0
binaries, as this was the last time the .so number was incremented. In
</p><p>
This dataset is insufficient, yet a start. Also needed is a
comprehensive check for all user-visible types part of the standard
-library for sizeof() and alignof() changes.
+library for sizeof() and alignof() changes.
</p><p>
Verifying compatible layouts of objects is not even attempted. It
should be possible to use sizeof, alignof, and offsetof to compute
get information. However, currently this approach gives insufficient
data for use in library testing, as class data members, their offsets,
and other detailed data is not displayed with this flag.
-(See g++/7470 on how this was used to find bugs.)
+(See PR g++/7470 on how this was used to find bugs.)
</p><p>
Perhaps there are other C++ ABI checkers. If so, please notify
us. We'd like to know about them!
-</p></div><div class="sect
3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.multi"></a>Multiple ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div><div class="sect
ion" title="Multiple ABI Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.multi"></a>Multiple ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
A "C" application, dynamically linked to two shared libraries, liba,
-libb. The dependent library liba is C++ shared library compiled with
-gcc-3.3.x, and uses io, exceptions, locale, etc. The dependent library
-libb is a C++ shared library compiled with gcc-3.4.x, and also uses io,
+libb. The dependent library liba is a C++ shared library compiled with
+GCC 3.3, and uses io, exceptions, locale, etc. The dependent library
+libb is a C++ shared library compiled with GCC 3.4, and also uses io,
exceptions, locale, etc.
</p><p> As above, libone is constructed as follows: </p><pre class="programlisting">
%$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.4.0/bin/g++ -fPIC -DPIC -c a.cc
%$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.4.0/bin/g++ -c a.cc
-%ar cru libone.a a.o
+%ar cru libone.a a.o
</pre><p> And, libtwo is constructed as follows: </p><pre class="programlisting">
%$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.3.3/bin/g++ -fPIC -DPIC -c b.cc
%$bld/H-x86-gcc-3.3.3/bin/g++ -c b.cc
-%ar cru libtwo.a b.o
+%ar cru libtwo.a b.o
</pre><p> ...with the resulting libraries looking like </p><pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">
%ldd libone.so.1.0.0
- libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0x40016000)
- libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x400fa000)
- libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x4011c000)
- libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x40125000)
- /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
+ libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0x40016000)
+ libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x400fa000)
+ libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x4011c000)
+ libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x40125000)
+ /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
%ldd libtwo.so.1.0.0
- libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x40027000)
- libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x400e1000)
- libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x40103000)
- libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x4010c000)
- /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
+ libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x40027000)
+ libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x400e1000)
+ libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x40103000)
+ libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x4010c000)
+ /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
</code>
-</pre><p>
+</pre><p>
Then, the "C" compiler is used to compile a source file that uses
functions from each library.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">
%ldd a.out
- libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x00764000)
- libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0x40015000)
- libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0036d000)
- libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x004a8000)
- libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x400e5000)
- /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
+ libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x00764000)
+ libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0x40015000)
+ libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0036d000)
+ libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x004a8000)
+ libgcc_s.so.1 => /mnt/hd/bld/gcc/gcc/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x400e5000)
+ /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00355000)
</code>
</pre><p>
This resulting binary, when executed, will be able to safely use
code from both liba, and the dependent libstdc++.so.6, and libb,
with the dependent libstdc++.so.5.
-</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.issues"></a>Outstanding Issues</h3></div></div></div><p>
+</p></div></div><div class="section" title="Outstanding Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.issues"></a>Outstanding Issues</h3></div></div></div><p>
Some features in the C++ language make versioning especially
difficult. In particular, compiler generated constructs such as
implicit instantiations for templates, typeinfo information, and
virtual tables all may cause ABI leakage across shared library
- boundaries. Because of this, mixing C++ ABI's is not recommended at
+ boundaries. Because of this, mixing C++ ABIs is not recommended at
this time.
</p><p>
For more background on this issue, see these bugzilla entries:
</p><p>
-<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR24660" target="_top">24660: versioning weak symbols in libstdc++</a>
+<a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR24660" target="_top">24660: versioning weak symbols in libstdc++</a>
</p><p>
-<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR19664" target="_top">19664: libstdc++ headers should have pop/push of the visibility around the declarations</a>
-</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510592"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- ABIcheck, a vague idea of checking ABI compatibility
- </i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://abicheck.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510609"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- C++ ABI Reference
- </i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510627"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
- </i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/techtopics/LinuxCompilersCompatibility.htm" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510644"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
- </i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/techtopics/LinuxCompilersCompatibility.htm" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510662"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- Sun Solaris 2.9 : Linker and Libraries Guide (document 816-1386)
- </i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/?p=/doc/816-1386&a=load" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510679"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- Sun Solaris 2.9 : C++ Migration Guide (document 816-2459)
- </i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/db/prod/solaris.9" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510696"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- ELF Symbol Versioning
- </i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://people.redhat.com/drepper/symbol-versioning" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510725"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+<a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR19664" target="_top">19664: libstdc++ headers should have pop/push of the visibility around the declarations</a>
+</p></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ABIcheck"><a id="biblio.abicheck"></a><p>[biblio.abicheck] <span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://abicheck.sourceforge.net" target="_top">
+ ABIcheck
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="C++ ABI Summary"><a id="biblio.cxxabi"></a><p>[biblio.cxxabi] <span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/public/cxx-abi" target="_top">
+ C++ ABI Summary
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Intel Compilers for Linux Compatibility with the GNU Compilers"><a id="id738618"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/284736.htm" target="_top">
+ Intel Compilers for Linux Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Linker and Libraries Guide (document 819-0690)"><a id="id738634"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19963-01/html/819-0690/index.html" target="_top">
+ Linker and Libraries Guide (document 819-0690)
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Sun Studio 11: C++ Migration Guide (document 819-3689)"><a id="id738649"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E19422-01/819-3689/index.html" target="_top">
+ Sun Studio 11: C++ Migration Guide (document 819-3689)
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="How to Write Shared Libraries"><a id="id738665"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://www.akkadia.org/drepper/dsohowto.pdf" target="_top">
+ How to Write Shared Libraries
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture"><a id="id738693"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://www.arm.com/miscPDFs/8033.pdf" target="_top">
C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture
- </i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://www.arm.com/miscPDFs/8033.pdf" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id510742"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues"><a id="id738708"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1976.html" target="_top">
Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues
- </i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0046
- . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1976.html" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id499374"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
- Versioning With Namespaces
- </i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
+ . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Versioning With Namespaces"><a id="id738736"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2013.html" target="_top">
+ Versioning With Namespaces
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0083
- . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
- <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2013.html" target="_top">
- </a>
- . </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="internals.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_porting.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> API Evolution and Deprecation History</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
+ . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Binary Compatibility of Shared Libraries Implemented in C++ on GNU/Linux Systems"><a id="id738763"></a><p><span class="title"><em>
+ <a class="link" href="http://syrcose.ispras.ru/2009/files/SYRCoSE2009-CfP.pdf" target="_top">
+ Binary Compatibility of Shared Libraries Implemented in C++
+ on GNU/Linux Systems
+ </a>
+ </em>. </span><span class="subtitle">
+ SYRCoSE 2009
+ . </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Pavel</span> <span class="surname">Shved</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Denis</span> <span class="surname">Silakov</span>. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_porting.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Test </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> API Evolution and Deprecation History</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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