@item Overall Options
@xref{Overall Options,,Options Controlling the Kind of Output}.
@smallexample
--c -S -E -o @var{file} -pipe -v -x @var{language}
+-c -S -E -o @var{file} -pipe -v --help -x @var{language}
@end smallexample
@item C Language Options
@xref{C Dialect Options,,Options Controlling C Dialect}.
@smallexample
--ansi -fallow-single-precision -fcond-mismatch -fno-asm
+-ansi -flang-isoc9x -fallow-single-precision -fcond-mismatch -fno-asm
-fno-builtin -ffreestanding -fhosted -fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char
-funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char -fwritable-strings
-traditional -traditional-cpp -trigraphs
@item C++ Language Options
@xref{C++ Dialect Options,,Options Controlling C++ Dialect}.
@smallexample
--fall-virtual -fdollars-in-identifiers -felide-constructors
--fenum-int-equiv -fexternal-templates -ffor-scope
--fno-for-scope -fhandle-signatures -fmemoize-lookups
--fname-mangling-version-@var{n} -fno-default-inline
--fno-gnu-keywords -fnonnull-objects -fguiding-decls
--foperator-names -fno-optional-diags -fstrict-prototype -fthis-is-variable
--ftemplate-depth-@var{n} -nostdinc++ -traditional +e@var{n}
+-fno-access-control -fcheck-new -fconserve-space -fdollars-in-identifiers
+-fno-elide-constructors -fexternal-templates -ffor-scope
+-fno-for-scope -fno-gnu-keywords -fguiding-decls -fhandle-signatures
+-fhonor-std -fhuge-objects -fno-implicit-templates -finit-priority
+-fno-implement-inlines -fname-mangling-version-@var{n} -fno-default-inline
+-foperator-names -fno-optional-diags -frepo -fstrict-prototype
+-fsquangle -ftemplate-depth-@var{n} -fthis-is-variable -fvtable-thunks
+-nostdinc++
@end smallexample
@item Warning Options
-Wimplicit-function-declaration -Wimport
-Werror-implicit-function-declaration -Winline
-Wlarger-than-@var{len} -Wlong-long
--Wmain -Wmissing-declarations
+-Wmain -Wmissing-declarations -Wmissing-noreturn
-Wmissing-prototypes -Wmultichar -Wnested-externs -Wno-import
--Wold-style-cast -Woverloaded-virtual -Wparentheses
--Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wreorder -Wreturn-type
--Wshadow -Wsign-compare -Wstrict-prototypes -Wswitch
--Wsynth -Wtemplate-debugging -Wtraditional -Wtrigraphs
--Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunused -Wwrite-strings
+-Wno-non-template-friend -Wold-style-cast -Woverloaded-virtual
+-Wparentheses -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wreorder
+-Wreturn-type -Wshadow -Wsign-compare -Wstrict-prototypes
+-Wswitch -Wsynth -Wtraditional
+-Wtrigraphs -Wundef -Wuninitialized -Wunused -Wwrite-strings
-Wunknown-pragmas
@end smallexample
@item Debugging Options
@xref{Debugging Options,,Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC}.
@smallexample
--a -ax -d@var{letters} -fpretend-float
+-a -ax -d@var{letters} -fdump-unnumbered -fpretend-float
-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage
-g -g@var{level} -gcoff -gdwarf -gdwarf-1 -gdwarf-1+ -gdwarf-2
-ggdb -gstabs -gstabs+ -gxcoff -gxcoff+
-fcaller-saves -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks
-fdelayed-branch -fexpensive-optimizations
-ffast-math -ffloat-store -fforce-addr -fforce-mem
--ffunction-sections -fgcse -finline-functions
--fkeep-inline-functions -fno-default-inline
--fno-defer-pop -fno-function-cse
+-fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -fgcse
+-finline-functions -fkeep-inline-functions
+-fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop -fno-function-cse
-fno-inline -fno-peephole -fomit-frame-pointer -fregmove
-frerun-cse-after-loop -frerun-loop-opt -fschedule-insns
-fschedule-insns2 -fstrength-reduce -fthread-jumps
-mprolog-function -mno-prolog-function -mspace
-mtda=@var{n} -msda=@var{n} -mzda=@var{n}
-mv850 -mbig-switch
+
+@emph{NS32K Options}
+-m32032 -m32332 -m32532 -m32081 -m32381 -mmult-add -mnomult-add
+-msoft-float -mrtd -mnortd -mregparam -mnoregparam -msb -mnosb
+-mbitfield -mnobitfield -mhimem -mnohimem
@end smallexample
@item Code Generation Options
-fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC
-freg-struct-return -fshared-data -fshort-enums
-fshort-double -fvolatile -fvolatile-global
--fverbose-asm -fpack-struct -fstack-check +e0 +e1
+-fverbose-asm -fpack-struct -fstack-check
-fargument-alias -fargument-noalias
-fargument-noalias-global
+-fleading-underscore
@end smallexample
@end table
various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems where
the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU assembler has
no trouble.
+
+@item --help
+Print (on the standard output) a description of the command line options
+understood by @code{gcc}. If the @code{-v} option is also specified
+then @code{--help} will also be passed on to the various processes
+invoked by @code{gcc}, so that they can display the command line options
+they accept. If the @code{-W} option is also specified then command
+line options which have no documentation associated with them will also
+be displayed.
@end table
@node Invoking G++
The functions @code{alloca}, @code{abort}, @code{exit}, and
@code{_exit} are not builtin functions when @samp{-ansi} is used.
+@item -flang-isoc9x
+Enable support for features found in the C9X standard. In particular,
+enable support for the C9X @code{restrict} keyword.
+
+Even when this option is not specified, you can still use some C9X
+features in so far as they do not conflict with previous C standards.
+For example, you may use @code{__restrict__} even when -flang-isoc9x
+is not specified.
+
@item -fno-asm
Do not recognize @code{asm}, @code{inline} or @code{typeof} as a
keyword, so that code can use these words as identifiers. You can use
literal characters @samp{x} and @samp{a} respectively. Without
@w{@samp{-traditional}}, @samp{\x} is a prefix for the hexadecimal
representation of a character, and @samp{\a} produces a bell.
-
-@item
-In C++ programs, assignment to @code{this} is permitted with
-@samp{-traditional}. (The option @samp{-fthis-is-variable} also has
-this effect.)
@end itemize
You may wish to use @samp{-fno-builtin} as well as @samp{-traditional}
might compile a file @code{firstClass.C} like this:
@example
-g++ -g -felide-constructors -O -c firstClass.C
+g++ -g -frepo -O -c firstClass.C
@end example
@noindent
-In this example, only @samp{-felide-constructors} is an option meant
+In this example, only @samp{-frepo} is an option meant
only for C++ programs; you can use the other options with any
language supported by GNU CC.
Turn off all access checking. This switch is mainly useful for working
around bugs in the access control code.
-@item -fall-virtual
-Treat all possible member functions as virtual, implicitly.
-All member functions (except for constructor functions and @code{new} or
-@code{delete} member operators) are treated as virtual functions of the
-class where they appear.
-
-This does not mean that all calls to these member functions will be made
-through the internal table of virtual functions. Under some
-circumstances, the compiler can determine that a call to a given virtual
-function can be made directly; in these cases the calls are direct in
-any case.
-
@item -fcheck-new
Check that the pointer returned by @code{operator new} is non-null
before attempting to modify the storage allocated. The current Working
Paper requires that @code{operator new} never return a null pointer, so
this check is normally unnecessary.
+An alternative to using this option is to specify that your
+@code{operator new} does not throw any exceptions; if you declare it
+@samp{throw()}, g++ will check the return value. See also @samp{new
+(nothrow)}.
+
@item -fconserve-space
Put uninitialized or runtime-initialized global variables into the
common segment, as C does. This saves space in the executable at the
completed, you may have an object that is being destroyed twice because
two definitions were merged.
+This option is no longer useful on most targets, now that support has
+been added for putting variables into BSS without making them common.
+
@item -fdollars-in-identifiers
Accept @samp{$} in identifiers. You can also explicitly prohibit use of
@samp{$} with the option @samp{-fno-dollars-in-identifiers}. (GNU C allows
Traditional C allowed the character @samp{$} to form part of
identifiers. However, ANSI C and C++ forbid @samp{$} in identifiers.
-@item -fenum-int-equiv
-Anachronistically permit implicit conversion of @code{int} to
-enumeration types. Current C++ allows conversion of @code{enum} to
-@code{int}, but not the other way around.
+@item -fno-elide-constructors
+The C++ standard allows an implementation to omit creating a temporary
+which is only used to initialize another object of the same type.
+Specifying this option disables that optimization, and forces g++ to
+call the copy constructor in all cases.
@item -fexternal-templates
Cause template instantiations to obey @samp{#pragma interface} and
September 1996, when guiding declarations were removed.
This option implies @samp{-fname-mangling-version-0}, and will not work
-with other name mangling versions.
-
-@item -fno-implicit-templates
-Never emit code for templates which are instantiated implicitly (i.e. by
-use); only emit code for explicit instantiations. @xref{Template
-Instantiation}, for more information.
+with other name mangling versions. Like all options that change the
+ABI, all C++ code, @emph{including libgcc.a} must be built with the same
+setting of this option.
@item -fhandle-signatures
Recognize the @code{signature} and @code{sigof} keywords for specifying
recognize them. @xref{C++ Signatures, Type Abstraction using
Signatures}.
+@item -fhonor-std
+Treat the @code{namespace std} as a namespace, instead of ignoring
+it. For compatibility with earlier versions of g++, the compiler will,
+by default, ignore @code{namespace-declarations},
+@code{using-declarations}, @code{using-directives}, and
+@code{namespace-names}, if they involve @code{std}.
+
@item -fhuge-objects
Support virtual function calls for objects that exceed the size
representable by a @samp{short int}. Users should not use this flag by
-default; if you need to use it, the compiler will tell you so. If you
-compile any of your code with this flag, you must compile @emph{all} of
-your code with this flag (including the C++ library, if you use it).
+default; if you need to use it, the compiler will tell you so.
This flag is not useful when compiling with -fvtable-thunks.
+Like all options that change the ABI, all C++ code, @emph{including
+libgcc} must be built with the same setting of this option.
+
+@item -fno-implicit-templates
+Never emit code for templates which are instantiated implicitly (i.e. by
+use); only emit code for explicit instantiations. @xref{Template
+Instantiation}, for more information.
+
@item -finit-priority
Support @samp{__attribute__ ((init_priority (n)))} for controlling the
order of initialization of file-scope objects. On ELF targets, this
controlled by @samp{#pragma implementation}. This will cause linker
errors if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are called.
-@item -fmemoize-lookups
-@itemx -fsave-memoized
-Use heuristics to compile faster. These heuristics are not enabled by
-default, since they are only effective for certain input files. Other
-input files compile more slowly.
-
-The first time the compiler must build a call to a member function (or
-reference to a data member), it must (1) determine whether the class
-implements member functions of that name; (2) resolve which member
-function to call (which involves figuring out what sorts of type
-conversions need to be made); and (3) check the visibility of the member
-function to the caller. All of this adds up to slower compilation.
-Normally, the second time a call is made to that member function (or
-reference to that data member), it must go through the same lengthy
-process again. This means that code like this:
-
-@smallexample
-cout << "This " << p << " has " << n << " legs.\n";
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-makes six passes through all three steps. By using a software cache, a
-``hit'' significantly reduces this cost. Unfortunately, using the cache
-introduces another layer of mechanisms which must be implemented, and so
-incurs its own overhead. @samp{-fmemoize-lookups} enables the software
-cache.
-
-Because access privileges (visibility) to members and member functions
-may differ from one function context to the next, G++ may need to flush
-the cache. With the @samp{-fmemoize-lookups} flag, the cache is flushed
-after every function that is compiled. The @samp{-fsave-memoized} flag
-enables the same software cache, but when the compiler determines that
-the context of the last function compiled would yield the same access
-privileges of the next function to compile, it preserves the cache.
-This is most helpful when defining many member functions for the same
-class: with the exception of member functions which are friends of other
-classes, each member function has exactly the same access privileges as
-every other, and the cache need not be flushed.
-
-The code that implements these flags has rotted; you should probably
-avoid using them.
-
-@item -fstrict-prototype
-Within an @samp{extern "C"} linkage specification, treat a function
-declaration with no arguments, such as @samp{int foo ();}, as declaring
-the function to take no arguments. Normally, such a declaration means
-that the function @code{foo} can take any combination of arguments, as
-in C. @samp{-pedantic} implies @samp{-fstrict-prototype} unless
-overridden with @samp{-fno-strict-prototype}.
-
-This flag no longer affects declarations with C++ linkage.
-
@item -fname-mangling-version-@var{n}
Control the way in which names are mangled. Version 0 is compatible
with versions of g++ before 2.8. Version 1 is the default. Version 1
template <class T, class U> void foo(T t);
@end example
-@item -fno-nonnull-objects
-Don't assume that a reference is initialized to refer to a valid object.
-Although the current C++ Working Paper prohibits null references, some
-old code may rely on them, and you can use @samp{-fno-nonnull-objects}
-to turn on checking.
-
-At the moment, the compiler only does this checking for conversions to
-virtual base classes.
-
@item -foperator-names
Recognize the operator name keywords @code{and}, @code{bitand},
@code{bitor}, @code{compl}, @code{not}, @code{or} and @code{xor} as
@samp{-fno-implicit-templates}. @xref{Template Instantiation}, for more
information.
+@item -fstrict-prototype
+Within an @samp{extern "C"} linkage specification, treat a function
+declaration with no arguments, such as @samp{int foo ();}, as declaring
+the function to take no arguments. Normally, such a declaration means
+that the function @code{foo} can take any combination of arguments, as
+in C. @samp{-pedantic} implies @samp{-fstrict-prototype} unless
+overridden with @samp{-fno-strict-prototype}.
+
+Specifying this option will also suppress implicit declarations of
+functions.
+
+This flag no longer affects declarations with C++ linkage.
+
@item -fsquangle
@itemx -fno-squangle
@samp{-fsquangle} will enable a compressed form of name mangling for
be compiled with this option as well. The compiler has this disabled (the
equivalent of @samp{-fno-squangle}) by default.
+Like all options that change the ABI, all C++ code, @emph{including
+libgcc.a} must be built with the same setting of this option.
+
+@item -ftemplate-depth-@var{n}
+Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to @var{n}.
+A limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect
+endless recursions during template class instantiation. ANSI/ISO C++
+conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater than 17.
+
@item -fthis-is-variable
Permit assignment to @code{this}. The incorporation of user-defined
free store management into C++ has made assignment to @samp{this} an
implementations store a single pointer to a @samp{thunk} function which
does any necessary adjustment and then calls the target function.
-This option also enables a heuristic for controlling emission of
-vtables; if a class has any non-inline virtual functions, the vtable
-will be emitted in the translation unit containing the first one of
-those.
-
-@item -ftemplate-depth-@var{n}
-Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to @var{n}.
-A limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect
-endless recursions during template class instantiation. ANSI/ISO C++
-conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater than 17.
+Like all options that change the ABI, all C++ code, @emph{including
+libgcc.a} must be built with the same setting of this option.
@item -nostdinc++
Do not search for header files in the standard directories specific to
C++, but do still search the other standard directories. (This option
is used when building the C++ library.)
-
-@item -traditional
-For C++ programs (in addition to the effects that apply to both C and
-C++), this has the same effect as @samp{-fthis-is-variable}.
-@xref{C Dialect Options,, Options Controlling C Dialect}.
@end table
In addition, these optimization, warning, and code generation options
@table @code
@item -fno-default-inline
Do not assume @samp{inline} for functions defined inside a class scope.
-@xref{Optimize Options,,Options That Control Optimization}.
+@xref{Optimize Options,,Options That Control Optimization}. Note that these
+functions will have linkage like inline functions; they just won't be
+inlined by default.
+@item -Wno-non-template-friend
+@xref{Warning Options,,Options to Request or Suppress Warnings}.
@item -Wold-style-cast
@itemx -Woverloaded-virtual
-@itemx -Wtemplate-debugging
Warnings that apply only to C++ programs. @xref{Warning
Options,,Options to Request or Suppress Warnings}.
@item -Weffc++
Warn about violation of some style rules from Effective C++ by Scott Myers.
-
-@item +e@var{n}
-Control how virtual function definitions are used, in a fashion
-compatible with @code{cfront} 1.x. @xref{Code Gen Options,,Options for
-Code Generation Conventions}.
@end table
@node Warning Options
Use this option to detect global functions that are not declared in
header files.
+@item -Wmissing-noreturn
+Warn about functions which might be candidates for attribute @code{noreturn}.
+Note these are only possible candidates, not absolute ones. Care should
+be taken to manually verify functions actually do not ever return before
+adding the @code{noreturn} attribute, otherwise subtle code generation
+bugs could be introduced.
+
@item -Wredundant-decls
Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even in
cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing.
@item -Wnested-externs
Warn if an @code{extern} declaration is encountered within an function.
+@item -Wno-non-template-friend
+Disable warnings when non-templatized friend functions are declared
+within a template. With the advent of explicit template specification
+support in g++, if the name of the friend is an unqualified-id (ie,
+@samp{friend foo(int)}), the C++ language specification demands that the
+friend declare or define an ordinary, nontemplate function. (Section
+14.5.3). Before g++ implemented explicit specification, unqualified-ids
+could be interpreted as a particular specialization of a templatized
+function. Because this non-conforming behavior is no longer the default
+behavior for g++, @samp{-Wnon-template-friend} allows the compiler to
+check existing code for potential trouble spots, and is on by default.
+This new compiler behavior can also be turned off with the flag
+@samp{-fguiding-decls}, which activates the older, non-specification
+compiler code, or with @samp{-Wno-non-template-friend} which keeps the
+conformant compiler code but disables the helpful warning.
+
@item -Winline
Warn if a function can not be inlined, and either it was declared as inline,
or else the @samp{-finline-functions} option was given.
Annotate the assembler output with miscellaneous debugging information.
@end table
+@item -fdump-unnumbered
+When doing debugging dumps (see -d option above), suppress instruction
+numbers and line number note output. This makes it more feasible to
+use diff on debugging dumps for compiler invokations with different
+options, in particular with and without -g.
+
@item -fpretend-float
When running a cross-compiler, pretend that the target machine uses the
same floating point format as the host machine. This causes incorrect
precision than a @code{double} is supposed to have. Similarly for the
x86 architecture. For most programs, the excess precision does only
good, but a few programs rely on the precise definition of IEEE floating
-point. Use @samp{-ffloat-store} for such programs.
+point. Use @samp{-ffloat-store} for such programs, after modifying
+them to store all pertinent intermediate computations into variables.
@item -fno-default-inline
Do not make member functions inline by default merely because they are
registers and where memory load instructions take more than one cycle.
@item -ffunction-sections
-Place each function into its own section in the output file if the
-target supports arbitrary sections. The function's name determines
-the section's name in the output file.
+@item -fdata-sections
+Place each function or data item into its own section in the output
+file if the target supports arbitrary sections. The name of the
+function or the name of the data item determines the section's name
+in the output file.
-Use this option on systems where the linker can perform optimizations
+Use these options on systems where the linker can perform optimizations
to improve locality of reference in the instruction space. HPPA
processors running HP-UX and Sparc processors running Solaris 2 have
linkers with such optimizations. Other systems using the ELF object format
as well as AIX may have these optimizations in the future.
-Only use this option when there are significant benefits from doing
-so. When you specify this option, the assembler and linker will
+Only use these options when there are significant benefits from doing
+so. When you specify these options, the assembler and linker will
create larger object and executable files and will also be slower.
You will not be able to use @code{gprof} on all systems if you
specify this option and you may have problems with debugging if
registers around such calls. Such allocation is done only when it
seems to result in better code than would otherwise be produced.
-This option is enabled by default on certain machines, usually those
-which have no call-preserved registers to use instead.
+This option is always enabled by default on certain machines, usually
+those which have no call-preserved registers to use instead.
+
+For all machines, optimization level 2 and higher enables this flag by
+default.
@item -funroll-loops
Perform the optimization of loop unrolling. This is only done for loops
@}
@end example
-This option is not enabled by default at any optimization level because
-it is new and has yet to be subjected to thorough testing. You may
-of course enable it manually with @samp{-fstrict-aliasing}.
-
@ifset INTERNALS
Every language that wishes to perform language-specific alias analysis
should define a function that computes, given an @code{tree}
* System V Options::
* V850 Options::
* ARC Options::
+* NS32K Options::
@end menu
@node M680x0 Options
@end table
+@node NS32K Options
+@subsection NS32K Options
+@cindex NS32K options
+
+These are the @samp{-m} options defined for the 32000 series. The default
+values for these options depends on which style of 32000 was selected when
+the compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common choices are
+given below.
+
+@table @code
+@item -m32032
+@itemx -m32032
+Generate output for a 32032. This is the default
+when the compiler is configured for 32032 and 32016 based systems.
+
+@item -m32332
+@itemx -m32332
+Generate output for a 32332. This is the default
+when the compiler is configured for 32332-based systems.
+
+@item -m32532
+@itemx -m32532
+Generate output for a 32532. This is the default
+when the compiler is configured for 32532-based systems.
+
+@item -m32081
+Generate output containing 32081 instructions for floating point.
+This is the default for all systems.
+
+@item -m32381
+Generate output containing 32381 instructions for floating point. This
+also implies @samp{-m32081}. The 32381 is only compatible with the 32332
+and 32532 cpus. This is the default for the pc532-netbsd configuration.
+
+@item -mmulti-add
+Try and generate multiply-add floating point instructions @code{polyF}
+and @code{dotF}. This option is only available if the @samp{-m32381}
+option is in effect. Using these instructions requires changes to to
+register allocation which generally has a negative impact on
+performance. This option should only be enabled when compiling code
+particularly likely to make heavy use of multiply-add instructions.
+
+@item -mnomulti-add
+Do not try and generate multiply-add floating point instructions
+@code{polyF} and @code{dotF}. This is the default on all platforms.
+
+@item -msoft-float
+Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
+@strong{Warning:} the requisite libraries may not be available.
+
+@item -mnobitfield
+Do not use the bit-field instructions. On some machines it is faster to
+use shifting and masking operations. This is the default for the pc532.
+
+@item -mbitfield
+Do use the bit-field instructions. This is the default for all platforms
+except the pc532.
+
+@item -mrtd
+Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
+that take a fixed number of arguments return pop their
+arguments on return with the @code{ret} instruction.
+
+This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally
+used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries
+compiled with the Unix compiler.
+
+Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
+take variable numbers of arguments (including @code{printf});
+otherwise incorrect code will be generated for calls to those
+functions.
+
+In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a
+function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are
+harmlessly ignored.)
+
+This option takes its name from the 680x0 @code{rtd} instruction.
+
+
+@item -mregparam
+Use a different function-calling convention where the first two arguments
+are passed in registers.
+
+This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally
+used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries
+compiled with the Unix compiler.
+
+@item -mnoregparam
+Do not pass any arguments in registers. This is the default for all
+targets.
+
+@item -msb
+It is OK to use the sb as an index register which is always loaded with
+zero. This is the default for the pc532-netbsd target.
+
+@item -mnosb
+The sb register is not available for use or has not been initialized to
+zero by the run time system. This is the default for all targets except
+the pc532-netbsd. It is also implied whenever @samp{-mhimem} or
+@samp{-fpic} is set.
+
+@item -mhimem
+Many ns32000 series addressing modes use displacements of up to 512MB.
+If an address is above 512MB then displacements from zero can not be used.
+This option causes code to be generated which can be loaded above 512MB.
+This may be useful for operating systems or ROM code.
+
+@item -mnohimem
+Assume code will be loaded in the first 512MB of virtual address space.
+This is the default for all platforms.
+
+
+@end table
+
+
@node Code Gen Options
@section Options for Code Generation Conventions
@table @code
@item -fexceptions
-Enable exception handling, and generate extra code needed to propagate
-exceptions. If you do not specify this option, GNU CC enables it by
-default for languages like C++ that normally require exception handling,
+Enable exception handling. Generates extra code needed to propagate
+exceptions. For some targets, this implies generation of frame unwind
+information for all functions. This can produce significant data size
+overhead, although it does not affect execution.
+If you do not specify this option, it is enabled by
+default for languages like C++ which normally require exception handling,
and disabled for languages like C that do not normally require it.
However, when compiling C code that needs to interoperate properly with
exception handlers written in C++, you may need to enable this option.
variables that do not live across a call. Functions compiled this way
will not save and restore the register @var{reg}.
-Use of this flag for a register that has a fixed pervasive role in the
-machine's execution model, such as the stack pointer or frame pointer,
-will produce disastrous results.
+It is an error to used this flag with the frame pointer or stack pointer.
+Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed pervasive roles in
+the machine's execution model will produce disastrous results.
This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
three-way choice.
live across a call. Functions compiled this way will save and restore
the register @var{reg} if they use it.
-Use of this flag for a register that has a fixed pervasive role in the
-machine's execution model, such as the stack pointer or frame pointer,
-will produce disastrous results.
+It is an error to used this flag with the frame pointer or stack pointer.
+Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed pervasive roles in
+the machine's execution model will produce disastrous results.
A different sort of disaster will result from the use of this flag for
a register in which function values may be returned.
@item -fcheck-memory-usage
Generate extra code to check each memory access. GNU CC will generate
code that is suitable for a detector of bad memory accesses such as
-@file{Checker}. If you specify this option, you can not use the
-@code{asm} or @code{__asm__} keywords.
+@file{Checker}.
You must also specify this option when you compile functions you call that
have side effects. If you do not, you may get erroneous messages from
stubs for every function you call, you may have to specify
@samp{-fcheck-memory-usage} without @samp{-fprefix-function-name}.
+If you specify this option, you can not use the @code{asm} or
+@code{__asm__} keywords in functions with memory checking enabled. The
+compiler cannot understand what the @code{asm} statement will do, and
+therefore cannot generate the appropriate code, so it is rejected.
+However, the function attribute @code{no_check_memory_usage} will
+disable memory checking within a function, and @code{asm} statements can
+be put inside such functions. Inline expansion of a non-checked
+function within a checked function is permitted; the inline function's
+memory accesses won't be checked, but the rest will.
+
+If you move your @code{asm} statements to non-checked inline functions,
+but they do access memory, you can add calls to the support code in your
+inline function, to indicate any reads, writes, or copies being done.
+These calls would be similar to those done in the stubs described above.
+
+@c FIXME: The support-routine interface is defined by the compiler and
+@c should be documented!
+
@item -fprefix-function-name
Request GNU CC to add a prefix to the symbols generated for function names.
GNU CC adds a prefix to the names of functions defined as well as
a single-threaded environment since stack overflow is automatically
detected on nearly all systems if there is only one stack.
-@item -fexceptions
-Enable exception handling. For some targets, this implies
-generation of frame unwind information for all functions, which can produce
-significant data size overhead, though it does not affect execution.
-
-This option is on by default for languages that support exception
-handling (such as C++), and off for those that don't (such as C).
-
-@item +e0
-@itemx +e1
-Control whether virtual function definitions in classes are used to
-generate code, or only to define interfaces for their callers. (C++
-only).
-
-These options are provided for compatibility with @code{cfront} 1.x
-usage; the recommended alternative GNU C++ usage is in flux. @xref{C++
-Interface,,Declarations and Definitions in One Header}.
-
-With @samp{+e0}, virtual function definitions in classes are declared
-@code{extern}; the declaration is used only as an interface
-specification, not to generate code for the virtual functions (in this
-compilation).
-
-With @samp{+e1}, G++ actually generates the code implementing virtual
-functions defined in the code, and makes them publicly visible.
-
@cindex aliasing of parameters
@cindex parameters, aliased
@item -fargument-alias
Each language will automatically use whatever option is required by
the language standard. You should not need to use these options yourself.
+
+@item -fleading-underscore
+This option and its counterpart, -fno-leading-underscore, forcibly
+change the way C symbols are represented in the object file. One use
+is to help link with legacy assembly code.
+
+Be warned that you should know what you are doing when invoking this
+option, and that not all targets provide complete support for it.
@end table
@node Environment Variables
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