@c Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
-@c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c This is part of the GCC manual.
@c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi.
@ignore
@c man begin COPYRIGHT
Copyright @copyright{} 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997,
-1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
@c man end
@c man begin BUGS
For instructions on reporting bugs, see
-@w{@uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html}}. Use of the @command{gccbug}
-script to report bugs is recommended.
+@w{@uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html}}.
@c man end
@c man begin AUTHOR
See the Info entry for @command{gcc}, or
-w -Wextra -Wall -Waggregate-return @gol
-Wcast-align -Wcast-qual -Wchar-subscripts -Wcomment @gol
-Wconversion -Wno-deprecated-declarations @gol
--Wdisabled-optimization -Wno-div-by-zero -Wendif-labels @gol
+-Wdisabled-optimization -Wno-div-by-zero -Wno-endif-labels @gol
-Werror -Werror-implicit-function-declaration @gol
-Wfatal-errors -Wfloat-equal -Wformat -Wformat=2 @gol
-Wno-format-extra-args -Wformat-nonliteral @gol
@gccoptlist{-Wbad-function-cast -Wmissing-declarations @gol
-Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs -Wold-style-definition @gol
-Wstrict-prototypes -Wtraditional @gol
--Wdeclaration-after-statement}
+-Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wno-pointer-sign}
@item Debugging Options
@xref{Debugging Options,,Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC}.
-fdump-tree-nrv -fdump-tree-vect @gol
-fdump-tree-sra@r{[}-@var{n}@r{]} @gol
-fdump-tree-fre@r{[}-@var{n}@r{]} @gol
+-ftree-vectorizer-verbose=@var{n} @gol
-feliminate-dwarf2-dups -feliminate-unused-debug-types @gol
-feliminate-unused-debug-symbols -fmem-report -fprofile-arcs -ftree-based-profiling @gol
-frandom-seed=@var{string} -fsched-verbose=@var{n} @gol
-floop-optimize -fcrossjumping -fif-conversion -fif-conversion2 @gol
-finline-functions -finline-limit=@var{n} -fkeep-inline-functions @gol
-fkeep-static-consts -fmerge-constants -fmerge-all-constants @gol
--fmodulo-sched -fnew-ra -fno-branch-count-reg @gol
+-fmodulo-sched -fno-branch-count-reg @gol
-fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop -floop-optimize2 -fmove-loop-invariants @gol
-fno-function-cse -fno-guess-branch-probability @gol
-fno-inline -fno-math-errno -fno-peephole -fno-peephole2 @gol
-mvliw-branch -mno-vliw-branch @gol
-mmulti-cond-exec -mno-multi-cond-exec -mnested-cond-exec @gol
-mno-nested-cond-exec -mtomcat-stats @gol
+-mTLS -mtls @gol
-mcpu=@var{cpu}}
@emph{H8/300 Options}
@emph{IA-64 Options}
@gccoptlist{-mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mgnu-as -mgnu-ld -mno-pic @gol
--mvolatile-asm-stop -mb-step -mregister-names -mno-sdata @gol
+-mvolatile-asm-stop -mregister-names -mno-sdata @gol
-mconstant-gp -mauto-pic -minline-float-divide-min-latency @gol
-minline-float-divide-max-throughput @gol
-minline-int-divide-min-latency @gol
--minline-int-divide-max-throughput -mno-dwarf2-asm @gol
--mfixed-range=@var{register-range}}
+-minline-int-divide-max-throughput @gol
+-minline-sqrt-min-latency -minline-sqrt-max-throughput @gol
+-mno-dwarf2-asm -mearly-stop-bits @gol
+-mfixed-range=@var{register-range} -mtls-size=@var{tls-size} @gol
+-mtune=@var{cpu-type} -mt -pthread -milp32 -mlp64}
@emph{M32R/D Options}
@gccoptlist{-m32r2 -m32rx -m32r @gol
-mpowerpc-gfxopt -mno-powerpc-gfxopt @gol
-mnew-mnemonics -mold-mnemonics @gol
-mfull-toc -mminimal-toc -mno-fp-in-toc -mno-sum-in-toc @gol
--m64 -m32 -mxl-call -mno-xl-call -mpe @gol
+-m64 -m32 -mxl-compat -mno-xl-compat -mpe @gol
-malign-power -malign-natural @gol
-msoft-float -mhard-float -mmultiple -mno-multiple @gol
-mstring -mno-string -mupdate -mno-update @gol
@emph{S/390 and zSeries Options}
@gccoptlist{-mtune=@var{cpu-type} -march=@var{cpu-type} @gol
--mhard-float -msoft-float -mbackchain -mno-backchain -mkernel-backchain @gol
+-mhard-float -msoft-float -mbackchain -mno-backchain @gol
+-mpacked-stack -mno-packed-stack @gol
-msmall-exec -mno-small-exec -mmvcle -mno-mvcle @gol
-m64 -m31 -mdebug -mno-debug -mesa -mzarch @gol
-mtpf-trace -mno-tpf-trace -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd @gol
Warn if an array subscript has type @code{char}. This is a common cause
of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on some
machines.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wcomment
@opindex Wcomment
Warn whenever a comment-start sequence @samp{/*} appears in a @samp{/*}
comment, or whenever a Backslash-Newline appears in a @samp{//} comment.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wfatal-errors
@opindex Wfatal-errors
@item -Wimplicit-int
@opindex Wimplicit-int
Warn when a declaration does not specify a type.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wimplicit-function-declaration
@itemx -Werror-implicit-function-declaration
Give a warning (or error) whenever a function is used before being
declared. The form @option{-Wno-error-implicit-function-declaration}
is not supported.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall} (as a warning, not an error).
@item -Wimplicit
@opindex Wimplicit
Same as @option{-Wimplicit-int} and @option{-Wimplicit-function-declaration}.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wmain
@opindex Wmain
Warn if the type of @samp{main} is suspicious. @samp{main} should be a
function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wmissing-braces
@opindex Wmissing-braces
int b[2][2] = @{ @{ 0, 1 @}, @{ 2, 3 @} @};
@end smallexample
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
+
@item -Wmissing-include-dirs @r{(C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)}
@opindex Wmissing-include-dirs
Warn if a user-supplied include directory does not exist.
@end group
@end smallexample
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
+
@item -Wsequence-point
@opindex Wsequence-point
Warn about code that may have undefined semantics because of violations
definitions, may be found on the GCC readings page, at
@w{@uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html}}.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
+
@item -Wreturn-type
@opindex Wreturn-type
Warn whenever a function is defined with a return-type that defaults to
message, even when @option{-Wno-return-type} is specified. The only
exceptions are @samp{main} and functions defined in system headers.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
+
@item -Wswitch
@opindex Wswitch
Warn whenever a @code{switch} statement has an index of enumerated type
enumeration. (The presence of a @code{default} label prevents this
warning.) @code{case} labels outside the enumeration range also
provoke warnings when this option is used.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wswitch-default
@opindex Wswitch-switch
@opindex Wtrigraphs
Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the meaning of
the program (trigraphs within comments are not warned about).
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wunused-function
@opindex Wunused-function
Warn whenever a static function is declared but not defined or a
non\-inline static function is unused.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
@item -Wunused-label
@opindex Wunused-label
Warn whenever a label is declared but not used.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
To suppress this warning use the @samp{unused} attribute
(@pxref{Variable Attributes}).
@opindex Wunused-variable
Warn whenever a local variable or non-constant static variable is unused
aside from its declaration
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
To suppress this warning use the @samp{unused} attribute
(@pxref{Variable Attributes}).
@item -Wunused-value
@opindex Wunused-value
Warn whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not used.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
To suppress this warning cast the expression to @samp{void}.
you use that never return as @code{noreturn}. @xref{Function
Attributes}.
+This warning is enabled by @option{-Wall}.
+
@item -Wunknown-pragmas
@opindex Wunknown-pragmas
@cindex warning for unknown pragmas
@opindex Wundef
Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an @samp{#if} directive.
-@item -Wendif-labels
+@item -Wno-endif-labels
+@opindex Wno-endif-labels
@opindex Wendif-labels
-Warn whenever an @samp{#else} or an @samp{#endif} are followed by text.
+Do not warn whenever an @samp{#else} or an @samp{#endif} are followed by text.
@item -Wshadow
@opindex Wshadow
complex; GCC will refuse to optimize programs when the optimization
itself is likely to take inordinate amounts of time.
+@item -Wno-pointer-sign
+@opindex Wno-pointer-sign
+Don't warn for pointer argument passing or assignment with different signedness.
+Only useful in the negative form since this warning is enabled by default.
+This option is only supported for C and Objective-C@.
+
@item -Werror
@opindex Werror
Make all warnings into errors.
Enable all the available tree dumps with the flags provided in this option.
@end table
+@item -ftree-vectorizer-verbose=@var{n}
+@opindex ftree-vectorizer-verbose
+This option controls the amount of debugging output the vectorizer prints.
+This information is written to standard error, unless @option{-fdump-tree-all}
+or @option{-fdump-tree-vect} is specified, in which case it is output to the
+usual dump listing file, @file{.vect}.
+
@item -frandom-seed=@var{string}
@opindex frandom-string
This option provides a seed that GCC uses when it would otherwise use
preprocessed @file{foo.i} output file even though the compiler now
normally uses an integrated preprocessor.
+When used in combination with the @option{-x} command line option,
+@option{-save-temps} is sensible enough to avoid over writing an
+input source file with the same extension as an intermediate file.
+The corresponding intermediate file may be obtained by renaming the
+source file before using @option{-save-temps}.
+
@item -time
@opindex time
Report the CPU time taken by each subprocess in the compilation
@option{-O} turns on the following optimization flags:
@gccoptlist{-fdefer-pop @gol
--fmerge-constants @gol
--fthread-jumps @gol
+-fdelayed-branch @gol
+-fguess-branch-probability @gol
+-fcprop-registers @gol
-floop-optimize @gol
-fif-conversion @gol
-fif-conversion2 @gol
--fdelayed-branch @gol
--fguess-branch-probability @gol
--fcprop-registers}
+-ftree-ccp @gol
+-ftree-dce @gol
+-ftree-dom @gol
+-ftree-dse @gol
+-ftree-ter @gol
+-ftree-live_range_split @gol
+-ftree-sra @gol
+-ftree-copyrename @gol
+-ftree-fre @gol
+-ftree-ch @gol
+-fmerge-constants}
@option{-O} also turns on @option{-fomit-frame-pointer} on machines
where doing so does not interfere with debugging.
@option{-O2} turns on all optimization flags specified by @option{-O}. It
also turns on the following optimization flags:
-@gccoptlist{-fforce-mem @gol
+@gccoptlist{-fthread-jumps @gol
+-fcrossjumping @gol
-foptimize-sibling-calls @gol
--fstrength-reduce @gol
-fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks @gol
--frerun-cse-after-loop -frerun-loop-opt @gol
--fgcse -fgcse-lm -fgcse-sm -fgcse-las @gol
--fdelete-null-pointer-checks @gol
+-fgcse -fgcse-lm @gol
-fexpensive-optimizations @gol
--fregmove @gol
--fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2 @gol
--fsched-interblock -fsched-spec @gol
+-fstrength-reduce @gol
+-frerun-cse-after-loop -frerun-loop-opt @gol
-fcaller-saves @gol
+-fforce-mem @gol
-fpeephole2 @gol
--freorder-blocks -freorder-functions @gol
+-fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2 @gol
+-fsched-interblock -fsched-spec @gol
+-fregmove @gol
-fstrict-aliasing @gol
+-fdelete-null-pointer-checks @gol
+-freorder-blocks -freorder-functions @gol
-funit-at-a-time @gol
-falign-functions -falign-jumps @gol
-falign-loops -falign-labels @gol
--fcrossjumping}
+-ftree-pre}
Please note the warning under @option{-fgcse} about
invoking @option{-O2} on programs that use computed gotos.
@opindex O3
Optimize yet more. @option{-O3} turns on all optimizations specified by
@option{-O2} and also turns on the @option{-finline-functions},
-@option{-fweb} and @option{-fgcse-after-reload} options.
+@option{-funswitch-loops} and @option{-fgcse-after-reload} options.
@item -O0
@opindex O0
pass. This pass looks at innermost loops and reorders their
instructions by overlapping different iterations.
-@item -fnew-ra
-@opindex fnew-ra
-Use a graph coloring register allocator. Currently this option is meant
-only for testing. Users should not specify this option, since it is not
-yet ready for production use.
-
@item -fno-branch-count-reg
@opindex fno-branch-count-reg
Do not use ``decrement and branch'' instructions on a count register,
second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on whether
the condition is known to be true or false.
-Enabled at levels @option{-O}, @option{-O2}, @option{-O3}, @option{-Os}.
+Enabled at levels @option{-O2}, @option{-O3}, @option{-Os}.
@item -fcse-follow-jumps
@opindex fcse-follow-jumps
loops containing a load/store sequence can be changed to a load before
the loop and a store after the loop.
-Enabled by default when gcse is enabled.
+Not enabled at any optimization level.
@item -fgcse-las
@opindex fgcse-las
elimination pass eliminates redundant loads that come after stores to the
same memory location (both partial and full redundancies).
-Enabled by default when gcse is enabled.
+Not enabled at any optimization level.
@item -fgcse-after-reload
@opindex fgcse-after-reload
@item -ftree-pre
Perform Partial Redundancy Elimination (PRE) on trees. This flag is
-enabled by default at @option{-O} and higher.
+enabled by default at @option{-O2} and @option{-O3}.
@item -ftree-fre
Perform Full Redundancy Elimination (FRE) on trees. The difference
@item -freorder-functions
@opindex freorder-functions
-Reorder basic blocks in the compiled function in order to reduce number of
-taken branches and improve code locality. This is implemented by using special
+Reorder functions in the object file in order to
+improve code locality. This is implemented by using special
subsections @code{.text.hot} for most frequently executed functions and
@code{.text.unlikely} for unlikely executed functions. Reordering is done by
the linker so object file format must support named sections and linker must
Not enabled by default at any level because it has known bugs.
-@item -fnew-ra
-@opindex fnew-ra
-Use a graph coloring register allocator. Currently this option is meant
-for testing, so we are interested to hear about miscompilations with
-@option{-fnew-ra}.
-
@item -ftracer
@opindex ftracer
Perform tail duplication to enlarge superblock size. This transformation
value is ignored in the case where all instructions in the block being
crossjumped from are matched. The default value is 5.
+@item max-goto-duplication-insns
+The maximum number of instructions to duplicate to a block that jumps
+to a computed goto. To avoid @math{O(N^2)} behavior in a number of
+passes, GCC factors computed gotos early in the compilation process,
+and unfactors them as late as possible. Only computed jumps at the
+end of a basic blocks with no more than max-goto-duplication-insns are
+unfactored. The default value is 8.
+
@item max-delay-slot-insn-search
The maximum number of instructions to consider when looking for an
instruction to fill a delay slot. If more than this arbitrary number of
The default value is 120.
@item large-function-insns
-The limit specifying really large functions. For functions greater than this
-limit inlining is constrained by @option{--param large-function-growth}.
-This parameter is useful primarily to avoid extreme compilation time caused by non-linear
-algorithms used by the backend.
+The limit specifying really large functions. For functions larger than this
+limit after inlining inlining is constrained by
+@option{--param large-function-growth}. This parameter is useful primarily
+to avoid extreme compilation time caused by non-linear algorithms used by the
+backend.
This parameter is ignored when @option{-funit-at-a-time} is not used.
The default value is 3000.
@item large-function-growth
Specifies maximal growth of large function caused by inlining in percents.
This parameter is ignored when @option{-funit-at-a-time} is not used.
-The default value is 200.
+The default value is 100 which limits large function growth to 2.0 times
+the original size.
@item inline-unit-growth
Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit caused by inlining.
This parameter is ignored when @option{-funit-at-a-time} is not used.
-The default value is 150.
+The default value is 50 which limits unit growth to 1.5 times the original
+size.
@item max-inline-insns-recursive
@itemx max-inline-insns-recursive-auto
enabled and @option{--param max-inline-recursive-depth-auto} is used. The
default value is 500.
-@item max-inline-insns-rtl
-For languages that use the RTL inliner (this happens at a later stage
-than tree inlining), you can set the maximum allowable size (counted
-in RTL instructions) for the RTL inliner with this parameter.
-The default value is 600.
-
@item max-unrolled-insns
The maximum number of instructions that a loop should have if that loop
is unrolled, and if the loop is unrolled, it determines how many times
The induction variable optimizations give up on loops that contain more
induction variable uses.
+@item iv-always-prune-cand-set-bound
+If number of candidates in the set is smaller than this value,
+we always try to remove unnecessary ivs from the set during its
+optimization when a new iv is added to the set.
+
@item max-iterations-to-track
The maximum number of iterations of a loop the brute force algorithm
The maximum number of insns in a region to be considered for
interblock scheduling. The default value is 100.
+@item max-last-value-rtl
+
+The maximum size measured as number of RTLs that can be recorded in an expression
+in combiner for a pseudo register as last known value of that register. The default
+is 10000.
+
@item integer-share-limit
Small integer constants can use a shared data structure, reducing the
compiler's memory usage and increasing its speed. This sets the maximum
contain startup files. If the target supports multilibs then the
current multilib directory will be prepended to each of these paths.
-@item %M
-Output the multilib directory with directory separators replaced with
-@samp{_}. If multilib directories are not set, or the multilib directory is
-@file{.} then this option emits nothing.
-
@item %L
Process the @code{lib} spec. This is a spec string for deciding which
libraries should be included on the command line to the linker.
optimization option such as @option{-O3} or above is present in the
command line.
+@item -mTLS
+@opindex TLS
+
+Assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local code.
+
+@item -mtls
+@opindex tls
+
+Do not assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local code.
+
@item -mgprel-ro
@opindex mgprel-ro
only in Pentium4 and the future AMD x86-64 chips supports double precision
arithmetics too.
-For i387 you need to use @option{-march=@var{cpu-type}}, @option{-msse} or
-@option{-msse2} switches to enable SSE extensions and make this option
-effective. For x86-64 compiler, these extensions are enabled by default.
+For the i386 compiler, you need to use @option{-march=@var{cpu-type}}, @option{-msse}
+or @option{-msse2} switches to enable SSE extensions and make this option
+effective. For the x86-64 compiler, these extensions are enabled by default.
The resulting code should be considerably faster in the majority of cases and avoid
the numerical instability problems of 387 code, but may break some existing
Generate (or don't) a stop bit immediately before and after volatile asm
statements.
-@item -mb-step
-@opindex mb-step
-Generate code that works around Itanium B step errata.
-
@item -mregister-names
@itemx -mno-register-names
@opindex mregister-names
Generate code for inline divides of integer values
using the maximum throughput algorithm.
+@item -minline-sqrt-min-latency
+@opindex minline-sqrt-min-latency
+Generate code for inline square roots
+using the minimum latency algorithm.
+
+@item -minline-sqrt-max-throughput
+@opindex minline-sqrt-max-throughput
+Generate code for inline square roots
+using the maximum throughput algorithm.
+
@item -mno-dwarf2-asm
@itemx -mdwarf2-asm
@opindex mno-dwarf2-asm
Don't (or do) generate assembler code for the DWARF2 line number debugging
info. This may be useful when not using the GNU assembler.
+@item -mearly-stop-bits
+@itemx -mno-early-stop-bits
+@opindex mearly-stop-bits
+@opindex mno-early-stop-bits
+Allow stop bits to be placed earlier than immediately preceding the
+instruction that triggered the stop bit. This can improve instruction
+scheduling, but does not always do so.
+
@item -mfixed-range=@var{register-range}
@opindex mfixed-range
Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register ranges can be
specified separated by a comma.
-@item -mearly-stop-bits
-@itemx -mno-early-stop-bits
-@opindex mearly-stop-bits
-@opindex mno-early-stop-bits
-Allow stop bits to be placed earlier than immediately preceding the
-instruction that triggered the stop bit. This can improve instruction
-scheduling, but does not always do so.
+@item -mtls-size=@var{tls-size}
+@opindex mtls-size
+Specify bit size of immediate TLS offsets. Valid values are 14, 22, and
+64.
+
+@item -mtune-arch=@var{cpu-type}
+@opindex mtune-arch
+Tune the instruction scheduling for a particular CPU, Valid values are
+itanium, itanium1, merced, itanium2, and mckinley.
+
+@item -mt
+@itemx -pthread
+@opindex mt
+@opindex pthread
+Add support for multithreading using the POSIX threads library. This
+option sets flags for both the preprocessor and linker. It does
+not affect the thread safety of object code produced by the compiler or
+that of libraries supplied with it. These are HP-UX specific flags.
+
+@item -milp32
+@itemx -mlp64
+@opindex milp32
+@opindex mlp64
+Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment.
+The 32-bit environment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits.
+The 64-bit environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer
+to 64 bits. These are HP-UX specific flags.
+
@end table
@node M32R/D Options
@option{-mlong32} for an explanation of the default and the way
that the pointer size is determined.
+This option has been deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
+
@item -mlong64
@opindex mlong64
Force @code{long} types to be 64 bits wide. See @option{-mlong32} for
@option{-mpowerpc}, while @option{-maix32} disables the 64-bit ABI and
implies @option{-mno-powerpc64}. GCC defaults to @option{-maix32}.
-@item -mxl-call
-@itemx -mno-xl-call
-@opindex mxl-call
-@opindex mno-xl-call
-On AIX, pass floating-point arguments to prototyped functions beyond the
-register save area (RSA) on the stack in addition to argument FPRs. The
-AIX calling convention was extended but not initially documented to
+@item -mxl-compat
+@itemx -mno-xl-compat
+@opindex mxl-compat
+@opindex mno-xl-compat
+Produce code that conforms more closely to IBM XLC semantics when using
+AIX-compatible ABI. Pass floating-point arguments to prototyped
+functions beyond the register save area (RSA) on the stack in addition
+to argument FPRs. Do not assume that most significant double in 128
+bit long double value is properly rounded when comparing values.
+
+The AIX calling convention was extended but not initially documented to
handle an obscure K&R C case of calling a function that takes the
address of its arguments with fewer arguments than declared. AIX XL
compilers access floating point arguments which do not fit in the
@itemx -malign-power
@opindex malign-natural
@opindex malign-power
-On AIX, Darwin, and 64-bit PowerPC GNU/Linux, the option
+On AIX, 32-bit Darwin, and 64-bit PowerPC GNU/Linux, the option
@option{-malign-natural} overrides the ABI-defined alignment of larger
types, such as floating-point doubles, on their natural size-based boundary.
The option @option{-malign-power} instructs GCC to follow the ABI-specified
alignment rules. GCC defaults to the standard alignment defined in the ABI@.
+On 64-bit Darwin, natural alignment is the default, and @option{-malign-power}
+is not supported.
+
@item -msoft-float
@itemx -mhard-float
@opindex msoft-float
@item -mbackchain
@itemx -mno-backchain
-@itemx -mkernel-backchain
@opindex mbackchain
@opindex mno-backchain
-@opindex mkernel-backchain
-In order to provide a backchain the address of the caller's frame
-is stored within the callee's stack frame.
+Store (do not store) the address of the caller's frame as backchain pointer
+into the callee's stack frame.
A backchain may be needed to allow debugging using tools that do not understand
DWARF-2 call frame information.
-For @option{-mno-backchain} no backchain is maintained at all which is the
-default.
-If one of the other options is present the backchain pointer is placed either
-on top of the stack frame (@option{-mkernel-backchain}) or on
-the bottom (@option{-mbackchain}).
-Beside the different backchain location @option{-mkernel-backchain}
-also changes stack frame layout breaking the ABI@. This option
-is intended to be used for code which internally needs a backchain but has
-to get by with a limited stack size e.g.@: the linux kernel.
-Internal unwinding code not using DWARF-2 info has to be able to locate the
-return address of a function. That will be eased be the fact that
-the return address of a function is placed two words below the backchain
-pointer.
+When @option{-mno-packed-stack} is in effect, the backchain pointer is stored
+at the bottom of the stack frame; when @option{-mpacked-stack} is in effect,
+the backchain is placed into the topmost word of the 96/160 byte register
+save area.
+
+In general, code compiled with @option{-mbackchain} is call-compatible with
+code compiled with @option{-mmo-backchain}; however, use of the backchain
+for debugging purposes usually requires that the whole binary is built with
+@option{-mbackchain}. Note that the combination of @option{-mbackchain},
+@option{-mpacked-stack} and @option{-mhard-float} is not supported. In order
+to build a linux kernel use @option{-msoft-float}.
+
+The default is to not maintain the backchain.
+
+@item -mpacked-stack
+@item -mno-packed-stack
+@opindex mpacked-stack
+@opindex mno-packed-stack
+Use (do not use) the packed stack layout. When @option{-mno-packed-stack} is
+specified, the compiler uses the all fields of the 96/160 byte register save
+area only for their default purpose; unused fields still take up stack space.
+When @option{-mpacked-stack} is specified, register save slots are densely
+packed at the top of the register save area; unused space is reused for other
+purposes, allowing for more efficient use of the available stack space.
+However, when @option{-mbackchain} is also in effect, the topmost word of
+the save area is always used to store the backchain, and the return address
+register is always saved two words below the backchain.
+
+As long as the stack frame backchain is not used, code generated with
+@option{-mpacked-stack} is call-compatible with code generated with
+@option{-mno-packed-stack}. Note that some non-FSF releases of GCC 2.95 for
+S/390 or zSeries generated code that uses the stack frame backchain at run
+time, not just for debugging purposes. Such code is not call-compatible
+with code compiled with @option{-mpacked-stack}. Also, note that the
+combination of @option{-mbackchain},
+@option{-mpacked-stack} and @option{-mhard-float} is not supported. In order
+to build a linux kernel use @option{-msoft-float}.
+
+The default is to not use the packed stack layout.
@item -msmall-exec
@itemx -mno-small-exec
@opindex fPIC
If supported for the target machine, emit position-independent code,
suitable for dynamic linking and avoiding any limit on the size of the
-global offset table. This option makes a difference on the m68k
-and the SPARC@.
+global offset table. This option makes a difference on the m68k,
+PowerPC and SPARC@.
Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore works
only on certain machines.