@c @cropmarks
@c @finalout
+@include gcc-common.texi
+
@copying
@c man begin COPYRIGHT
Copyright @copyright{} 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
-1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
+1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@c man end
@end copying
-@macro gcctabopt{body}
-@code{\body\}
-@end macro
-
@c Create a separate index for command line options.
@defcodeindex op
@syncodeindex vr op
@titlepage
@title The C Preprocessor
-@subtitle Last revised April 2001
-@subtitle for GCC version 3
+@subtitle for GCC version @value{version-GCC}
@author Richard M. Stallman
@author Zachary Weinberg
@page
Mode}.
For clarity, unless noted otherwise, references to @samp{CPP} in this
-manual refer to GNU CPP.
+manual refer to GNU CPP@.
@c man end
@menu
preprocessor. @xref{C++ Named Operators}.
In the 1999 C standard, identifiers may contain letters which are not
-part of the ``basic source character set,'' at the implementation's
+part of the ``basic source character set'', at the implementation's
discretion (such as accented Latin letters, Greek letters, or Chinese
ideograms). This may be done with an extended character set, or the
@samp{\u} and @samp{\U} escape sequences. GCC does not presently
@end smallexample
@cindex other tokens
-Any other single character is considered ``other.'' It is passed on to
+Any other single character is considered ``other''. It is passed on to
the preprocessor's output unmolested. The C compiler will almost
certainly reject source code containing ``other'' tokens. In ASCII, the
only other characters are @samp{@@}, @samp{$}, @samp{`}, and control
quote marks. Directories after @option{-I-} are searched for all
headers. Second, the directory containing the current file is not
searched for anything, unless it happens to be one of the directories
-named by an @option{-I} switch. @option{-I-} is deprecated, -iquote
+named by an @option{-I} switch. @option{-I-} is deprecated, @option{-iquote}
should be used instead.
@option{-I. -I-} is not the same as no @option{-I} options at all, and does
There is no way to solve this problem within the C standard, but you can
use the GNU extension @samp{#include_next}. It means, ``Include the
-@emph{next} file with this name.'' This directive works like
+@emph{next} file with this name''. This directive works like
@samp{#include} except in searching for the specified file: it starts
searching the list of header file directories @emph{after} the directory
in which the current file was found.
@smallexample
extern void foo(void);
-#define foo() /* optimized inline version */
+#define foo() /* @r{optimized inline version} */
@dots{}
foo();
funcptr = foo;
preprocessor: C, C++, and Objective-C@. Their values are the major
version, minor version, and patch level of the compiler, as integer
constants. For example, GCC 3.2.1 will define @code{__GNUC__} to 3,
-@code{__GNUC_MINOR__} to 2, and @code{__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__} to 1. They
-are defined only when the entire compiler is in use; if you invoke the
-preprocessor directly, they are not defined.
+@code{__GNUC_MINOR__} to 2, and @code{__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__} to 1. These
+macros are also defined if you invoke the preprocessor directly.
@code{__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__} is new to GCC 3.0; it is also present in the
widely-used development snapshots leading up to 3.0 (which identify
themselves as GCC 2.96 or 2.97, depending on which snapshot you have).
If all you need to know is whether or not your program is being compiled
-by GCC, you can simply test @code{__GNUC__}. If you need to write code
+by GCC, or a non-GCC compiler that claims to accept the GNU C dialects,
+you can simply test @code{__GNUC__}. If you need to write code
which depends on a specific version, you must be more careful. Each
time the minor version is increased, the patch level is reset to zero;
each time the major version is increased (which happens rarely), the
@itemx __PTRDIFF_TYPE__
@itemx __WCHAR_TYPE__
@itemx __WINT_TYPE__
+@itemx __INTMAX_TYPE__
+@itemx __UINTMAX_TYPE__
These macros are defined to the correct underlying types for the
-@code{size_t}, @code{ptrdiff_t}, @code{wchar_t}, and @code{wint_t}
+@code{size_t}, @code{ptrdiff_t}, @code{wchar_t}, @code{wint_t},
+@code{intmax_t}, and @code{uintmax_t}
typedefs, respectively. They exist to make the standard header files
@file{stddef.h} and @file{wchar.h} work correctly. You should not use
these macros directly; instead, include the appropriate headers and use
@itemx __INT_MAX__
@itemx __LONG_MAX__
@itemx __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+@itemx __INTMAX_MAX__
Defined to the maximum value of the @code{signed char}, @code{wchar_t},
@code{signed short},
-@code{signed int}, @code{signed long}, and @code{signed long long} types
+@code{signed int}, @code{signed long}, @code{signed long long}, and
+@code{intmax_t} types
respectively. They exist to make the standard header given numerical limits
work correctly. You should not use these macros directly; instead, include
the appropriate headers.
@item __NEXT_RUNTIME__
This macro is defined, with value 1, if (and only if) the NeXT runtime
-(as in @option{-fnext-runtime}) is in use for Objective-C. If the GNU
+(as in @option{-fnext-runtime}) is in use for Objective-C@. If the GNU
runtime is used, this macro is not defined, so that you can use this
macro to determine which runtime (NeXT or GNU) is being used.
@smallexample
#define FOUR (2 + 2)
#define FOUR (2 + 2)
-#define FOUR (2 /* two */ + 2)
+#define FOUR (2 /* @r{two} */ + 2)
@end smallexample
@noindent
but these are not:
@smallexample
#define m This macro's fine and has an unmatched quote
"/* This is not a comment. */
-/* This is a comment. The following #include directive
- is ill-formed. */
+/* @r{This is a comment. The following #include directive
+ is ill-formed.} */
#include <stdio.h
@end smallexample
whitespace.
One consequence is that it is legitimate for the replacement text to
-contain an unmatched quote (@pxref{Traditional lexical analysis}). An
+contain an unmatched quote (@pxref{Traditional lexical analysis}). An
unclosed string or character constant continues into the text
following the macro call. Similarly, the text at the end of a macro's
expansion can run together with the text after the macro invocation to
@smallexample
#define str(x) "x"
-str(/* A comment */some text )
+str(/* @r{A comment} */some text )
@expansion{} "some text "
@end smallexample
Currently, CPP requires its input to be ASCII or UTF-8. The execution
character set may be controlled by the user, with the
-@code{-ftarget-charset} and @code{-ftarget-wide-charset} options.
+@option{-ftarget-charset} and @option{-ftarget-wide-charset} options.
@item Identifier characters.
@anchor{Identifier characters}
character truncated to the width of a target character. The final
bit-pattern is given type @code{int}, and is therefore signed,
regardless of whether single characters are signed or not (a slight
-change from versions 3.1 and earlier of GCC). If there are more
+change from versions 3.1 and earlier of GCC)@. If there are more
characters in the constant than would fit in the target @code{int} the
compiler issues a warning, and the excess leading characters are
ignored.
-For example, 'ab' for a target with an 8-bit @code{char} would be
-interpreted as @w{(int) ((unsigned char) 'a' * 256 + (unsigned char)
-'b')}, and '\234a' as @w{(int) ((unsigned char) '\234' * 256 + (unsigned
-char) 'a')}.
+For example, @code{'ab'} for a target with an 8-bit @code{char} would be
+interpreted as @w{@samp{(int) ((unsigned char) 'a' * 256 + (unsigned char)
+'b')}}, and @code{'\234a'} as @w{@samp{(int) ((unsigned char) '\234' *
+256 + (unsigned char) 'a')}}.
@item Source file inclusion.
@item -I- deprecated
-This option has been deprecated in 3.5. @option{-iquote} is meant to
+This option has been deprecated in 4.0. @option{-iquote} is meant to
replace the need for this option.
@item Order of evaluation of @samp{#} and @samp{##} operators
@item @samp{#line} and @samp{#include}
The @samp{#line} directive used to change GCC's notion of the
-``directory containing the current file,'' used by @samp{#include} with
+``directory containing the current file'', used by @samp{#include} with
a double-quoted header file name. In 3.0 and later, it does not.
@xref{Line Control}, for further explanation.
except that the C compiler has different rules for specifying the output
file.
-@strong{Note:} Whether you use the preprocessor by way of @command{gcc}
+@emph{Note:} Whether you use the preprocessor by way of @command{gcc}
or @command{cpp}, the @dfn{compiler driver} is run first. This
program's purpose is to translate your command into invocations of the
programs that do the actual work. Their command line interfaces are
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