-.rn '' }`
-.de Sh
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man version 1.1
+.\" Wed Jan 24 19:43:25 2001
+.\"
+.\" Standard preamble:
+.\" ======================================================================
+.de Sh \" Subsection heading
.br
.if t .Sp
.ne 5
\fB\\$1\fR
.PP
..
-.de Sp
+.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
-.de Ip
+.de Ip \" List item
.br
.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3
.el .ne 3
.IP "\\$1" \\$2
..
-.de Vb
+.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
-.de Ve
+.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
-'''
-'''
-''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
-''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
-''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
-'''
+.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
+.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
+.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a
+.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used
+.\" to do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and
+.\" \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>
.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
+.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
-.ds -- \(*W-
-.ds PI pi
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
-.ds L" ""
-.ds R" ""
-''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of
-''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,
-''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of
-''' double-quote interpretation
-.ds M" """
-.ds S" """
-.ds N" """""
-.ds T" """""
-.ds L' '
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' '
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' '
-.ds T' '
+. ds -- \(*W-
+. ds PI pi
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
+. ds L" ""
+. ds R" ""
+. ds C` ""
+. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
-.ds -- \(em\|
-.tr \*(Tr
-.ds L" ``
-.ds R" ''
-.ds M" ``
-.ds S" ''
-.ds N" ``
-.ds T" ''
-.ds L' `
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' `
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' `
-.ds T' '
-.ds PI \(*p
+. ds -- \|\(em\|
+. ds PI \(*p
+. ds L" ``
+. ds R" ''
'br\}
-.TH CPP 1 "gcc-2.95" "14/Jun/99" "GNU"
-.UC
-.if n .hy 0
-.if n .na
-.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
-.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font
-.ft CW
-'if n "\c
-'if t \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \&"
-\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7
-'.ft R
+.\"
+.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr
+.\" for titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and
+.\" index entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process
+.\" the output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
+.if \nF \{\
+. de IX
+. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
-.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2
-. \" AM - accent mark definitions
+. nr % 0
+. rr F
+.\}
+.\"
+.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it
+.\" makes way too many mistakes in technical documents.
+.hy 0
+.if n .na
+.\"
+.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
+.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
.bd B 3
-. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
+. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds #H 0
-. ds #V .8m
-. ds #F .3m
-. ds #[ \f1
-. ds #] \fP
+. ds #H 0
+. ds #V .8m
+. ds #F .3m
+. ds #[ \f1
+. ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
-. ds #V .6m
-. ds #F 0
-. ds #[ \&
-. ds #] \&
+. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
+. ds #V .6m
+. ds #F 0
+. ds #[ \&
+. ds #] \&
.\}
-. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
+. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds ' \&
-. ds ` \&
-. ds ^ \&
-. ds , \&
-. ds ~ ~
-. ds ? ?
-. ds ! !
-. ds /
-. ds q
+. ds ' \&
+. ds ` \&
+. ds ^ \&
+. ds , \&
+. ds ~ ~
+. ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
-. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10'
-. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m'
-. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10'
+. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
+. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
-. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
+. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
-.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
-.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
-.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u'
-.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#]
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
-.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e
-.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E
-. \" corrections for vroff
+. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
-. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
+. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
-. ds : e
-. ds 8 ss
-. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga'
-. ds _ \h'-1'^
-. ds . \h'-1'.
-. ds 3 3
-. ds o a
-. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
-. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
-. ds th \o'bp'
-. ds Th \o'LP'
-. ds ae ae
-. ds Ae AE
-. ds oe oe
-. ds Oe OE
+. ds : e
+. ds 8 ss
+. ds o a
+. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
+. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
+. ds th \o'bp'
+. ds Th \o'LP'
+. ds ae ae
+. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
+.\" ======================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "CPP 1"
+.TH CPP 1 "gcc-2.97" "2001-01-24" "GNU"
+.UC
.SH "NAME"
cpp \- The C Preprocessor
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
cpp [\fB\-P\fR] [\fB\-C\fR] [\fB\-gcc\fR] [\fB\-traditional\fR]
[\fB\-undef\fR] [\fB\-trigraphs\fR] [\fB\-pedantic\fR]
[\fB\-W\fR\fIwarn\fR...] [\fB\-I\fR\fIdir\fR...]
[\fB\-D\fR\fImacro\fR[=\fIdefn\fR]...] [\fB\-U\fR\fImacro\fR]
[\fB\-A\fR\fIpredicate\fR(\fIanswer\fR)]
- [\fB\-M\fR|\fB\-MM\fR|\fB\-MD\fR|\fB\-MMD\fR [\fB\-MG\fR]]
+ [\fB\-M\fR|\fB\-MM\fR][\fB\-MG\fR][\fB\-MF\fR\fIfilename\fR]
+ [\fB\-MP\fR][\fB\-MQ\fR\fItarget\fR...][\fB\-MT\fR\fItarget\fR...]
[\fB\-x\fR \fIlanguage\fR] [\fB\-std=\fR\fIstandard\fR]
\fIinfile\fR \fIoutfile\fR
.PP
Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the remainder.
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
-The C preprocessor is a \fImacro processor\fR that is used automatically by
-the C compiler to transform your program before actual compilation. It is
-called a macro processor because it allows you to define \fImacros\fR,
-which are brief abbreviations for longer constructs.
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
+The C preprocessor is a \fImacro processor\fR that is used automatically
+by the C compiler to transform your program before actual compilation.
+It is called a macro processor because it allows you to define
+\&\fImacros\fR, which are brief abbreviations for longer constructs.
+.PP
+The C preprocessor is intended only for macro processing of C, \*(C+ and
+Objective C source files. For macro processing of other files, you are
+strongly encouraged to use alternatives like M4, which will likely give
+you better results and avoid many problems. For example, normally the C
+preprocessor does not preserve arbitrary whitespace verbatim, but
+instead replaces each sequence with a single space.
.PP
-The C preprocessor provides four separate facilities that you can use as
-you see fit:
+For use on C-like source files, the C preprocessor provides four
+separate facilities that you can use as you see fit:
.Ip "\(bu" 4
Inclusion of header files. These are files of declarations that can be
substituted into your program.
can include or exclude parts of the program according to various
conditions.
.Ip "\(bu" 4
-Line control. If you use a program to combine or rearrange source files into
-an intermediate file which is then compiled, you can use line control
-to inform the compiler of where each source line originally came from.
+Line control. If you use a program to combine or rearrange source files
+into an intermediate file which is then compiled, you can use line
+control to inform the compiler of where each source line originally came
+from.
.PP
C preprocessors vary in some details. This manual discusses the \s-1GNU\s0 C
-preprocessor, the C Compatible Compiler Preprocessor. The \s-1GNU\s0 C
-preprocessor provides a superset of the features of \s-1ANSI\s0 Standard C.
+preprocessor, which provides a small superset of the features of \s-1ISO\s0
+Standard C.
.PP
-\s-1ANSI\s0 Standard C requires the rejection of many harmless constructs commonly
-used by today's C programs. Such incompatibility would be inconvenient for
-users, so the \s-1GNU\s0 C preprocessor is configured to accept these constructs
-by default. Strictly speaking, to get \s-1ANSI\s0 Standard C, you must use the
-options \fB\-trigraphs\fR, \fB\-undef\fR and \fB\-pedantic\fR, but in
-practice the consequences of having strict \s-1ANSI\s0 Standard C make it
-undesirable to do this.
-.PP
-The C preprocessor is designed for C\-like languages; you may run into
-problems if you apply it to other kinds of languages, because it assumes
-that it is dealing with C. For example, the C preprocessor sometimes
-outputs extra white space to avoid inadvertent C token concatenation,
-and this may cause problems with other languages.
+In its default mode, the \s-1GNU\s0 C preprocessor does not do a few things
+required by the standard. These are features which are rarely, if ever,
+used, and may cause surprising changes to the meaning of a program which
+does not expect them. To get strict \s-1ISO\s0 Standard C, you should use the
+\&\fB\-std=c89\fR or \fB\-std=c99\fR options, depending on which version
+of the standard you want. To get all the mandatory diagnostics, you
+must also use \fB\-pedantic\fR.
.SH "OPTIONS"
+.IX Header "OPTIONS"
The C preprocessor expects two file names as arguments, \fIinfile\fR and
-\fIoutfile\fR. The preprocessor reads \fIinfile\fR together with any other
-files it specifies with \fB#include\fR. All the output generated by the
-combined input files is written in \fIoutfile\fR.
+\&\fIoutfile\fR. The preprocessor reads \fIinfile\fR together with any
+other files it specifies with \fB#include\fR. All the output generated
+by the combined input files is written in \fIoutfile\fR.
.PP
-Either \fIinfile\fR or \fIoutfile\fR may be \fB\-\fR, which as
-\fIinfile\fR means to read from standard input and as \fIoutfile\fR
+Either \fIinfile\fR or \fIoutfile\fR may be \fB-\fR, which as
+\&\fIinfile\fR means to read from standard input and as \fIoutfile\fR
means to write to standard output. Also, if either file is omitted, it
-means the same as if \fB\-\fR had been specified for that file.
+means the same as if \fB-\fR had been specified for that file.
.PP
Here is a table of command options accepted by the C preprocessor.
These options can also be given when compiling a C program; they are
passed along automatically to the preprocessor when it is invoked by the
compiler.
.Ip "\fB\-P\fR" 4
-Inhibit generation of \fB#\fR\-lines with line-number information in
-the output from the preprocessor This might be
-useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C code
-and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the
-\fB#\fR\-lines.
+.IX Item "-P"
+Inhibit generation of \fB#\fR\-lines with line-number information in the
+output from the preprocessor. This might be useful when running the
+preprocessor on something that is not C code and will be sent to a
+program which might be confused by the \fB#\fR\-lines.
.Ip "\fB\-C\fR" 4
-Do not discard comments: pass them through to the output file.
-Comments appearing in arguments of a macro call will be copied to the
-output before the expansion of the macro call.
+.IX Item "-C"
+Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the output
+file, except for comments in processed directives, which are deleted
+along with the directive. Comments appearing in the expansion list of a
+macro will be preserved, and appear in place wherever the macro is
+invoked.
+.Sp
+You should be prepared for side effects when using \fB\-C\fR; it causes
+the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right. For
+example, macro redefinitions that were trivial when comments were
+replaced by a single space might become significant when comments are
+retained. Also, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
+directive line have the effect of turning that line into an ordinary
+source line, since the first token on the line is no longer a \fB#\fR.
.Ip "\fB\-traditional\fR" 4
-Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C, as opposed to \s-1ANSI\s0 C.
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
-Traditional macro expansion pays no attention to singlequote or
-doublequote characters; macro argument symbols are replaced by the
+.IX Item "-traditional"
+Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C, as opposed to \s-1ISO\s0 C.
+.RS 4
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
+Traditional macro expansion pays no attention to single-quote or
+double-quote characters; macro argument symbols are replaced by the
argument values even when they appear within apparent string or
character constants.
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
Traditionally, it is permissible for a macro expansion to end in the
middle of a string or character constant. The constant continues into
the text surrounding the macro call.
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
However, traditionally the end of the line terminates a string or
character constant, with no error.
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
-In traditional C, a comment is equivalent to no text at all. (In \s-1ANSI\s0
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
+In traditional C, a comment is equivalent to no text at all. (In \s-1ISO\s0
C, a comment counts as whitespace.)
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
-Traditional C does not have the concept of a ``preprocessing number'\*(R'.
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
+Traditional C does not have the concept of a ``preprocessing number''.
It considers \fB1.0e+4\fR to be three tokens: \fB1.0e\fR, \fB+\fR,
and \fB4\fR.
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
A macro is not suppressed within its own definition, in traditional C.
Thus, any macro that is used recursively inevitably causes an error.
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
The character \fB#\fR has no special meaning within a macro definition
in traditional C.
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
In traditional C, the text at the end of a macro expansion can run
together with the text after the macro call, to produce a single token.
-(This is impossible in \s-1ANSI\s0 C.)
-.Ip "\(bu" 8
-Traditionally, \fB\e\fR inside a macro argument suppresses the syntactic
-significance of the following character.
+(This is impossible in \s-1ISO\s0 C.)
+.Ip "\(bu" 4
+None of the \s-1GNU\s0 extensions to the preprocessor are available in
+\&\fB\-traditional\fR mode.
+.RE
+.RS 4
.Sp
-Use the \fB\-traditional\fR option when preprocessing Fortran code,
-so that singlequotes and doublequotes
-within Fortran comment lines
-(which are generally not recognized as such by the preprocessor)
-do not cause diagnostics
-about unterminated character or string constants.
+Use the \fB\-traditional\fR option when preprocessing Fortran code, so
+that single-quotes and double-quotes within Fortran comment lines (which
+are generally not recognized as such by the preprocessor) do not cause
+diagnostics about unterminated character or string constants.
.Sp
-However, this option does not prevent diagnostics
-about unterminated comments
-when a C\-style comment appears to start, but not end,
-within Fortran-style commentary.
+However, this option does not prevent diagnostics about unterminated
+comments when a C-style comment appears to start, but not end, within
+Fortran-style commentary.
.Sp
So, the following Fortran comment lines are accepted with
-\fB\-traditional\fR:
+\&\fB\-traditional\fR:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\& C This isn't an unterminated character constant
\& C Neither is "20000000000, an octal constant
\& C in some dialects of Fortran
.Ve
-However, this type of comment line will likely produce a diagnostic,
-or at least unexpected output from the preprocessor,
-due to the unterminated comment:
+However, this type of comment line will likely produce a diagnostic, or
+at least unexpected output from the preprocessor, due to the
+unterminated comment:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\& C Some Fortran compilers accept /* as starting
\& C an inline comment.
.Ve
-Note that \f(CWg77\fR automatically supplies
-the \fB\-traditional\fR option
-when it invokes the preprocessor.
-However, a future version of \f(CWg77\fR
-might use a different, more-Fortran-aware preprocessor
-in place of \f(CWcpp\fR.
+Note that \f(CW\*(C`g77\*(C'\fR automatically supplies the \fB\-traditional\fR
+option when it invokes the preprocessor. However, a future version of
+\&\f(CW\*(C`g77\*(C'\fR might use a different, more-Fortran-aware preprocessor in
+place of \f(CW\*(C`cpp\*(C'\fR.
+.RE
.Ip "\fB\-trigraphs\fR" 4
-Process \s-1ANSI\s0 standard trigraph sequences. These are three-character
-sequences, all starting with \fB??\fR, that are defined by \s-1ANSI\s0 C to
+.IX Item "-trigraphs"
+Process \s-1ISO\s0 standard trigraph sequences. These are three-character
+sequences, all starting with \fB??\fR, that are defined by \s-1ISO\s0 C to
stand for single characters. For example, \fB??/\fR stands for
-\fB\e\fR, so \fB\*(R'??/n\*(R'\fR is a character constant for a newline.
-Strictly speaking, the \s-1GNU\s0 C preprocessor does not support all
-programs in \s-1ANSI\s0 Standard C unless \fB\-trigraphs\fR is used, but if
-you ever notice the difference it will be with relief.
+\&\fB\e\fR, so \fB'??/n'\fR is a character constant for a newline. By
+default, \s-1GCC\s0 ignores trigraphs, but in standard-conforming modes it
+converts them. See the \fB\-std\fR option.
+.Sp
+The nine trigraph sequences are
+.RS 4
+.Ip "\fB??(\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??("
+-> \fB[\fR
+.Ip "\fB??)\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??)"
+-> \fB]\fR
+.Ip "\fB??<\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??<"
+-> \fB{\fR
+.Ip "\fB??>\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??>"
+-> \fB}\fR
+.Ip "\fB??=\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??="
+-> \fB#\fR
+.Ip "\fB??/\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??/"
+-> \fB\e\fR
+.Ip "\fB??'\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??'"
+-> \fB^\fR
+.Ip "\fB??!\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??!"
+-> \fB|\fR
+.Ip "\fB??-\fR" 4
+.IX Item "??-"
+-> \fB~\fR
+.RE
+.RS 4
.Sp
-You don't want to know any more about trigraphs.
+Trigraph support is not popular, so many compilers do not implement it
+properly. Portable code should not rely on trigraphs being either
+converted or ignored.
+.RE
.Ip "\fB\-pedantic\fR" 4
-Issue warnings required by the \s-1ANSI\s0 C standard in certain cases such
+.IX Item "-pedantic"
+Issue warnings required by the \s-1ISO\s0 C standard in certain cases such
as when text other than a comment follows \fB#else\fR or \fB#endif\fR.
.Ip "\fB\-pedantic-errors\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-pedantic-errors"
Like \fB\-pedantic\fR, except that errors are produced rather than
warnings.
-.Ip "\fB\-Wtrigraphs\fR" 4
-Warn if any trigraphs are encountered. Currently this only works if you
-have turned trigraphs on with \fB\-trigraphs\fR or \fB\-ansi\fR; in the
-future this restriction will be removed.
.Ip "\fB\-Wcomment\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Wcomment"
+.PD 0
+.Ip "\fB\-Wcomments\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Wcomments"
+.PD
+(Both forms have the same effect).
Warn whenever a comment-start sequence \fB/*\fR appears in a \fB/*\fR
-comment, or whenever a Backslash-Newline appears in a \fB//\fR comment.
+comment, or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a \fB//\fR comment.
+.Ip "\fB\-Wtrigraphs\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Wtrigraphs"
+Warn if any trigraphs are encountered. This option used to take effect
+only if \fB\-trigraphs\fR was also specified, but now works
+independently. Warnings are not given for trigraphs within comments, as
+we feel this is obnoxious.
+.Ip "\fB\-Wwhite-space\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Wwhite-space"
+Warn about possible white space confusion, e.g. white space between a
+backslash and a newline.
.Ip "\fB\-Wall\fR" 4
-Requests both \fB\-Wtrigraphs\fR and \fB\-Wcomment\fR (but not
-\fB\-Wtraditional\fR or \fB\-Wundef\fR).
+.IX Item "-Wall"
+Requests \fB\-Wcomment\fR, \fB\-Wtrigraphs\fR, and \fB\-Wwhite-space\fR
+(but not \fB\-Wtraditional\fR or \fB\-Wundef\fR).
.Ip "\fB\-Wtraditional\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Wtraditional"
Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and
-\s-1ANSI\s0 C.
+\&\s-1ISO\s0 C.
.Ip "\fB\-Wundef\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Wundef"
Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an \fB#if\fR directive.
-.Ip "\fB\-I \fIdirectory\fR\fR" 4
+.Ip "\fB\-I\fR \fIdirectory\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-I directory"
Add the directory \fIdirectory\fR to the head of the list of
-directories to be searched for header files
+directories to be searched for header files.
This can be used to override a system header file, substituting your
own version, since these directories are searched before the system
header file directories. If you use more than one \fB\-I\fR option,
the directories are scanned in left-to-right order; the standard
system directories come after.
.Ip "\fB\-I-\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-I-"
Any directories specified with \fB\-I\fR options before the \fB\-I-\fR
-option are searched only for the case of \fB#include \*(L"\fIfile\fB\*(R"\fR;
-they are not searched for \fB#include <\fIfile\fB>\fR.
+option are searched only for the case of \fB#include "\fR\fIfile\fR\fB"\fR;
+they are not searched for \fB#include <\fR\fIfile\fR\fB>\fR.
.Sp
If additional directories are specified with \fB\-I\fR options after
the \fB\-I-\fR, these directories are searched for all \fB#include\fR
directives.
.Sp
In addition, the \fB\-I-\fR option inhibits the use of the current
-directory as the first search directory for \fB#include \*(L"\fIfile\fB\*(R"\fR.
+directory as the first search directory for \fB#include "\fR\fIfile\fR\fB"\fR.
Therefore, the current directory is searched only if it is requested
explicitly with \fB\-I.\fR. Specifying both \fB\-I-\fR and \fB\-I.\fR
allows you to control precisely which directories are searched before
the current one and which are searched after.
.Ip "\fB\-nostdinc\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-nostdinc"
Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
Only the directories you have specified with \fB\-I\fR options
(and the current directory, if appropriate) are searched.
+.Sp
+By using both \fB\-nostdinc\fR and \fB\-I-\fR, you can limit the include-file
+search path to only those directories you specify explicitly.
.Ip "\fB\-nostdinc++\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-nostdinc++"
Do not search for header files in the \*(C+\-specific standard directories,
-but do still search the other standard directories.
-(This option is used when building the \*(C+ library.)
+but do still search the other standard directories. (This option is
+used when building the \*(C+ library.)
.Ip "\fB\-remap\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-remap"
When searching for a header file in a directory, remap file names if a
file named \fIheader.gcc\fR exists in that directory. This can be used
to work around limitations of file systems with file name restrictions.
The \fIheader.gcc\fR file should contain a series of lines with two
tokens on each line: the first token is the name to map, and the second
token is the actual name to use.
-.Ip "\fB\-D \fIname\fR\fR" 4
+.Ip "\fB\-D\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-D name"
Predefine \fIname\fR as a macro, with definition \fB1\fR.
-.Ip "\fB\-D \fIname\fR=\fIdefinition\fR\fR" 4
+.Ip "\fB\-D\fR \fIname\fR\fB=\fR\fIdefinition\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-D name=definition"
Predefine \fIname\fR as a macro, with definition \fIdefinition\fR.
There are no restrictions on the contents of \fIdefinition\fR, but if
you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program you
spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax. If you use more than
one \fB\-D\fR for the same \fIname\fR, the rightmost definition takes
effect.
-.Ip "\fB\-U \fIname\fR\fR" 4
-Do not predefine \fIname\fR. If both \fB\-U\fR and \fB\-D\fR are
-specified for one name, whichever one appears later on the command line
-wins.
+.Sp
+Any \fB\-D\fR and \fB\-U\fR options on the command line are processed in
+order, and always before \fB\-imacros\fR \fIfile\fR, regardless of the
+order in which they are written.
+.Ip "\fB\-U\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-U name"
+Do not predefine \fIname\fR.
+.Sp
+Any \fB\-D\fR and \fB\-U\fR options on the command line are processed in
+order, and always before \fB\-imacros\fR \fIfile\fR, regardless of the
+order in which they are written.
.Ip "\fB\-undef\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-undef"
Do not predefine any nonstandard macros.
.Ip "\fB\-gcc\fR" 4
-Define the macros \fI_\|_GNUC_\|_\fR and \fI_\|_GNUC_MINOR_\|_\fR. These are
-defined automatically when you use \fBgcc \-E\fR; you can turn them off
-in that case with \fB\-no-gcc\fR.
-.Ip "\fB\-A \fIpredicate\fR(\fIanswer\fR)\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-gcc"
+Define the macros \fI_\|_GNUC_\|_\fR, \fI_\|_GNUC_MINOR_\|_\fR and
+\&\fI_\|_GNUC_PATCHLEVEL_\|_\fR. These are defined automatically when you use
+\&\fBgcc \-E\fR; you can turn them off in that case with \fB\-no-gcc\fR.
+.Ip "\fB\-A\fR \fIpredicate\fR\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-A predicate=answer"
Make an assertion with the predicate \fIpredicate\fR and answer
-\fIanswer\fR.
-.Sp
-You can use \fB\-A-\fR to disable all predefined assertions; it also
-undefines all predefined macros and all macros that preceded it on the
-command line.
+\&\fIanswer\fR. This form is preferred to the older form \fB\-A\fR
+\&\fIpredicate\fR\fB(\fR\fIanswer\fR\fB)\fR, which is still supported, because
+it does not use shell special characters.
+.Ip "\fB\-A -\fR\fIpredicate\fR\fB=\fR\fIanswer\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-A -predicate=answer"
+Disable an assertion with the predicate \fIpredicate\fR and answer
+\&\fIanswer\fR. Specifying no predicate, by \fB\-A-\fR or \fB\-A -\fR,
+disables all predefined assertions and all assertions preceding it on
+the command line; and also undefines all predefined macros and all
+macros preceding it on the command line.
.Ip "\fB\-dM\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dM"
Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a list of
-\fB#define\fR directives for all the macros defined during the
+\&\fB#define\fR directives for all the macros defined during the
execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives
you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
preprocessor; assuming you have no file \fBfoo.h\fR, the command
.Ve
will show the values of any predefined macros.
.Ip "\fB\-dD\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dD"
Like \fB\-dM\fR except in two respects: it does \fInot\fR include the
predefined macros, and it outputs \fIboth\fR the \fB#define\fR
directives and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to
the standard output file.
+.Ip "\fB\-dN\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dN"
+Like \fB\-dD\fR, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.
.Ip "\fB\-dI\fR" 4
-Output \fB#include\fR directives in addition to the result of preprocessing.
-.Ip "\fB\-M [\-\s-1MG\s0]\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dI"
+Output \fB#include\fR directives in addition to the result of
+preprocessing.
+.Ip "\fB\-M\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-M"
Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
-suitable for \f(CWmake\fR describing the dependencies of the main
-source file. The preprocessor outputs one \f(CWmake\fR rule containing
-the object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of
-all the included files. If there are many included files then the
-rule is split into several lines using \fB\e\fR\-newline.
-.Sp
-\fB\-\s-1MG\s0\fR says to treat missing header files as generated files and assume
-they live in the same directory as the source file. It must be specified
-in addition to \fB\-M\fR.
+suitable for \f(CW\*(C`make\*(C'\fR describing the dependencies of the main source
+file. The preprocessor outputs one \f(CW\*(C`make\*(C'\fR rule containing the
+object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the
+included files, including those coming from \fB\-include\fR or
+\&\fB\-imacros\fR command line options. If there are many included files
+then the rule is split into several lines using \fB\e\fR\-newline.
+.Ip "\fB\-MM\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-MM"
+Like \fB\-M\fR, but mention only the files included with \fB#include
+"\fR\fIfile\fR\fB"\fR or with \fB\-include\fR or \fB\-imacros\fR command line
+options. System header files included with \fB#include <\fR\fIfile\fR\fB>\fR
+are omitted.
+.Ip "\fB\-MF\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-MF file"
+When used with \fB\-M\fR or \fB\-MM\fR, specifies a file to write the
+dependencies to. This allows the preprocessor to write the preprocessed
+file to stdout normally. If no \fB\-MF\fR switch is given, \s-1CPP\s0 sends
+the rules to stdout and suppresses normal preprocessed output.
+.Ip "\fB\-MG\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-MG"
+When used with \fB\-M\fR or \fB\-MM\fR, \fB\-MG\fR says to treat missing
+header files as generated files and assume they live in the same
+directory as the source file. It suppresses preprocessed output, as a
+missing header file is ordinarily an error.
.Sp
This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.
-.Ip "\fB\-\s-1MM\s0 [\-\s-1MG\s0]\fR" 4
-Like \fB\-M\fR but mention only the files included with \fB#include
-\*(L"\fIfile\fR\*(R"\fR. System header files included with \fB#include
-<\fIfile\fR>\fR are omitted.
-.Ip "\fB\-\s-1MD\s0 \fIfile\fR\fR" 4
-Like \fB\-M\fR but the dependency information is written to \fIfile\fR.
-This is in addition to compiling the file as specified---\fB\-\s-1MD\s0\fR does
-not inhibit ordinary compilation the way \fB\-M\fR does.
+.Ip "\fB\-MP\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-MP"
+This option instructs \s-1CPP\s0 to add a phony target for each dependency
+other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing. These
+dummy rules work around errors \f(CW\*(C`make\*(C'\fR gives if you remove header
+files without updating the \f(CW\*(C`Makefile\*(C'\fR to match.
+.Sp
+This is typical output:\-
+.Sp
+.Vb 1
+\& /tmp/test.o: /tmp/test.c /tmp/test.h
+.Ve
+.Vb 1
+\& /tmp/test.h:
+.Ve
+.Ip "\fB\-MQ\fR \fItarget\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-MQ target"
+.PD 0
+.Ip "\fB\-MT\fR \fItarget\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-MT target"
+.PD
+By default \s-1CPP\s0 uses the main file name, including any path, and appends
+the object suffix, normally ``.o'', to it to obtain the name of the
+target for dependency generation. With \fB\-MT\fR you can specify a
+target yourself, overriding the default one.
+.Sp
+If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a single argument
+to \fB\-MT\fR, or use multiple \fB\-MT\fR options.
+.Sp
+The targets you specify are output in the order they appear on the
+command line. \fB\-MQ\fR is identical to \fB\-MT\fR, except that the
+target name is quoted for Make, but with \fB\-MT\fR it isn't. For
+example, \-MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives
.Sp
-When invoking \f(CWgcc\fR, do not specify the \fIfile\fR argument.
-\f(CWgcc\fR will create file names made by replacing \*(L".c\*(R" with \*(L".d\*(R" at
-the end of the input file names.
+.Vb 1
+\& $(objpfx)foo.o: /tmp/foo.c
+.Ve
+but \-MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives
.Sp
-In Mach, you can use the utility \f(CWmd\fR to merge multiple dependency
-files into a single dependency file suitable for using with the \fBmake\fR
-command.
-.Ip "\fB\-\s-1MMD\s0 \fIfile\fR\fR" 4
-Like \fB\-\s-1MD\s0\fR except mention only user header files, not system
-header files.
+.Vb 1
+\& $$(objpfx)foo.o: /tmp/foo.c
+.Ve
+The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given with
+\&\fB\-MQ\fR.
.Ip "\fB\-H\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-H"
Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal
activities.
-.Ip "\fB\-imacros \fIfile\fR\fR" 4
+.Ip "\fB\-imacros\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-imacros file"
Process \fIfile\fR as input, discarding the resulting output, before
processing the regular input file. Because the output generated from
-\fIfile\fR is discarded, the only effect of \fB\-imacros \fIfile\fR\fR
+\&\fIfile\fR is discarded, the only effect of \fB\-imacros\fR \fIfile\fR
is to make the macros defined in \fIfile\fR available for use in the
main input.
-.Ip "\fB\-include \fIfile\fR\fR" 4
+.Ip "\fB\-include\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-include file"
Process \fIfile\fR as input, and include all the resulting output,
before processing the regular input file.
-.Ip "\fB\-idirafter \fIdir\fR\fR" 4
+.Ip "\fB\-idirafter\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-idirafter dir"
Add the directory \fIdir\fR to the second include path. The directories
on the second include path are searched when a header file is not found
in any of the directories in the main include path (the one that
-\fB\-I\fR adds to).
-.Ip "\fB\-iprefix \fIprefix\fR\fR" 4
+\&\fB\-I\fR adds to).
+.Ip "\fB\-iprefix\fR \fIprefix\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-iprefix prefix"
Specify \fIprefix\fR as the prefix for subsequent \fB\-iwithprefix\fR
-options.
-.Ip "\fB\-iwithprefix \fIdir\fR\fR" 4
+options. If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the
+final \fB/\fR.
+.Ip "\fB\-iwithprefix\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-iwithprefix dir"
Add a directory to the second include path. The directory's name is
-made by concatenating \fIprefix\fR and \fIdir\fR, where \fIprefix\fR
-was specified previously with \fB\-iprefix\fR.
-.Ip "\fB\-isystem \fIdir\fR\fR" 4
+made by concatenating \fIprefix\fR and \fIdir\fR, where \fIprefix\fR was
+specified previously with \fB\-iprefix\fR.
+.Ip "\fB\-isystem\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-isystem dir"
Add a directory to the beginning of the second include path, marking it
as a system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as
-is applied to the standard system directories.
+is applied to the standard system directories.
.Ip "\fB\-x c\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-x c"
+.PD 0
.Ip "\fB\-x c++\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-x c++"
.Ip "\fB\-x objective-c\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-x objective-c"
.Ip "\fB\-x assembler-with-cpp\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-x assembler-with-cpp"
+.PD
Specify the source language: C, \*(C+, Objective-C, or assembly. This has
nothing to do with standards conformance or extensions; it merely
selects which base syntax to expect. If you give none of these options,
recognize the extension, it will treat the file as C; this is the most
generic mode.
.Sp
-\fBNote:\fR Previous versions of cpp accepted a \fB\-lang\fR option
+\&\fBNote:\fR Previous versions of cpp accepted a \fB\-lang\fR option
which selected both the language and the standards conformance level.
This option has been removed, because it conflicts with the \fB\-l\fR
option.
-.Ip "\fB\-std=\fIstandard\fR\fR" 4
+.Ip "\fB\-std=\fR\fIstandard\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-std=standard"
+.PD 0
.Ip "\fB\-ansi\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-ansi"
+.PD
Specify the standard to which the code should conform. Currently cpp
only knows about the standards for C; other language standards will be
added in the future.
.Sp
-\fIstandard\fR
+\&\fIstandard\fR
may be one of:
-.Ip "\f(CWiso9899:1990\fR" 8
-The \s-1ISO\s0 C standard from 1990.
-.Ip "\f(CWiso9899:199409\fR" 8
-.Ip "\f(CWc89\fR" 8
-The 1990 C standard, as amended in 1994. \fBc89\fR is the customary
-shorthand for this version of the standard.
+.RS 4
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""iso9899:1990""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWiso9899:1990\fR" 4
+.IX Item "iso9899:1990"
+.PD 0
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""c89""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWc89\fR" 4
+.IX Item "c89"
+.PD
+The \s-1ISO\s0 C standard from 1990. \fBc89\fR is the customary shorthand for
+this version of the standard.
.Sp
The \fB\-ansi\fR option is equivalent to \fB\-std=c89\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CWiso9899:199x\fR" 8
-.Ip "\f(CWc9x\fR" 8
-The revised \s-1ISO\s0 C standard, which is expected to be promulgated some
-time in 1999. It has not been approved yet, hence the \fBx\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CWgnu89\fR" 8
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""iso9899:199409""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWiso9899:199409\fR" 4
+.IX Item "iso9899:199409"
+The 1990 C standard, as amended in 1994.
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""iso9899:1999""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWiso9899:1999\fR" 4
+.IX Item "iso9899:1999"
+.PD 0
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""c99""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWc99\fR" 4
+.IX Item "c99"
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""iso9899:199x""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWiso9899:199x\fR" 4
+.IX Item "iso9899:199x"
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""c9x""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWc9x\fR" 4
+.IX Item "c9x"
+.PD
+The revised \s-1ISO\s0 C standard, published in December 1999. Before
+publication, this was known as C9X.
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""gnu89""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWgnu89\fR" 4
+.IX Item "gnu89"
The 1990 C standard plus \s-1GNU\s0 extensions. This is the default.
-.Ip "\f(CWgnu9x\fR" 8
-The 199x C standard plus \s-1GNU\s0 extensions.
-.Ip "\fB\-Wp,\-lint\fR" 4
-Look for commands to the program checker \f(CWlint\fR embedded in
-comments, and emit them preceded by \fB#pragma lint\fR. For example,
-the comment \fB/* \s-1NOTREACHED\s0 */\fR becomes \fB#pragma lint
-\s-1NOTREACHED\s0\fR.
-.Sp
-Because of the clash with \fB\-l\fR, you must use the awkward syntax
-above. In a future release, this option will be replaced by
-\fB\-flint\fR or \fB\-Wlint\fR; we are not sure which yet.
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""gnu99""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWgnu99\fR" 4
+.IX Item "gnu99"
+.PD 0
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW""gnu9x""\fR" 4
+.el .Ip "\f(CWgnu9x\fR" 4
+.IX Item "gnu9x"
+.PD
+The 1999 C standard plus \s-1GNU\s0 extensions.
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.Ip "\fB\-ftabstop=NUMBER\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-ftabstop=NUMBER"
+Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor
+report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs appear
+on the line. Values less than 1 or greater than 100 are ignored. The
+default is 8.
.Ip "\fB\-$\fR" 4
-Forbid the use of \fB$\fR in identifiers. The C standard does not
-permit this, but it is a common extension.
+.IX Item "-$"
+Forbid the use of \fB$\fR in identifiers. The C standard allows
+implementations to define extra characters that can appear in
+identifiers. By default the \s-1GNU\s0 C preprocessor permits \fB$\fR, a
+common extension.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-\fIgcc\fR\|(1), \fIas\fR\|(1), \fIld\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIcpp\fR, \fIgcc\fR, and
-\fIbinutils\fR.
+.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
+\&\fIgcc\fR\|(1), \fIas\fR\|(1), \fIld\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIcpp\fR, \fIgcc\fR, and
+\&\fIbinutils\fR.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
-Copyright 1987, 1989, 1991-1999
+.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
+Copyright (c) 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
+1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.PP
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
.PP
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
-.rn }` ''
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