without any explanation.</simpara>\r
<simpara>Finally, see <xref linkend="todo"/> for ways that you can help make this manual more\r
complete.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="repositories-and-branches">\r
+<section id="repositories-and-branches">\r
<title>Repositories and Branches</title>\r
-<simplesect id="how-to-get-a-git-repository">\r
+<section id="how-to-get-a-git-repository">\r
<title>How to get a git repository</title>\r
<simpara>It will be useful to have a git repository to experiment with as you\r
read this manual.</simpara>\r
called the <link linkend="def_working_tree">working tree</link>, together with a special\r
top-level directory named ".git", which contains all the information\r
about the history of the project.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="how-to-check-out">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="how-to-check-out">\r
<title>How to check out a different version of a project</title>\r
<simpara>Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a collection\r
of files. It stores the history as a compressed collection of\r
particular point in history, then resetting that branch may leave you\r
with no way to find the history it used to point to; so use this command\r
carefully.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="understanding-commits">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="understanding-commits">\r
<title>Understanding History: Commits</title>\r
<simpara>Every change in the history of a project is represented by a commit.\r
The <ulink url="git-show.html">git-show(1)</ulink> command shows the most recent commit on the\r
<simpara>In fact, in <xref linkend="git-concepts"/> we shall see that everything stored in git\r
history, including file data and directory contents, is stored in an object\r
with a name that is a hash of its contents.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="understanding-reachability">\r
+<section id="understanding-reachability">\r
<title>Understanding history: commits, parents, and reachability</title>\r
<simpara>Every commit (except the very first commit in a project) also has a\r
parent commit which shows what happened before this commit.\r
if commit X is an ancestor of commit Y. Equivalently, you could say\r
that Y is a descendant of X, or that there is a chain of parents\r
leading from commit Y to commit X.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="history-diagrams">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="history-diagrams">\r
<title>Understanding history: History diagrams</title>\r
<simpara>We will sometimes represent git history using diagrams like the one\r
below. Commits are shown as "o", and the links between them with\r
o--o--o <-- Branch B</literallayout>\r
<simpara>If we need to talk about a particular commit, the character "o" may\r
be replaced with another letter or number.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="what-is-a-branch">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="what-is-a-branch">\r
<title>Understanding history: What is a branch?</title>\r
<simpara>When we need to be precise, we will use the word "branch" to mean a line\r
of development, and "branch head" (or just "head") to mean a reference\r
"branch A".</simpara>\r
<simpara>However, when no confusion will result, we often just use the term\r
"branch" both for branches and for branch heads.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="manipulating-branches">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="manipulating-branches">\r
<title>Manipulating branches</title>\r
<simpara>Creating, deleting, and modifying branches is quick and easy; here’s\r
a summary of the commands:</simpara>\r
remember which branch is current:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ cat .git/HEAD\r
ref: refs/heads/master</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="detached-head">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="detached-head">\r
<title>Examining an old version without creating a new branch</title>\r
<simpara>The git-checkout command normally expects a branch head, but will also\r
accept an arbitrary commit; for example, you can check out the commit\r
<simpara>This is an easy way to check out a particular version without having to\r
make up a name for the new branch. You can still create a new branch\r
(or tag) for this version later if you decide to.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="examining-remote-branches">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="examining-remote-branches">\r
<title>Examining branches from a remote repository</title>\r
<simpara>The "master" branch that was created at the time you cloned is a copy\r
of the HEAD in the repository that you cloned from. That repository\r
<literallayout>$ git checkout -b my-todo-copy origin/todo</literallayout>\r
<simpara>Note that the name "origin" is just the name that git uses by default\r
to refer to the repository that you cloned from.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="how-git-stores-references">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="how-git-stores-references">\r
<title>Naming branches, tags, and other references</title>\r
<simpara>Branches, remote-tracking branches, and tags are all references to\r
commits. All references are named with a slash-separated path name\r
the order it uses to decide which to choose when there are multiple\r
references with the same shorthand name, see the "SPECIFYING\r
REVISIONS" section of <ulink url="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</ulink>.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="Updating-a-repository-With-git-fetch">\r
<title>Updating a repository with git-fetch</title>\r
<simpara>Eventually the developer cloned from will do additional work in her\r
repository, creating new commits and advancing the branches to point\r
remote-tracking branches to the latest version found in her\r
repository. It will not touch any of your own branches—not even the\r
"master" branch that was created for you on clone.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="fetching-branches">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="fetching-branches">\r
<title>Fetching branches from other repositories</title>\r
<simpara>You can also track branches from repositories other than the one you\r
cloned from, using <ulink url="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</ulink>:</simpara>\r
or delete these configuration options by editing .git/config with a\r
text editor. (See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of\r
<ulink url="git-config.html">git-config(1)</ulink> for details.)</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="exploring-git-history">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="exploring-git-history">\r
<title>Exploring git history</title>\r
<simpara>Git is best thought of as a tool for storing the history of a\r
collection of files. It does this by storing compressed snapshots of\r
history of a project.</simpara>\r
<simpara>We start with one specialized tool that is useful for finding the\r
commit that introduced a bug into a project.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="using-bisect">\r
+<section id="using-bisect">\r
<title>How to use bisect to find a regression</title>\r
<simpara>Suppose version 2.6.18 of your project worked, but the version at\r
"master" crashes. Sometimes the best way to find the cause of such a\r
test script that can tell a good from a bad commit. See\r
<ulink url="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</ulink> for more information about this and other "git\r
bisect" features.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="naming-commits">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="naming-commits">\r
<title>Naming commits</title>\r
<simpara>We have seen several ways of naming commits already:</simpara>\r
<itemizedlist>\r
name for that commit:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git rev-parse origin\r
e05db0fd4f31dde7005f075a84f96b360d05984b</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="creating-tags">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="creating-tags">\r
<title>Creating tags</title>\r
<simpara>We can also create a tag to refer to a particular commit; after\r
running</simpara>\r
comment with the tag, and possibly sign it cryptographically, then you\r
should create a tag object instead; see the <ulink url="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</ulink> man page\r
for details.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="browsing-revisions">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="browsing-revisions">\r
<title>Browsing revisions</title>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-log.html">git-log(1)</ulink> command can show lists of commits. On its\r
own, it shows all commits reachable from the parent commit; but you\r
backwards through the parents; however, since git history can contain\r
multiple independent lines of development, the particular order that\r
commits are listed in may be somewhat arbitrary.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="generating-diffs">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="generating-diffs">\r
<title>Generating diffs</title>\r
<simpara>You can generate diffs between any two versions using\r
<ulink url="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</ulink>:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git format-patch master..test</literallayout>\r
<simpara>will generate a file with a patch for each commit reachable from test\r
but not from master.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="viewing-old-file-versions">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="viewing-old-file-versions">\r
<title>Viewing old file versions</title>\r
<simpara>You can always view an old version of a file by just checking out the\r
correct revision first. But sometimes it is more convenient to be\r
<literallayout>$ git show v2.5:fs/locks.c</literallayout>\r
<simpara>Before the colon may be anything that names a commit, and after it\r
may be any path to a file tracked by git.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="history-examples">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="history-examples">\r
<title>Examples</title>\r
-<simplesect id="counting-commits-on-a-branch">\r
+<section id="counting-commits-on-a-branch">\r
<title>Counting the number of commits on a branch</title>\r
<simpara>Suppose you want to know how many commits you’ve made on "mybranch"\r
since it diverged from "origin":</simpara>\r
lower-level command <ulink url="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</ulink>, which just lists the SHA1’s\r
of all the given commits:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git rev-list origin..mybranch | wc -l</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="checking-for-equal-branches">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="checking-for-equal-branches">\r
<title>Check whether two branches point at the same history</title>\r
<simpara>Suppose you want to check whether two branches point at the same point\r
in history.</simpara>\r
both: so</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git log origin...master</literallayout>\r
<simpara>will return no commits when the two branches are equal.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="finding-tagged-descendants">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="finding-tagged-descendants">\r
<title>Find first tagged version including a given fix</title>\r
<simpara>Suppose you know that the commit e05db0fd fixed a certain problem.\r
You’d like to find the earliest tagged release that contains that\r
available</literallayout>\r
<simpara>Which shows that e05db0fd is reachable from itself, from v1.5.0-rc1, and\r
from v1.5.0-rc2, but not from v1.5.0-rc0.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="showing-commits-unique-to-a-branch">\r
<title>Showing commits unique to a given branch</title>\r
<simpara>Suppose you would like to see all the commits reachable from the branch\r
head named "master" but not from any other head in your repository.</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ gitk $( git show-ref --heads ) --not $( git show-ref --tags )</literallayout>\r
<simpara>(See <ulink url="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</ulink> for explanations of commit-selecting\r
syntax such as <literal>--not</literal>.)</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="making-a-release">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="making-a-release">\r
<title>Creating a changelog and tarball for a software release</title>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</ulink> command can create a tar or zip archive from\r
any version of a project; for example:</simpara>\r
echo "git diff --stat --summary -M v$last v$new > ../diffstat-$new"</literallayout>\r
<simpara>and then he just cut-and-pastes the output commands after verifying that\r
they look OK.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="Finding-comments-With-given-Content">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="Finding-comments-With-given-Content">\r
<title>Finding commits referencing a file with given content</title>\r
<simpara>Somebody hands you a copy of a file, and asks which commits modified a\r
file such that it contained the given content either before or after the\r
<simpara>Figuring out why this works is left as an exercise to the (advanced)\r
student. The <ulink url="git-log.html">git-log(1)</ulink>, <ulink url="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</ulink>, and\r
<ulink url="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</ulink> man pages may prove helpful.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="Developing-With-git">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="Developing-With-git">\r
<title>Developing with git</title>\r
-<simplesect id="telling-git-your-name">\r
+<section id="telling-git-your-name">\r
<title>Telling git your name</title>\r
<simpara>Before creating any commits, you should introduce yourself to git. The\r
easiest way to do so is to make sure the following lines appear in a\r
email = you@yourdomain.example.com</literallayout>\r
<simpara>(See the "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of <ulink url="git-config.html">git-config(1)</ulink> for\r
details on the configuration file.)</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="creating-a-new-repository">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="creating-a-new-repository">\r
<title>Creating a new repository</title>\r
<simpara>Creating a new repository from scratch is very easy:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ mkdir project\r
$ git init\r
$ git add . # include everything below ./ in the first commit:\r
$ git commit</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="how-to-make-a-commit">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="how-to-make-a-commit">\r
<title>How to make a commit</title>\r
<simpara>Creating a new commit takes three steps:</simpara>\r
<orderedlist numeration="arabic">\r
the index and the working tree files, and individually select diff hunks\r
for inclusion in the index (by right-clicking on the diff hunk and\r
choosing "Stage Hunk For Commit").</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="creating-good-commit-messages">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="creating-good-commit-messages">\r
<title>Creating good commit messages</title>\r
<simpara>Though not required, it’s a good idea to begin the commit message\r
with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the\r
description. Tools that turn commits into email, for example, use\r
the first line on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the\r
body.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="ignoring-files">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="ignoring-files">\r
<title>Ignoring files</title>\r
<simpara>A project will often generate files that you do <emphasis>not</emphasis> want to track with git.\r
This typically includes files generated by a build process or temporary\r
specified by the <literal>core.excludesfile</literal> configuration variable. Some git\r
commands can also take exclude patterns directly on the command line.\r
See <ulink url="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</ulink> for the details.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="how-to-merge">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="how-to-merge">\r
<title>How to merge</title>\r
<simpara>You can rejoin two diverging branches of development using\r
<ulink url="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</ulink>:</simpara>\r
<simpara>If you examine the resulting commit using gitk, you will see that it\r
has two parents, one pointing to the top of the current branch, and\r
one to the top of the other branch.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="resolving-a-merge">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="resolving-a-merge">\r
<title>Resolving a merge</title>\r
<simpara>When a merge isn’t resolved automatically, git leaves the index and\r
the working tree in a special state that gives you all the\r
your own if desired.</simpara>\r
<simpara>The above is all you need to know to resolve a simple merge. But git\r
also provides more information to help resolve conflicts:</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="conflict-resolution">\r
+<section id="conflict-resolution">\r
<title>Getting conflict-resolution help during a merge</title>\r
<simpara>All of the changes that git was able to merge automatically are\r
already added to the index file, so <ulink url="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</ulink> shows only\r
<literallayout>$ git add file.txt</literallayout>\r
<simpara>the different stages of that file will be "collapsed", after which\r
git-diff will (by default) no longer show diffs for that file.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="undoing-a-merge">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="undoing-a-merge">\r
<title>Undoing a merge</title>\r
<simpara>If you get stuck and decide to just give up and throw the whole mess\r
away, you can always return to the pre-merge state with</simpara>\r
throw away a commit you have already committed if that commit may\r
itself have been merged into another branch, as doing so may confuse\r
further merges.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="fast-forwards">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="fast-forwards">\r
<title>Fast-forward merges</title>\r
<simpara>There is one special case not mentioned above, which is treated\r
differently. Normally, a merge results in a merge commit, with two\r
just performs a "fast forward"; the head of the current branch is moved\r
forward to point at the head of the merged-in branch, without any new\r
commits being created.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="fixing-mistakes">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="fixing-mistakes">\r
<title>Fixing mistakes</title>\r
<simpara>If you’ve messed up the working tree, but haven’t yet committed your\r
mistake, you can return the entire working tree to the last committed\r
</simpara>\r
</listitem>\r
</orderedlist>\r
-<simplesect id="reverting-a-commit">\r
+<section id="reverting-a-commit">\r
<title>Fixing a mistake with a new commit</title>\r
<simpara>Creating a new commit that reverts an earlier change is very easy;\r
just pass the <ulink url="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</ulink> command a reference to the bad\r
intact any changes made since then. If more recent changes overlap\r
with the changes to be reverted, then you will be asked to fix\r
conflicts manually, just as in the case of <link linkend="resolving-a-merge">resolving a merge</link>.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history">\r
<title>Fixing a mistake by rewriting history</title>\r
<simpara>If the problematic commit is the most recent commit, and you have not\r
yet made that commit public, then you may just\r
<simpara>It is also possible to replace commits further back in the history, but\r
this is an advanced topic to be left for\r
<link linkend="cleaning-up-history">another chapter</link>.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="checkout-of-path">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="checkout-of-path">\r
<title>Checking out an old version of a file</title>\r
<simpara>In the process of undoing a previous bad change, you may find it\r
useful to check out an older version of a particular file using\r
<ulink url="git-show.html">git-show(1)</ulink>:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git show HEAD^:path/to/file</literallayout>\r
<simpara>which will display the given version of the file.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="interrupted-work">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="interrupted-work">\r
<title>Temporarily setting aside work in progress</title>\r
<simpara>While you are in the middle of working on something complicated, you\r
find an unrelated but obvious and trivial bug. You would like to fix it\r
<simpara>After that, you can go back to what you were working on with\r
<literal>git stash apply</literal>:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git stash apply</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="ensuring-good-performance">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="ensuring-good-performance">\r
<title>Ensuring good performance</title>\r
<simpara>On large repositories, git depends on compression to keep the history\r
information from taking up too much space on disk or in memory.</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git gc</literallayout>\r
<simpara>to recompress the archive. This can be very time-consuming, so\r
you may prefer to run git-gc when you are not doing other work.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="ensuring-reliability">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="ensuring-reliability">\r
<title>Ensuring reliability</title>\r
-<simplesect id="checking-for-corruption">\r
+<section id="checking-for-corruption">\r
<title>Checking the repository for corruption</title>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</ulink> command runs a number of self-consistency checks\r
on the repository, and reports on any problems. This may take some\r
<simpara>Dangling objects are not a problem. At worst they may take up a little\r
extra disk space. They can sometimes provide a last-resort method for\r
recovering lost work—see <xref linkend="dangling-objects"/> for details.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="recovering-lost-changes">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="recovering-lost-changes">\r
<title>Recovering lost changes</title>\r
-<simplesect id="reflogs">\r
+<section id="reflogs">\r
<title>Reflogs</title>\r
<simpara>Say you modify a branch with <literal><ulink url="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</ulink> --hard</literal>, and then\r
realize that the branch was the only reference you had to that point in\r
While normal history is shared by every repository that works on the\r
same project, the reflog history is not shared: it tells you only about\r
how the branches in your local repository have changed over time.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="dangling-object-recovery">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="dangling-object-recovery">\r
<title>Examining dangling objects</title>\r
<simpara>In some situations the reflog may not be able to save you. For example,\r
suppose you delete a branch, then realize you need the history it\r
<literallayout>$ git branch recovered-branch 7281251ddd</literallayout>\r
<simpara>Other types of dangling objects (blobs and trees) are also possible, and\r
dangling objects can arise in other situations.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="sharing-development">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="sharing-development">\r
<title>Sharing development with others</title>\r
-<simplesect id="getting-updates-With-git-pull">\r
+<section id="getting-updates-With-git-pull">\r
<title>Getting updates with git-pull</title>\r
<simpara>After you clone a repository and make a few changes of your own, you\r
may wish to check the original repository for updates and merge them\r
<literallayout>$ git pull . branch\r
$ git merge branch</literallayout>\r
<simpara>are roughly equivalent. The former is actually very commonly used.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="submitting-patches">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="submitting-patches">\r
<title>Submitting patches to a project</title>\r
<simpara>If you just have a few changes, the simplest way to submit them may\r
just be to send them as patches in email:</simpara>\r
use the <ulink url="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</ulink> script to automate the process.\r
Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine how they\r
prefer such patches be handled.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="importing-patches">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="importing-patches">\r
<title>Importing patches to a project</title>\r
<simpara>Git also provides a tool called <ulink url="git-am.html">git-am(1)</ulink> (am stands for\r
"apply mailbox"), for importing such an emailed series of patches.\r
<simpara>The final result will be a series of commits, one for each patch in\r
the original mailbox, with authorship and commit log message each\r
taken from the message containing each patch.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="public-repositories">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="public-repositories">\r
<title>Public git repositories</title>\r
<simpara>Another way to submit changes to a project is to tell the maintainer\r
of that project to pull the changes from your repository using\r
| they push V\r
their public repo <------------------- their repo</literallayout>\r
<simpara>We explain how to do this in the following sections.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="setting-up-a-public-repository">\r
+<section id="setting-up-a-public-repository">\r
<title>Setting up a public repository</title>\r
<simpara>Assume your personal repository is in the directory ~/proj. We\r
first create a new clone of the repository and tell git-daemon that it\r
<simpara>Next, copy proj.git to the server where you plan to host the\r
public repository. You can use scp, rsync, or whatever is most\r
convenient.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="exporting-via-git">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="exporting-via-git">\r
<title>Exporting a git repository via the git protocol</title>\r
<simpara>This is the preferred method.</simpara>\r
<simpara>If someone else administers the server, they should tell you what\r
<simpara>You can also run git-daemon as an inetd service; see the\r
<ulink url="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</ulink> man page for details. (See especially the\r
examples section.)</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="exporting-via-http">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="exporting-via-http">\r
<title>Exporting a git repository via http</title>\r
<simpara>The git protocol gives better performance and reliability, but on a\r
host with a web server set up, http exports may be simpler to set up.</simpara>\r
<ulink url="howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt">setup-git-server-over-http</ulink>\r
for a slightly more sophisticated setup using WebDAV which also\r
allows pushing over http.)</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="pushing-changes-to-a-public-repository">\r
<title>Pushing changes to a public repository</title>\r
<simpara>Note that the two techniques outlined above (exporting via\r
<link linkend="exporting-via-http">http</link> or <link linkend="exporting-via-git">git</link>) allow other\r
<simpara>See the explanations of the remote.<name>.url, branch.<name>.remote,\r
and remote.<name>.push options in <ulink url="git-config.html">git-config(1)</ulink> for\r
details.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="forcing-push">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="forcing-push">\r
<title>What to do when a push fails</title>\r
<simpara>If a push would not result in a <link linkend="fast-forwards">fast forward</link> of the\r
remote branch, then it will fail with an error like:</simpara>\r
pull, or by a fetch followed by a rebase; see the\r
<link linkend="setting-up-a-shared-repository">next section</link> and\r
<ulink url="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</ulink> for more.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="setting-up-a-shared-repository">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="setting-up-a-shared-repository">\r
<title>Setting up a shared repository</title>\r
<simpara>Another way to collaborate is by using a model similar to that\r
commonly used in CVS, where several developers with special rights\r
</simpara>\r
</listitem>\r
</itemizedlist>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="setting-up-gitweb">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="setting-up-gitweb">\r
<title>Allowing web browsing of a repository</title>\r
<simpara>The gitweb cgi script provides users an easy way to browse your\r
project’s files and history without having to install git; see the file\r
gitweb/INSTALL in the git source tree for instructions on setting it up.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="sharing-development-examples">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="sharing-development-examples">\r
<title>Examples</title>\r
-<simplesect id="maintaining-topic-branches">\r
+<section id="maintaining-topic-branches">\r
<title>Maintaining topic branches for a Linux subsystem maintainer</title>\r
<simpara>This describes how Tony Luck uses git in his role as maintainer of the\r
IA64 architecture for the Linux kernel.</simpara>\r
esac\r
git log origin/master..$branch | git shortlog\r
done</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="cleaning-up-history">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="cleaning-up-history">\r
<title>Rewriting history and maintaining patch series</title>\r
<simpara>Normally commits are only added to a project, never taken away or\r
replaced. Git is designed with this assumption, and violating it will\r
cause git’s merge machinery (for example) to do the wrong thing.</simpara>\r
<simpara>However, there is a situation in which it can be useful to violate this\r
assumption.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="patch-series">\r
+<section id="patch-series">\r
<title>Creating the perfect patch series</title>\r
<simpara>Suppose you are a contributor to a large project, and you want to add a\r
complicated feature, and to present it to the other developers in a way\r
<simpara>We will introduce some tools that can help you do this, explain how to\r
use them, and then explain some of the problems that can arise because\r
you are rewriting history.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="using-git-rebase">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="using-git-rebase">\r
<title>Keeping a patch series up to date using git-rebase</title>\r
<simpara>Suppose that you create a branch "mywork" on a remote-tracking branch\r
"origin", and create some commits on top of it:</simpara>\r
<simpara>At any point you may use the <literal>--abort</literal> option to abort this process and\r
return mywork to the state it had before you started the rebase:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git rebase --abort</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="rewriting-one-commit">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="rewriting-one-commit">\r
<title>Rewriting a single commit</title>\r
<simpara>We saw in <xref linkend="fixing-a-mistake-by-rewriting-history"/> that you can replace the\r
most recent commit using</simpara>\r
<simpara>Note that the immutable nature of git history means that you haven’t really\r
"modified" existing commits; instead, you have replaced the old commits with\r
new commits having new object names.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="reordering-patch-series">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="reordering-patch-series">\r
<title>Reordering or selecting from a patch series</title>\r
<simpara>Given one existing commit, the <ulink url="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</ulink> command\r
allows you to apply the change introduced by that commit and create a\r
$ git reset --hard origin</literallayout>\r
<simpara>Then modify, reorder, or eliminate patches as preferred before applying\r
them again with <ulink url="git-am.html">git-am(1)</ulink>.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="patch-series-tools">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="patch-series-tools">\r
<title>Other tools</title>\r
<simpara>There are numerous other tools, such as StGIT, which exist for the\r
purpose of maintaining a patch series. These are outside of the scope of\r
this manual.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="problems-With-rewriting-history">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="problems-With-rewriting-history">\r
<title>Problems with rewriting history</title>\r
<simpara>The primary problem with rewriting the history of a branch has to do\r
with merging. Suppose somebody fetches your branch and merges it into\r
branches into their own work.</simpara>\r
<simpara>For true distributed development that supports proper merging,\r
published branches should never be rewritten.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="bisect-merges">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="bisect-merges">\r
<title>Why bisecting merge commits can be harder than bisecting linear history</title>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</ulink> command correctly handles history that\r
includes merge commits. However, when the commit that it finds is a\r
working on an otherwise merge-heavy project, keep the history\r
linear by rebasing against the latest upstream version before\r
publishing.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="advanced-branch-management">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="advanced-branch-management">\r
<title>Advanced branch management</title>\r
-<simplesect id="fetching-individual-branches">\r
+<section id="fetching-individual-branches">\r
<title>Fetching individual branches</title>\r
<simpara>Instead of using <ulink url="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</ulink>, you can also choose just\r
to update one branch at a time, and to store it locally under an\r
already have a branch named example-master, it will attempt to\r
<link linkend="fast-forwards">fast-forward</link> to the commit given by example.com’s\r
master branch. In more detail:</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="fetch-fast-forwards">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="fetch-fast-forwards">\r
<title>git fetch and fast-forwards</title>\r
<simpara>In the previous example, when updating an existing branch, "git-fetch"\r
checks to make sure that the most recent commit on the remote\r
situation above this may mean losing the commits labeled "a" and "b",\r
unless you’ve already created a reference of your own pointing to\r
them.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="forcing-fetch">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="forcing-fetch">\r
<title>Forcing git-fetch to do non-fast-forward updates</title>\r
<simpara>If git fetch fails because the new head of a branch is not a\r
descendant of the old head, you may force the update with:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git fetch -f origin</literallayout>\r
<simpara>Be aware that commits that the old version of example/master pointed at\r
may be lost, as we saw in the previous section.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="remote-branch-configuration">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="remote-branch-configuration">\r
<title>Configuring remote branches</title>\r
<simpara>We saw above that "origin" is just a shortcut to refer to the\r
repository that you originally cloned from. This information is\r
<ulink url="git-config.html">git-config(1)</ulink>.</simpara>\r
<simpara>See <ulink url="git-config.html">git-config(1)</ulink> for more details on the configuration\r
options mentioned above.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="git-concepts">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="git-concepts">\r
<title>Git concepts</title>\r
<simpara>Git is built on a small number of simple but powerful ideas. While it\r
is possible to get things done without understanding them, you will find\r
git much more intuitive if you do.</simpara>\r
<simpara>We start with the most important, the <link linkend="def_object_database">object database</link> and the <link linkend="def_index">index</link>.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="the-object-database">\r
+<section id="the-object-database">\r
<title>The Object Database</title>\r
<simpara>We already saw in <xref linkend="understanding-commits"/> that all commits are stored\r
under a 40-digit "object name". In fact, all the information needed to\r
</listitem>\r
</itemizedlist>\r
<simpara>The object types in some more detail:</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="commit-object">\r
+<section id="commit-object">\r
<title>Commit Object</title>\r
<simpara>The "commit" object links a physical state of a tree with a description\r
of how we got there and why. Use the --pretty=raw option to\r
<simpara>A commit is usually created by <ulink url="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</ulink>, which creates a\r
commit whose parent is normally the current HEAD, and whose tree is\r
taken from the content currently stored in the index.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="tree-object">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="tree-object">\r
<title>Tree Object</title>\r
<simpara>The ever-versatile <ulink url="git-show.html">git-show(1)</ulink> command can also be used to\r
examine tree objects, but <ulink url="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</ulink> will give you more\r
entries. See <xref linkend="submodules"/> for documentation.)</simpara>\r
<simpara>Note that the files all have mode 644 or 755: git actually only pays\r
attention to the executable bit.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="blob-object">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="blob-object">\r
<title>Blob Object</title>\r
<simpara>You can use <ulink url="git-show.html">git-show(1)</ulink> to examine the contents of a blob; take,\r
for example, the blob in the entry for "COPYING" from the tree above:</simpara>\r
<ulink url="git-show.html">git-show(1)</ulink> with the <revision>:<path> syntax. This can\r
sometimes be useful for browsing the contents of a tree that is not\r
currently checked out.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="trust">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="trust">\r
<title>Trust</title>\r
<simpara>If you receive the SHA1 name of a blob from one source, and its contents\r
from another (possibly untrusted) source, you can still trust that those\r
of the top commit, and digitally sign that email using something\r
like GPG/PGP.</simpara>\r
<simpara>To assist in this, git also provides the tag object…</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="tag-object">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="tag-object">\r
<title>Tag Object</title>\r
<simpara>A tag object contains an object, object type, tag name, the name of the\r
person ("tagger") who created the tag, and a message, which may contain\r
objects. (Note that <ulink url="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</ulink> can also be used to create\r
"lightweight tags", which are not tag objects at all, but just simple\r
references whose names begin with "refs/tags/").</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="pack-files">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="pack-files">\r
<title>How git stores objects efficiently: pack files</title>\r
<simpara>Newly created objects are initially created in a file named after the\r
object’s SHA1 hash (stored in .git/objects).</simpara>\r
objects will work exactly as they did before.</simpara>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</ulink> command performs packing, pruning, and more for\r
you, so is normally the only high-level command you need.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="dangling-objects">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="dangling-objects">\r
<title>Dangling objects</title>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</ulink> command will sometimes complain about dangling\r
objects. They are not a problem.</simpara>\r
confusing and scary messages, but it won’t actually do anything bad. In\r
contrast, running "git prune" while somebody is actively changing the\r
repository is a <emphasis role="strong">BAD</emphasis> idea).</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="recovering-from-repository-corruption">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="recovering-from-repository-corruption">\r
<title>Recovering from repository corruption</title>\r
<simpara>By design, git treats data trusted to it with caution. However, even in\r
the absence of bugs in git itself, it is still possible that hardware or\r
<simpara>and just looked for the sha of the missing object (4b9458b..) in that\r
whole thing. It’s up to you - git does <emphasis role="strong">have</emphasis> a lot of information, it is\r
just missing one particular blob version.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="the-index">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="the-index">\r
<title>The index</title>\r
<simpara>The index is a binary file (generally kept in .git/index) containing a\r
sorted list of path names, each with permissions and the SHA1 of a blob\r
a tree which you are in the process of working on.</simpara>\r
<simpara>If you blow the index away entirely, you generally haven’t lost any\r
information as long as you have the name of the tree that it described.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="submodules">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="submodules">\r
<title>Submodules</title>\r
<simpara>Large projects are often composed of smaller, self-contained modules. For\r
example, an embedded Linux distribution’s source tree would include every\r
$ git push</literallayout>\r
<simpara>You have to run <literal>git submodule update</literal> after <literal>git pull</literal> if you want to update\r
submodules, too.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="_pitfalls_with_submodules">\r
+<section id="_pitfalls_with_submodules">\r
<title>Pitfalls with submodules</title>\r
<simpara>Always publish the submodule change before publishing the change to the\r
superproject that references it. If you forget to publish the submodule change,\r
module a</literallayout>\r
<note><simpara>The changes are still visible in the submodule’s reflog.</simpara></note>\r
<simpara>This is not the case if you did not commit your changes.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="low-level-operations">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="low-level-operations">\r
<title>Low-level git operations</title>\r
<simpara>Many of the higher-level commands were originally implemented as shell\r
scripts using a smaller core of low-level git commands. These can still\r
be useful when doing unusual things with git, or just as a way to\r
understand its inner workings.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="object-manipulation">\r
+<section id="object-manipulation">\r
<title>Object access and manipulation</title>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</ulink> command can show the contents of any object,\r
though the higher-level <ulink url="git-show.html">git-show(1)</ulink> is usually more useful.</simpara>\r
<simpara>A tag is created with <ulink url="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</ulink>, and the signature can be\r
verified by <ulink url="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</ulink>, though it is normally simpler to\r
use <ulink url="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</ulink> for both.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="the-workflow">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="the-workflow">\r
<title>The Workflow</title>\r
<simpara>High-level operations such as <ulink url="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</ulink>,\r
<ulink url="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</ulink> and <ulink url="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</ulink> work by moving data\r
index), but most operations move data between the index file and either\r
the database or the working directory. Thus there are four main\r
combinations:</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="working-directory-to-index">\r
+<section id="working-directory-to-index">\r
<title>working directory → index</title>\r
<simpara>The <ulink url="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</ulink> command updates the index with\r
information from the working directory. You generally update the\r
an object still matches its old backing store object.</simpara>\r
<simpara>The previously introduced <ulink url="git-add.html">git-add(1)</ulink> is just a wrapper for\r
<ulink url="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</ulink>.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="index-to-object-database">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="index-to-object-database">\r
<title>index → object database</title>\r
<simpara>You write your current index file to a "tree" object with the program</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git write-tree</literallayout>\r
and it will return the name of the resulting top-level tree. You can\r
use that tree to re-generate the index at any time by going in the\r
other direction:</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="object-database-to-index">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="object-database-to-index">\r
<title>object database → index</title>\r
<simpara>You read a "tree" file from the object database, and use that to\r
populate (and overwrite—don’t do this if your index contains any\r
<simpara>and your index file will now be equivalent to the tree that you saved\r
earlier. However, that is only your <emphasis>index</emphasis> file: your working\r
directory contents have not been modified.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="index-to-working-directory">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="index-to-working-directory">\r
<title>index → working directory</title>\r
<simpara>You update your working directory from the index by "checking out"\r
files. This is not a very common operation, since normally you’d just\r
<emphasis>force</emphasis> the checkout.</simpara>\r
<simpara>Finally, there are a few odds and ends which are not purely moving\r
from one representation to the other:</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="tying-it-all-together">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="tying-it-all-together">\r
<title>Tying it all together</title>\r
<simpara>To commit a tree you have instantiated with "git write-tree", you’d\r
create a "commit" object that refers to that tree and the history\r
| Working |\r
| Directory |\r
+-----------+</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="examining-the-data">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="examining-the-data">\r
<title>Examining the data</title>\r
<simpara>You can examine the data represented in the object database and the\r
index with various helper tools. For every object, you can use\r
you can do</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git cat-file commit HEAD</literallayout>\r
<simpara>to see what the top commit was.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="merging-multiple-trees">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="merging-multiple-trees">\r
<title>Merging multiple trees</title>\r
<simpara>Git helps you do a three-way merge, which you can expand to n-way by\r
repeating the merge procedure arbitrary times until you finally\r
<simpara>which will do all trivial merge operations for you directly in the\r
index file, and you can just write the result out with\r
<literal>git write-tree</literal>.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="merging-multiple-trees-2">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="merging-multiple-trees-2">\r
<title>Merging multiple trees, continued</title>\r
<simpara>Sadly, many merges aren’t trivial. If there are files that have\r
been added, moved or removed, or if both branches have modified the\r
stages to temporary files and calls a "merge" script on it:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c</literallayout>\r
<simpara>and that is what higher level <literal>git-merge -s resolve</literal> is implemented with.</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="hacking-git">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="hacking-git">\r
<title>Hacking git</title>\r
<simpara>This chapter covers internal details of the git implementation which\r
probably only git developers need to understand.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="object-details">\r
+<section id="object-details">\r
<title>Object storage format</title>\r
<simpara>All objects have a statically determined "type" which identifies the\r
format of the object (i.e. how it is used, and how it can refer to other\r
the <literal>git-fsck</literal> program, which generates a full dependency graph\r
of all objects, and verifies their internal consistency (in addition\r
to just verifying their superficial consistency through the hash).</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="birdview-on-the-source-code">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="birdview-on-the-source-code">\r
<title>A birds-eye view of Git’s source code</title>\r
<simpara>It is not always easy for new developers to find their way through Git’s\r
source code. This section gives you a little guidance to show where to\r
<literallayout>$ git log --no-merges --diff-filter=A builtin-*.c</literallayout>\r
<simpara>You see, Git is actually the best tool to find out about the source of Git\r
itself!</simpara>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="glossary">\r
+</section>\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="glossary">\r
<title>GIT Glossary</title>\r
<variablelist>\r
<varlistentry>\r
</listitem>\r
</varlistentry>\r
</variablelist>\r
-</simplesect>\r
+</section>\r
<appendix id="git-quick-start">\r
<title>Git Quick Reference</title>\r
<simpara>This is a quick summary of the major commands; the previous chapters\r
explain how these work in more detail.</simpara>\r
-<simplesect id="quick-creating-a-new-repository">\r
+<section id="quick-creating-a-new-repository">\r
<title>Creating a new repository</title>\r
<simpara>From a tarball:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ tar xzf project.tar.gz\r
<simpara>From a remote repository:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git clone git://example.com/pub/project.git\r
$ cd project</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="managing-branches">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="managing-branches">\r
<title>Managing branches</title>\r
<literallayout>$ git branch # list all local branches in this repo\r
$ git checkout test # switch working directory to branch "test"\r
...\r
$ git fetch example # update branches from example\r
$ git branch -r # list all remote branches</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="exploring-history">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="exploring-history">\r
<title>Exploring history</title>\r
<literallayout>$ gitk # visualize and browse history\r
$ git log # list all commits\r
$ git bisect good # if this revision is good, or\r
$ git bisect bad # if this revision is bad.\r
# repeat until done.</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="making-changes">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="making-changes">\r
<title>Making changes</title>\r
<simpara>Make sure git knows who to blame:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ cat >>~/.gitconfig <<\EOF\r
<simpara>Or, prepare and create the commit in one step:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git commit d.txt # use latest content only of d.txt\r
$ git commit -a # use latest content of all tracked files</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="merging">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="merging">\r
<title>Merging</title>\r
<literallayout>$ git merge test # merge branch "test" into the current branch\r
$ git pull git://example.com/project.git master\r
# fetch and merge in remote branch\r
$ git pull . test # equivalent to git merge test</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="sharing-your-changes">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="sharing-your-changes">\r
<title>Sharing your changes</title>\r
<simpara>Importing or exporting patches:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git format-patch origin..HEAD # format a patch for each commit\r
<simpara>Shortcut version for a frequently used remote repository:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git remote add example ssh://example.com/project.git\r
$ git push example test</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
-<simplesect id="repository-maintenance">\r
+</section>\r
+<section id="repository-maintenance">\r
<title>Repository maintenance</title>\r
<simpara>Check for corruption:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git fsck</literallayout>\r
<simpara>Recompress, remove unused cruft:</simpara>\r
<literallayout>$ git gc</literallayout>\r
-</simplesect>\r
+</section>\r
</appendix>\r
<appendix id="todo">\r
<title>Notes and todo list for this manual</title>\r