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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>The GNU C++ Library</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="prev" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="intro.html" title="Part I. Introduction" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="../spine.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="intro.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="book" title="The GNU C++ Library"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual-index"></a>The GNU C++ Library</h1></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2009, 2010
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org" target="_top">FSF</a>
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</p></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="part"><a href="intro.html">I.
Introduction
-</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="status.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.iso">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.1998">C++ 1998/2003</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.tr24733">C++ TR 24733</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="license.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bugs.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="setup.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.
lib">Linking Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_headers.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and <code class="code">namespace std</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_macros.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_concurrency.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.no">Doing without</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.compat">Compatibility</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.profile_mode">Profile-based Performance Analysis</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="support.html">II.
+</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="status.html">1. Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="status.html#manual.intro.status.iso">Implementation Status</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.1998">C++ 1998/2003</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.200x">C++ 200x</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.tr1">C++ TR1</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="status.html#status.iso.tr24733">C++ TR 24733</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="license.html">License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.gpl">The Code: GPL</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="license.html#manual.intro.status.license.fdl">The Documentation: GPL, FDL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bugs.html">Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.impl">Implementation Bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bugs.html#manual.intro.status.bugs.iso">Standard Bugs</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="setup.html">2. Setup</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="using.html">3. Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using.html#manual.intro.using.
flags">Command Options</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_headers.html">Headers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.all">Header Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.mixing">Mixing Headers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.cheaders">The C Headers and <code class="code">namespace std</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_headers.html#manual.intro.using.headers.pre">Precompiled Headers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_macros.html">Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_namespaces.html">Namespaces</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.all">Available Namespaces</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.std">namespace std</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_namespaces.html#manual.intro.using.namespaces.comp">Using Namespace Composition</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_dynamic_or_shared.html">Linking</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_dynamic_or_shared.html#manual.intro.using.linkage.freestanding">Almost Nothing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_dynamic_or_shared.html#manual.intro.using.linkage.dynamic">Finding Dynamic or Shared Libraries</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_concurrency.html">Concurrency</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.thread_safety">Thread Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.atomics">Atomics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.io">IO</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_concurrency.html#manual.intro.using.concurrency.containers">Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using_exceptions.html">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.safety">Exception Safety</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.propagating">Exception Neutrality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.no">Doing without</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="using_exceptions.html#intro.using.exception.compat">Compatibility</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug.html">Debugging Support</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compiler">Using <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.req">Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.memory">Memory Leak Hunting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.gdb">Using <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.exceptions">Tracking uncaught exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.debug_mode">Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.compile_time_checks">Compile Time Checking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="debug.html#debug.profile_mode">Profile-based Performance Analysis</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="support.html">II.
Support
</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fundamental_types.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="dynamic_memory.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="termination.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="verbose_termination.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="diagnostics.html">III.
</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_gpl.html">D.
<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
- </a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_gfdl.html">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></dt><dt><span class="index"><a href="bk01ix01.html">Index</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="status.html#id6
01163">C++ 1998/2003 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="status.html#id552624">C++ 200x Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.3. <a href="status.html#id561647">C++ TR1 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.4. <a href="status.html#id529241">C++ TR 24733 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>3.1. <a href="using_headers.html#id529295">C++ 1998 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.2. <a href="using_headers.html#id540784">C++ 1998 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.3. <a href="using_headers.html#id541742">C++ 200x Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.4. <a href="using_headers.html#id539650">C++ 200x Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.5. <a href="using_headers.html#id604446">C++ TR 1 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.6. <a href="using_headers.html#id550411">C++ TR 1 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.7. <a href="using_headers.html#id554833">C++ TR 24733 Decimal Floating-Point Header</a></dt><dt>3.8. <a href="using_headers.html#id519106">C++ ABI Headers</a></dt><dt>3.9. <a href="using_headers.html#id526105">Extension Headers</a></dt><dt>3.10. <a href="using_headers.html#id605274">Extension Debug Headers</a></dt><dt>3.11. <a href="using_headers.html#id538651">Extension Profile Headers</a></dt><dt>3.12. <a href="using_headers.html#id626565">Extension Parallel Headers</a></dt><dt>30.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id572066">Debugging Containers</a></dt><dt>30.2. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id639572">Debugging Containers C++0x</a></dt><dt>31.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#id569356">Parallel Algorithms</a></dt><dt>32.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#id638904">Code Location</a></dt><dt>32.2. <a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#id535845">Diagnostics</a></dt><dt>33.1. <a href="bitmap_allocator.html#id575954">Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</a></dt><dt>A.1. <a href="documentation_style.html#id638510">HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</a></dt><dt>A.2. <a href="documentation_style.html#id514390">Docbook XML Element Use</a></dt><dt>B.1. <a href="api.html#id621452">Extension Allocators</a></dt><dt>B.2. <a href="api.html#id574587">Extension Allocators Continued</a></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="../spine.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="intro.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">The GNU C++ Library Documentation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part I.
+ </a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_gfdl.html">E. GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></dt><dt><span class="index"><a href="bk01ix01.html">Index</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="status.html#id6
31851">C++ 1998/2003 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="status.html#id616054">C++ 200x Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.3. <a href="status.html#id623542">C++ TR1 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>1.4. <a href="status.html#id602015">C++ TR 24733 Implementation Status</a></dt><dt>3.1. <a href="using.html#id619494">C++ Command Options</a></dt><dt>3.2. <a href="using_headers.html#id616284">C++ 1998 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.3. <a href="using_headers.html#id667695">C++ 1998 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.4. <a href="using_headers.html#id605616">C++ 200x Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.5. <a href="using_headers.html#id606881">C++ 200x Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.6. <a href="using_headers.html#id593853">C++ TR 1 Library Headers</a></dt><dt>3.7. <a href="using_headers.html#id680678">C++ TR 1 Library Headers for C Library Facilities</a></dt><dt>3.8. <a href="using_headers.html#id563959">C++ TR 24733 Decimal Floating-Point Header</a></dt><dt>3.9. <a href="using_headers.html#id661850">C++ ABI Headers</a></dt><dt>3.10. <a href="using_headers.html#id614025">Extension Headers</a></dt><dt>3.11. <a href="using_headers.html#id662204">Extension Debug Headers</a></dt><dt>3.12. <a href="using_headers.html#id611004">Extension Profile Headers</a></dt><dt>3.13. <a href="using_headers.html#id592292">Extension Parallel Headers</a></dt><dt>30.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id705570">Debugging Containers</a></dt><dt>30.2. <a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#id607020">Debugging Containers C++0x</a></dt><dt>31.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#id713517">Parallel Algorithms</a></dt><dt>32.1. <a href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html#id594983">Code Location</a></dt><dt>32.2. <a href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html#id626153">Diagnostics</a></dt><dt>33.1. <a href="bitmap_allocator.html#id620814">Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</a></dt><dt>A.1. <a href="documentation_style.html#id645775">HTML to Doxygen markup comparison</a></dt><dt>A.2. <a href="documentation_style.html#id724766">HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</a></dt><dt>A.3. <a href="documentation_style.html#id631420">Docbook XML Element Use</a></dt><dt>B.1. <a href="api.html#id653273">Extension Allocators</a></dt><dt>B.2. <a href="api.html#id594438">Extension Allocators Continued</a></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="../spine.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="intro.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">The GNU C++ Library Documentation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part I.
Introduction
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