1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
3 PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
4 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
6 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
8 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
9 <meta name="KEYWORDS" content="libstdc++, libstdc++-v3, GCC, g++, libg++, STL" />
10 <meta name="DESCRIPTION" content="FAQ for the GNU libstdc++ effort." />
11 <title>libstdc++-v3 FAQ</title>
12 <link rel="StyleSheet" href="../lib3styles.css" />
14 ** Locations of "the most recent snapshot is the Nth" text are
15 ** answers 1_1, 1_4, 4_1.
20 <h1 class="centered">libstdc++ Frequently Asked Questions</h1>
22 <p>The latest version of this document is always available at
23 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/faq/">
24 http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/faq/</a>. The main documentation
26 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/documentation.html">
27 http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/documentation.html</a>.
30 <p>To the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/libstdc++/">libstdc++-v3 homepage</a>.
33 <!-- ####################################################### -->
37 <li><a href="#1_0">General Information</a>
38 <!-- I suspect these will mostly be links to/into existing documents. -->
40 <li><a href="#1_1">What is libstdc++-v3?</a> </li>
41 <li><a href="#1_2">Why should I use libstdc++?</a> </li>
42 <li><a href="#1_3">Who's in charge of it?</a> </li>
43 <li><a href="#1_4">How do I get libstdc++?</a> </li>
44 <li><a href="#1_5">When is libstdc++ going to be finished?</a> </li>
45 <li><a href="#1_6">How do I contribute to the effort?</a> </li>
46 <li><a href="#1_7">What happened to libg++? I need that!</a> </li>
47 <li><a href="#1_8">What if I have more questions?</a> </li>
48 <li><a href="#1_9">What are the license terms for libstdc++-v3?</a> </li>
52 <li><a href="#2_0">Installation</a>
54 <li><a href="#2_1">How do I install libstdc++-v3?</a> </li>
55 <li><a href="#2_2">[removed]</a> </li>
56 <li><a href="#2_3">What is this CVS thing that you keep
58 <li><a href="#2_4">How do I know if it works?</a> </li>
59 <li><a href="#2_5">This library is HUGE! And what's libsupc++?</a> </li>
63 <li><a href="#3_0">Platform-Specific Issues</a>
65 <li><a href="#3_1">Can libstdc++-v3 be used with <my
66 favorite compiler>?</a> </li>
67 <li><a href="#3_2">[removed]</a> </li>
68 <li><a href="#3_3">[removed]</a> </li>
69 <li><a href="#3_4">I can't use 'long long' on Solaris</a> </li>
70 <li><a href="#3_5"><code>_XOPEN_SOURCE</code> /
71 <code>_GNU_SOURCE</code> / etc is always defined</a>
73 <li><a href="#3_6">OS X ctype.h is broken! How can I hack it?</a></li>
74 <li><a href="#3_7">Threading is broken on i386</a></li>
75 <li><a href="#3_8">Recent GNU/Linux glibc required?</a></li>
76 <li><a href="#3_9">Can't use wchar_t/wstring on FreeBSD</a></li>
80 <li><a href="#4_0">Known Bugs and Non-Bugs</a>
82 <li><a href="#4_1">What works already?</a> </li>
83 <li><a href="#4_2">Bugs in gcc/g++ (not libstdc++-v3)</a> </li>
84 <li><a href="#4_3">Bugs in the C++ language/lib specification</a> </li>
85 <li><a href="#4_4">Things in libstdc++ that only look like bugs</a><ul>
86 <li><a href="#4_4_iostreamclear">reopening a stream fails</a> </li>
87 <li><a href="#4_4_Weff">-Weffc++ complains too much</a> </li>
88 <li><a href="#4_4_rel_ops">"ambiguous overloads"
89 after including an old-style header</a> </li>
90 <li><a href="#4_4_interface">The g++-3 headers are
91 <strong>not ours</strong></a> </li>
92 <li><a href="#4_4_glibc">compilation errors from streambuf.h</a> </li>
93 <li><a href="#4_4_checks">errors about <em>*Concept</em> and
94 <em>constraints</em> in the STL...</a> </li>
95 <li><a href="#4_4_dlsym">program crashes when using library code
96 in a dynamically-loaded library</a> </li>
97 <li><a href="#4_4_leak">"memory leaks" in containers</a> </li>
100 <li><a href="#4_5">Aw, that's easy to fix!</a> </li>
104 <li><a href="#5_0">Miscellaneous</a>
106 <li><a href="#5_1">string::iterator is not char*;
107 vector<T>::iterator is not T*</a> </li>
108 <li><a href="#5_2">What's next after libstdc++-v3?</a> </li>
109 <li><a href="#5_3">What about the STL from SGI?</a> </li>
110 <li><a href="#5_4">Extensions and Backward Compatibility</a> </li>
111 <li><a href="#5_5">[removed]</a> </li>
112 <li><a href="#5_6">Is libstdc++-v3 thread-safe?</a> </li>
113 <li><a href="#5_7">How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard?</a> </li>
114 <li><a href="#5_8">What's an ABI and why is it so messy?</a> </li>
122 <!-- ####################################################### -->
124 <h1><a name="1_0">1.0 General Information</a></h1>
125 <!-- I suspect these will mostly be links to/into existing documents. -->
126 <h2><a name="1_1">1.1 What is libstdc++-v3?</a></h2>
127 <p>The GNU Standard C++ Library v3 is an
128 ongoing project to implement the ISO 14882 Standard C++ library
129 as described in chapters 17 through 27 and annex D. As the
130 library reaches stable plateaus, it is captured in a snapshot
131 and released. The latest release is
132 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/libstdc++/index.html#download">the
133 fourteenth snapshot</a> but newer versions have been included
134 in recent GCC releases. For those who want to see exactly how
135 far the project has come, or just want the latest
136 bleeding-edge code, the up-to-date source is available over
137 anonymous CVS, and can even be browsed over the Web (see
138 <a href="#1_4">1.4</a> below).
140 <p>The older libstdc++-v2 project is no longer maintained; the code
141 has been completely replaced and rewritten.
142 <a href="#4_4_interface">If you are using V2</a>, then you need to
143 report bugs to your system vendor, not to the V3 list.
145 <p>A more formal description of the V3 goals can be found in the
146 official <a href="../17_intro/DESIGN">design document</a>.
150 <h2><a name="1_2">1.2 Why should I use libstdc++?</a></h2>
151 <p>The completion of the ISO C++ standardization gave the
152 C++ community a powerful set of reuseable tools in the form
153 of the C++ Standard Library. However, all existing C++
154 implementations are (as the Draft Standard used to say)
155 "incomplet and incorrekt," and many suffer from
156 limitations of the compilers that use them.
158 <p>The GNU C/C++/FORTRAN/<pick-a-language> compiler
159 (<code>gcc</code>, <code>g++</code>, etc) is widely considered to be
160 one of the leading compilers in the world. Its development
161 has recently been taken over by the
162 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC team</a>. All of
163 the rapid development and near-legendary
164 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-3.0/buildstat.html">portability</a>
165 that are the hallmarks of an open-source project are being
166 applied to libstdc++.
168 <p>That means that all of the Standard classes and functions
169 (such as <code>string</code>, <code>vector<></code>, iostreams,
170 and algorithms) will be freely available and fully compliant.
171 Programmers will no longer need to "roll their own"
172 nor be worried about platform-specific incompatibilities.
176 <h2><a name="1_3">1.3 Who's in charge of it?</a></h2>
177 <p>The libstdc++ project is contributed to by several developers
178 all over the world, in the same way as GCC or Linux.
179 Benjamin Kosnik, Gabriel Dos Reis, Phil Edwards, Ulrich Drepper,
180 Loren James Rittle, and Paolo Carlini are the lead maintainers of
183 <p>Development and discussion is held on the libstdc++ mailing
184 list. Subscribing to the list, or searching the list
185 archives, is open to everyone. You can read instructions for
186 doing so on the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/libstdc++/">homepage</a>.
187 If you have questions, ideas, code, or are just curious, sign up!
191 <h2><a name="1_4">1.4 How do I get libstdc++?</a></h2>
192 <p>The fourteenth (and latest) snapshot of libstdc++-v3 is
193 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/libstdc++/index.html#download">available
196 <p>The <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/libstdc++/">homepage</a>
197 has instructions for retrieving the latest CVS sources, and for
198 browsing the CVS sources over the web.
200 <p>The subset commonly known as the Standard Template Library
201 (chapters 23 through 25, mostly) is adapted from the final release
206 <h2><a name="1_5">1.5 When is libstdc++ going to be finished?</a></h2>
207 <!-- <p>Nathan Myers gave the best of all possible answers in <a
208 href="http://www.deja.com/getdoc.xp?AN=469581698&fmt=text">a
209 Usenet article</a>.</p>
210 which is no longer available, thanks deja...-->
211 <p>Nathan Myers gave the best of all possible answers, responding to a
212 Usenet article asking this question: <em>Sooner, if you help.</em>
216 <h2><a name="1_6">1.6 How do I contribute to the effort?</a></h2>
217 <p>Here is <a href="../17_intro/contribute.html">a
218 page devoted to this topic</a>. Subscribing to the mailing
219 list (see above, or the homepage) is a very good idea if you
220 have something to contribute, or if you have spare time and
221 want to help. Contributions don't have to be in the form of
222 source code; anybody who is willing to help write
223 documentation, for example, or has found a bug in code that
224 we all thought was working, is more than welcome!
228 <h2><a name="1_7">1.7 What happened to libg++? I need that!</a></h2>
229 <p>The most recent libg++ README states that libg++ is no longer
230 being actively maintained. It should not be used for new
231 projects, and is only being kicked along to support older code.
233 <p>The libg++ was designed and created when there was no Standard
234 to provide guidance. Classes like linked lists are now provided
235 for by <code>list<T></code> and do not need to be created by
236 <code>genclass</code>. (For that matter, templates exist now and
237 are well-supported, whereas genclass (mostly) predates them.)
239 <p>There are other classes in libg++ that are not specified in the
240 ISO Standard (e.g., statistical analysis). While there are a
241 lot of really useful things that are used by a lot of people
242 (e.g., statistics :-), the Standards Committee couldn't include
243 everything, and so a lot of those "obvious" classes
246 <p>Since libstdc++ is an implementation of the Standard Library, we
247 have no plans at this time to include non-Standard utilities
248 in the implementation, however handy they are. (The extensions
249 provided in the SGI STL aren't maintained by us and don't get
250 a lot of our attention, because they don't require a lot of our
251 time.) It is entirely plausable that the "useful stuff"
252 from libg++ might be extracted into an updated utilities library,
253 but nobody has stated such a project yet.
255 <!-- The advertisement, so to speak, might have to go. Hmmmmm. -->
256 <p>(The <a href="http://www.boost.org/">Boost</a> site houses free
257 C++ libraries that do varying things, and happened to be started
258 by members of the Standards Committee. Certain "useful
259 stuff" classes will probably migrate there.)
261 <p>For the bold and/or desperate, the
262 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/extensions.html">GCC extensions page</a>
263 describes where to find the last libg++ source.
267 <h2><a name="1_8">1.8 What if I have more questions?</a></h2>
268 <p>If you have read the README and RELEASE-NOTES files, and your
269 question remains unanswered, then just ask the mailing list.
270 At present, you do not need to be subscribed to the list to
271 send a message to it. More information is available on the
272 homepage (including how to browse the list archives); to send
273 to the list, use <a href="mailto:libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org">
274 <code>libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org</code></a>.
276 <p>If you have a question that you think should be included here,
277 or if you have a question <em>about</em> a question/answer here,
278 contact <a href="mailto:pme@gcc.gnu.org">Phil Edwards</a>
279 or <a href="mailto:gdr@gcc.gnu.org">Gabriel Dos Reis</a>.
283 <h2><a name="1_9">1.9 What are the license terms for libstdc++-v3?</a></h2>
284 <p>See <a href="../17_intro/license.html">our license description</a>
285 for these and related questions.
289 <h1><a name="2_0">2.0 Installation</a></h1>
290 <h2><a name="2_1">2.1 How do I install libstdc++-v3?</a></h2>
291 <p>Complete instructions are not given here (this is a FAQ, not
292 an installation document), but the tools required are few:
295 <li> A 3.x release of GCC. Note that building GCC is much
296 easier and more automated than building the GCC 2.[78]
297 series was. If you are using GCC 2.95, you can still
298 build earlier snapshots of libstdc++.
300 <li> GNU Make is recommended, but should not be required.
302 <li> The GNU Autotools are needed if you are messing with
303 the configury or makefiles.
306 <p>The file <a href="../documentation.html">documentation.html</a>
307 provides a good overview of the steps necessary to build, install,
308 and use the library. Instructions for configuring the library
309 with new flags such as --enable-threads are there also, as well as
310 patches and instructions for working with GCC 2.95.
312 <p>The top-level install.html and
313 <a href="../17_intro/RELEASE-NOTES">RELEASE-NOTES</a> files contain
314 the exact build and installation instructions. You may wish to
315 browse those files over CVSweb ahead of time to get a feel for
316 what's required. RELEASE-NOTES is located in the
317 ".../docs/17_intro/" directory of the distribution.
321 <h2><a name="2_2">2.2 [removed]</a></h2>
322 <p>This question has become moot and has been removed. The stub
323 is here to preserve numbering (and hence links/bookmarks).
327 <h2><a name="2_3">2.3 What is this CVS thing that you
328 keep mentioning?</a></h2>
329 <p>The <em>Concurrent Versions System</em> is one of several revision
330 control packages. It was selected for GNU projects because it's
331 free (speech), free (beer), and very high quality. The <a
332 href="http://www.gnu.org/software/cvs/cvs.html">CVS entry in
333 the GNU software catalogue</a> has a better description as
335 <a href="http://www.cvshome.org/">link to the makers of CVS</a>.
337 <p>The "anonymous client checkout" feature of CVS is
338 similar to anonymous FTP in that it allows anyone to retrieve
339 the latest libstdc++ sources.
341 <p>After the first of April, American users will have a
342 "/pharmacy" command-line option...
343 <!-- wonder how long that'll live -->
347 <h2><a name="2_4">2.4 How do I know if it works?</a></h2>
348 <p>libstdc++-v3 comes with its own testsuite. You do not need
349 to actually install the library ("<code>make
350 install</code>") to run the testsuite.
352 <p>To run the testsuite on the library after building it, use
353 "make check" while in your build directory. To run
354 the testsuite on the library after building and installing it,
355 use "make check-install" instead.
357 <p>If you find bugs in the testsuite programs themselves, or if you
358 think of a new test program that should be added to the suite,
359 <strong>please</strong> write up your idea and send it to the list!
363 <h2><a name="2_5">2.4 This library is HUGE! And what's libsupc++?</a></h2>
364 <p>Usually the size of libraries on disk isn't noticeable. When a
365 link editor (or simply "linker") pulls things from a
366 static archive library, only the necessary object files are copied
367 into your executable, not the entire library. Unfortunately, even
368 if you only need a single function or variable from an object file,
369 the entire object file is extracted. (There's nothing unique to C++
370 or libstdc++-v3 about this; it's just common behavior, given here
371 for background reasons.)
373 <p>Some of the object files which make up libstdc++.a are rather large.
374 If you create a statically-linked executable with
375 <code> -static</code>, those large object files are suddenly part
376 of your executable. Historically the best way around this was to
377 only place a very few functions (often only a single one) in each
378 source/object file; then extracting a single function is the same
379 as extracting a single .o file. For libstdc++-v3 this is only
380 possible to a certain extent; the object files in question contain
381 template classes and template functions, pre-instantiated, and
382 splitting those up causes severe maintenance headaches.
384 <p>It's not a bug, and it's not really a problem. Nevertheless, some
385 people don't like it, so here are two pseudo-solutions:
387 <p>If the only functions from libstdc++.a which you need are language
388 support functions (those listed in
389 <a href="../18_support/howto.html">clause 18</a> of the standard,
390 e.g., <code>new</code> and <code>delete</code>), then try linking
391 against <code>libsupc++.a</code> (usually specifying
392 <code>-lsupc++</code> when calling g++ for the final link step will
393 do it). This library contains only those support routines, one per
394 object file. But if you are using anything from the rest of the
395 library, such as IOStreams or vectors, then you'll still need
396 pieces from <code>libstdc++.a</code>.
398 <p>The second method is one we hope to incorporate into the library
399 build process. Some platforms can place each function and variable
400 into its own section in a .o file. The GNU linker can then perform
401 garbage collection on unused sections; this reduces the situation
402 to only copying needed functions into the executable, as before,
403 but all happens automatically.
405 <p>Unfortunately the garbage collection in GNU ld is buggy; sections
406 (corresponding to functions and variables) which <em>are</em> used
407 are mistakenly removed, leading to horrible crashes when your
408 executable starts up. For the time being, this feature is not used
409 when building the library.
413 <h1><a name="3_0">3.0 Platform-Specific Issues</a></h1>
414 <h2><a name="3_1">3.1 Can libstdc++-v3 be used with <my
415 favorite compiler>?</a></h2>
416 <p>Probably not. Yet.</p>
417 <p>Because GCC advances so rapidly, development and testing of
418 libstdc++ is being done almost entirely under that compiler.
419 If you are curious about whether other, lesser compilers
420 (*grin*) support libstdc++, you are more than welcome to try.
421 Configuring and building the library (see above) will still
422 require certain tools, however. Also keep in mind that
423 <em>building</em> libstdc++ does not imply that your compiler
424 will be able to <em>use</em> all of the features found in the
425 C++ Standard Library.
427 <p>Since the goal of ISO Standardization is for all C++
428 implementations to be able to share code, the final libstdc++
429 should, in theory, be usable under any ISO-compliant
430 compiler. It will still be targeted and optimized for
435 <h2><a name="3_2">3.2 [removed]</a></h2>
436 <p>This question has become moot and has been removed. The stub
437 is here to preserve numbering (and hence links/bookmarks).
441 <h2><a name="3_3">3.3 [removed]</a></h2>
442 <p>This question has become moot and has been removed. The stub
443 is here to preserve numbering (and hence links/bookmarks).
447 <h2><a name="3_4">3.4 I can't use 'long long' on Solaris</a></h2>
448 <p>By default we try to support the C99 <code>long long</code> type.
449 This requires that certain functions from your C library be present.
451 <p>Up through release 3.0.2 the tests performed were too general, and
452 this feature was disabled when it did not need to be. The most
453 commonly reported platform affected was Solaris.
455 <p>This has been fixed for 3.0.3 and onwards.
459 <h2><a name="3_5">3.5 <code>_XOPEN_SOURCE</code> / <code>_GNU_SOURCE</code>
460 / etc is always defined</a></h2>
461 <p>On Solaris, g++ (but not gcc) always defines the preprocessor
462 macro <code>_XOPEN_SOURCE</code>. On GNU/Linux, the same happens
463 with <code>_GNU_SOURCE</code>. (This is not an exhaustive list;
464 other macros and other platforms are also affected.)
466 <p>These macros are typically used in C library headers, guarding new
467 versions of functions from their older versions. The C++ standard
468 library includes the C standard library, but it requires the C90
469 version, which for backwards-compatability reasons is often not the
470 default for many vendors.
472 <p>More to the point, the C++ standard requires behavior which is only
473 available on certain platforms after certain symbols are defined.
474 Usually the issue involves I/O-related typedefs. In order to
475 ensure correctness, the compiler simply predefines those symbols.
477 <p>Note that it's not enough to #define them only when the library is
478 being built (during installation). Since we don't have an 'export'
479 keyword, much of the library exists as headers, which means that
480 the symbols must also be defined as your programs are parsed and
483 <p>To see which symbols are defined, look for CPLUSPLUS_CPP_SPEC in
484 the gcc config headers for your target (and try changing them to
485 see what happens when building complicated code). You can also run
486 <code>"g++ -E -dM - < /dev/null"</code> to display
487 a list of predefined macros for any particular installation.
489 <p>This has been discussed on the mailing lists
490 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/cgi-bin/htsearch?method=and&format=builtin-long&sort=score&words=_XOPEN_SOURCE+Solaris">quite a bit</a>.
492 <p>This method is something of a wart. We'd like to find a cleaner
493 solution, but nobody yet has contributed the time.
497 <h2><a name="3_6">3.6 OS X ctype.h is broken! How can I hack it?</a></h2>
498 <p>This is a long-standing bug in the OS X support. Fortunately,
499 the patch is quite simple, and well-known.
500 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-03/msg00817.html"> Here's a
501 link to the solution.</a>
505 <h2><a name="3_7">3.7 Threading is broken on i386</a></h2>
506 <p>Support for atomic integer operations is/was broken on i386
507 platforms. The assembly code accidentally used opcodes that are
508 only available on the i486 and later. So if you configured GCC
509 to target, for example, i386-linux, but actually used the programs
510 on an i686, then you would encounter no problems. Only when
511 actually running the code on a i386 will the problem appear.
513 <p>This is fixed in 3.2.2.
517 <h2><a name="3_8">3.8 Recent GNU/Linux glibc required?</a></h2>
518 <p>For 3.2.1 (shared library version 5.0.1) and later, the library
519 uses localization and formatting code from the system C library
520 (glibc) version 2.2.5. That version of glibc is over a year old
521 and contains necessary bugfixes. Many GNU/Linux distros make
522 glibc version 2.3.x available now.
524 <p>The guideline is simple: the more recent the C++ library, the
525 more recent the C library. (This is also documented in the main
526 GCC installation instructions.)
530 <h2><a name="3_9">3.9 Can't use wchar_t/wstring on FreeBSD</a></h2>
531 <p>At the moment there are a few problems in FreeBSD's support for
532 wide character functions, and as a result the libstdc++ configury
533 decides that wchar_t support should be disabled. Once the underlying
534 problems are fixed in FreeBSD (soon), the library support will
535 automatically enable itself.
537 <p>You can fix the problems yourself, and learn more about the situation,
539 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2003-02/subjects.html#00286">
540 this short thread</a> ("_GLIBCPP_USE_WCHAR_T undefined in
541 FreeBSD's c++config.h?").
545 <h1><a name="4_0">4.0 Known Bugs and Non-Bugs</a></h1>
546 <em>Note that this section can get rapdily outdated -- such is the
547 nature of an open-source project. For the latest information, join
548 the mailing list or look through recent archives. The RELEASE-
549 NOTES and BUGS files are generally kept up-to-date.</em>
551 <p>For 3.0.1, the most common "bug" is an apparently missing
552 "<code>../</code>" in include/Makefile, resulting in files
553 like gthr.h and gthr-single.h not being found. Please read
554 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html">the configuration
555 instructions for GCC</a>,
556 specifically the part about configuring in a separate build directory,
557 and how strongly recommended it is. Building in the source directory
558 is fragile, is rarely tested, and tends to break, as in this case.
559 This was fixed for 3.0.2.
562 <p>For 3.1, the most common "bug" is a parse error when using
563 <code><fstream></code>, ending with a message,
564 "<code>bits/basic_file.h:52: parse error before `{'
565 token</code>." Please read
566 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/">the installation instructions for
567 GCC</a>, specifically the part about not installing newer versions on
568 top of older versions. If you install 3.1 over a 3.0.x release, then
569 the wrong basic_file.h header will be found (its location changed
573 <p><strong>Please do not report these as bugs. We know about them.</strong>
574 Reporting this -- or any other problem that's already been fixed --
575 hinders the development of GCC, because we have to take time to
576 respond to your report. Thank you.
579 <h2><a name="4_1">4.1 What works already?</a></h2>
580 <p>This is a verbatim clip from the "Status" section
581 of the RELEASE-NOTES for the latest snapshot. For a list of
582 fixed bugs, see that file.
585 <!-- Yeah, I meant that "verbatim clip" thing literally... :-) -->
591 - more doxygen documentation
592 - more named locale fixups
593 - stdio_filebuf that takes fd, FILE
594 - io performance tuning
595 - allocation tuning, valgrind fixups
596 - __cxa_demangle now supported
598 - more doxygen documentation.
599 - more named locale bug fixes
600 - support for symbol versioning when using GNU ld >= 2.12
602 - tuning for executable size
604 - more doxygen documentation.
605 - extensions moved out of namespace std
606 - HPUX long long support
607 - more string optimizations
608 - support for NetBSD cross compiles
609 - concept_check merge from boost
610 - header simplification
611 - named locale bug shakeout
614 - add S390, m68k, x86-64 support.
615 - doxygen documentation has been extended, including man pages.
616 - verbose terminate handling has been added.
617 - some libsupc++ tweaks
618 - warnings for deprecated headers now active.
619 - dejagnu testsuite preliminary documentation.
620 - dejagnu testsuite default.
621 - dejagnu testsuite cross compiler, multilib safe.
622 - long long iostreams on by default, rework of ISO C99 support.
623 - iterator re-write and testsuites.
624 - container testsuites.
625 - allocator revamp and testsuites.
626 - more concept-checking work.
627 - basic_string optimization and MT fixes.
628 - new limits implementation.
629 - update -fno-exceptions code, verify it works.
630 - full named locale support fpr all facets, choice of gnu,
631 ieee_1003.1-200x (POSIX 2), or generic models. Full support depends
632 on target OS and underlying "C" library support.
637 <h2><a name="4_2">4.2 Bugs in gcc/g++ (not libstdc++-v3)</a></h2>
638 <p>This is by no means meant to be complete nor exhaustive, but
639 mentions some problems that users may encounter when building
640 or using libstdc++. If you are experiencing one of these
641 problems, you can find more information on the libstdc++ and
642 the GCC mailing lists.
644 <p>Before reporting a bug, examine the
645 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html">bugs database</a> with the
646 category set to "libstdc++". The BUGS file in the source
647 tree also tracks known serious problems.
650 <li>Debugging is problematic, due to bugs in line-number generation
651 (mostly fixed in the compiler) and gdb lagging behind the
652 compiler (lack of personnel). We recommend configuring the
653 compiler using <code>--with-dwarf2</code> if the DWARF2
654 debugging format is not already the default on your platform.
656 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2002-02/msg00034.html">changing your
657 GDB settings</a> can have a profound effect on your C++ debugging
658 experiences. :-)</li>
662 <h2><a name="4_3">4.3 Bugs in the C++ language/lib specification</a></h2>
663 <p>Yes, unfortunately, there are some. In a
664 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1998/msg00006.html">message
665 to the list</a>, Nathan Myers announced that he has started a list of
666 problems in the ISO C++ Standard itself, especially with
667 regard to the chapters that concern the library. The list
669 <a href="http://www.cantrip.org/draft-bugs.txt">posted on his
670 website</a>. Developers who are having problems interpreting
671 the Standard may wish to consult his notes.
673 <p>For those people who are not part of the ISO Library Group
674 (i.e., nearly all of us needing to read this page in the first
675 place :-), a public list of the library defects is occasionally
676 published <a href="http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">here</a>.
677 Some of these have resulted in <a href="#5_2">code changes</a>.
681 <h2><a name="4_4">4.4 Things in libstdc++ that only look like bugs</a></h2>
682 <p>There are things which are not bugs in the compiler (4.2) nor
683 the language specification (4.3), but aren't really bugs in
684 libstdc++, either. Really! Please do not report these as bugs.
686 <p><a name="4_4_Weff"><strong>-Weffc++</strong></a>
687 The biggest of these is the quadzillions of warnings about the
688 library headers emitted when <code>-Weffc++</code> is used. Making
689 libstdc++ "-Weffc++-clean" is not a goal of the project,
690 for a few reasons. Mainly, that option tries to enforce
691 object-oriented programming, while the Standard Library isn't
692 necessarily trying to be OO.
694 <p><a name="4_4_iostreamclear"><strong>reopening a stream fails</strong>
695 </a> Did I just say that -Weffc++ was our biggest false-bug report?
696 I lied. (It used to be.) Today it seems to be reports that after
697 executing a sequence like
700 #include <fstream>
702 std::fstream fs("a_file");
704 // . do things with fs...
707 fs.open("a_new_file");</pre>
708 <p>all operations on the re-opened <code>fs</code> will fail, or at
709 least act very strangely. Yes, they often will, especially if
710 <code>fs</code> reached the EOF state on the previous file. The
711 reason is that the state flags are <strong>not</strong> cleared
712 on a successful call to open(). The standard unfortunately did
713 not specify behavior in this case, and to everybody's great sorrow,
714 the <a href="../ext/howto.html#5">proposed LWG resolution</a> (see
715 DR #22) is to leave the flags unchanged. You must insert a call
716 to <code>fs.clear()</code> between the calls to close() and open(),
717 and then everything will work like we all expect it to work.
719 <p><a name="4_4_rel_ops"><strong>rel_ops</strong></a>
720 Another is the <code>rel_ops</code> namespace and the template
721 comparison operator functions contained therein. If they become
722 visible in the same namespace as other comparison functions
723 (e.g., '<code>using</code>' them and the <iterator> header),
724 then you will suddenly be faced with huge numbers of ambiguity
725 errors. This was discussed on the -v3 list; Nathan Myers
726 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-01/msg00247.html">sums
727 things up here</a>. The collisions with vector/string iterator
728 types have been fixed for 3.1. <!-- more links to email here -->
730 <h3><a name="4_4_interface">The g++-3 headers are <em>not ours</em></a></h3>
731 <p>If you have found an extremely broken header file which is
732 causing problems for you, look carefully before submitting a
733 "high" priority bug report (which you probably shouldn't
734 do anyhow; see the last paragraph of the page describing
735 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/gnatswrite.html">the GCC bug database</a>).
737 <p>If the headers are in <code>${prefix}/include/g++-3</code>, or if
738 the installed library's name looks like <code>libstdc++-2.10.a</code>
739 or <code>libstdc++-libc6-2.10.so</code>,
740 then you are using the old libstdc++-v2 library, which is nonstandard
741 and unmaintained. Do not report problems with -v2 to the -v3
744 <p>For GCC versions 3.0 and 3.1 the libstdc++-v3 header files are
745 installed in <code>${prefix}/include/g++-v3</code> (see the 'v'?).
746 Starting with version 3.2 the headers are installed in
747 <code>${prefix}/include/c++/${version}</code> as this prevents
748 headers from previous versions being found by mistake.
750 <p><a name="4_4_glibc"><strong>glibc</strong></a>
751 If you're on a GNU/Linux system and have just upgraded to
752 glibc 2.2, but are still using gcc 2.95.2, then you should have
753 read the glibc FAQ, specifically 2.34:
756 2.34. When compiling C++ programs, I get a compilation error in streambuf.h.
758 {BH} You are using g++ 2.95.2? After upgrading to glibc 2.2, you need to
759 apply a patch to the include files in /usr/include/g++, because the fpos_t
760 type has changed in glibc 2.2. The patch is at
761 http://clisp.cons.org/~haible/gccinclude-glibc-2.2-compat.diff
763 <p>Note that 2.95.x shipped with the
764 <a href="#4_4_interface">old v2 library</a> which is no longer
765 maintained. Also note that gcc 2.95.3 fixes this problem, but
766 requires a separate patch for libstdc++-v3.
768 <p><a name="4_4_checks"><strong>concept checks</strong></a>
769 If you see compilation errors containing messages about
770 <code> <em>foo</em>Concept </code>and a<code> constraints </code>
771 member function, then most likely you have violated one of the
772 requirements for types used during instantiation of template
773 containers and functions. For example, EqualityComparableConcept
774 appears if your types must be comparable with == and you have not
775 provided this capability (a typo, or wrong visibility, or you
776 just plain forgot, etc).
778 <p>More information, including how to optionally enable/disable the
780 <a href="../19_diagnostics/howto.html#3">here</a>.
782 <p><a name="4_4_dlsym"><strong>dlopen/dlsym</strong></a>
783 If you are using the C++ library across dynamically-loaded
784 objects, make certain that you are passing the correct options
785 when compiling and linking:
788 // compile the library components
794 // create the library
795 g++ -fPIC -shared -rdynamic -o libfoo.so a.o b.o ... z.o
797 // link the executable
798 g++ -fPIC -rdynamic -o foo ... -L. -lfoo -ldl</pre>
799 <p><a name="4_4_leak"><strong>"memory leaks" in containers</strong></a>
800 A few people have reported that the standard containers appear
801 to leak memory when tested with memory checkers such as
802 <a href="http://developer.kde.org/~sewardj/">valgrind</a>.
803 The library's default allocators keep free memory in a pool
804 for later reuse, rather than returning it to the OS. Although
805 this memory is always reachable by the library and is never
806 lost, memory debugging tools can report it as a leak. If you
807 want to test the library for memory leaks please read
808 <a href="../debug.html#mem">Tips for memory leak hunting</a>
813 <h2><a name="4_5">4.5 Aw, that's easy to fix!</a></h2>
814 <p>If you have found a bug in the library and you think you have
815 a working fix, then send it in! The main GCC site has a page
816 on <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/contribute.html">submitting
817 patches</a> that covers the procedure, but for libstdc++ you
818 should also send the patch to our mailing list in addition to
819 the GCC patches mailing list. The libstdc++
820 <a href="../17_intro/contribute.html">contributors' page</a>
821 also talks about how to submit patches.
823 <p>In addition to the description, the patch, and the ChangeLog
824 entry, it is a Good Thing if you can additionally create a small
825 test program to test for the presence of the bug that your
826 patch fixes. Bugs have a way of being reintroduced; if an old
827 bug creeps back in, it will be caught immediately by the
828 <a href="#2_4">testsuite</a> -- but only if such a test exists.
832 <h1><a name="5_0">5.0 Miscellaneous</a></h1>
833 <h2><a name="5_1">5.1 string::iterator is not char*;
834 vector<T>::iterator is not T*</a></h2>
835 <p>If you have code that depends on container<T> iterators
836 being implemented as pointer-to-T, your code is broken.
838 <p>While there are arguments for iterators to be implemented in
839 that manner, A) they aren't very good ones in the long term,
840 and B) they were never guaranteed by the Standard anyway. The
841 type-safety achieved by making iterators a real class rather
842 than a typedef for <code>T*</code> outweighs nearly all opposing
845 <p>Code which does assume that a vector iterator <code> i </code>
846 is a pointer can often be fixed by changing <code> i </code> in
847 certain expressions to <code> &*i </code>. Future revisions
848 of the Standard are expected to bless this usage for
849 vector<> (but not for basic_string<>).
853 <h2><a name="5_2">5.2 What's next after libstdc++-v3?</a></h2>
854 <p>Hopefully, not much. The goal of libstdc++-v3 is to produce
855 a fully-compliant, fully-portable Standard Library. After that,
856 we're mostly done: there won't <em>be</em> any more compliance
860 <li><p>The ISO Committee will meet periodically to review Defect Reports
861 in the C++ Standard. Undoubtedly some of these will result in
862 changes to the Standard, which will be reflected in patches to
863 libstdc++. Some of that is already happening, see 4.2. Some of
864 those changes are being predicted by the library maintainers, and
865 we add code to the library based on what the current proposed
866 resolution specifies. Those additions are listed in
867 <a href="../ext/howto.html#5">the extensions page</a>.
869 <li><p>Performance tuning. Lots of performance tuning. This too is
870 already underway for post-3.0 releases, starting with memory
871 expansion in container classes and buffer usage in synchronized
874 <li><p>An ABI for libstdc++ is being developed, so that
875 multiple binary-incompatible copies of the library can be replaced
876 with a single backwards-compatible library, like libgcc_s.so is.
878 <li><p>The current libstdc++ contains extensions to the Library which
879 must be explicitly requested by client code (for example, the
880 hash tables from SGI). Other extensions may be added to
881 libstdc++-v3 if they seem to be "standard" enough.
882 (For example, the "long long" type from C99.)
883 Bugfixes and rewrites (to improve or fix thread safety, for
884 instance) will of course be a continuing task.
887 <p><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999/msg00080.html">This
888 question</a> about the next libstdc++ prompted some brief but
890 <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999/msg00084.html">speculation</a>.
894 <h2><a name="5_3">5.3 What about the STL from SGI?</a></h2>
895 <p>The <a href="http://www.sgi.com/Technology/STL/">STL from SGI</a>,
896 version 3.3, was the most recent merge of the STL codebase. The
897 code in libstdc++ contains many fixes and changes, and it is
898 very likely that the SGI code is no longer under active
899 development. We expect that no future merges will take place.
901 <p>In particular, <code>string</code> is not from SGI and makes no
902 use of their "rope" class (which is included as an
903 optional extension), nor is <code>valarray</code> and some others.
904 Classes like <code>vector<></code> are, however.
906 <p>The FAQ for SGI's STL (one jump off of their main page) is
911 <h2><a name="5_4">5.4 Extensions and Backward Compatibility</a></h2>
912 <p>Headers in the <code>ext</code> and <code>backward</code>
913 subdirectories should be referred to by their relative paths:
914 <!-- Careful, the leading spaces in PRE show up directly. -->
917 #include <ext/hash_map> </pre>
918 <p>rather than using <code>-I</code> or other options. This is more
919 portable and forward-compatible. (The situation is the same as
920 that of other headers whose directories are not searched directly,
921 e.g., <code><sys/stat.h></code>, <code><X11/Xlib.h></code>.
924 <p>The extensions are no longer in the global or <code>std</code>
925 namespaces, instead they are declared in the <code>__gnu_cxx</code>
926 namespace. For maximum portability, consider defining a namespace
927 alias to use to talk about extensions, e.g.:
932 #include <hash_map.h>
933 namespace Sgi { using ::hash_map; }; // inherit globals
935 #include <ext/hash_map>
936 #if __GNUC_MINOR__ == 0
937 namespace Sgi = std; // GCC 3.0
939 namespace Sgi = ::__gnu_cxx; // GCC 3.1 and later
942 #else // ... there are other compilers, right?
946 Sgi::hash_map<int,int> my_map; </pre>
947 <p>This is a bit cleaner than defining typedefs for all the
948 instantiations you might need.
951 <p>Extensions to the library have
952 <a href="../ext/howto.html">their own page</a>.
956 <h2><a name="5_5">5.5 [removed]</a></h2>
957 <p>This question has become moot and has been removed. The stub
958 is here to preserve numbering (and hence links/bookmarks).
962 <h2><a name="5_6">5.6 Is libstdc++-v3 thread-safe?</a></h2>
963 <p>When the system's libc is itself thread-safe, a non-generic
964 implementation of atomicity.h exists for the architecture, and gcc
965 itself reports a thread model other than single; libstdc++-v3
966 strives to be thread-safe. The user-code must guard against
967 concurrent method calls which may access any particular library
968 object's state. Typically, the application programmer may infer
969 what object locks must be held based on the objects referenced in
970 a method call. Without getting into great detail, here is an
971 example which requires user-level locks:
974 library_class_a shared_object_a;
977 library_class_b *object_b = new library_class_b;
978 shared_object_a.add_b (object_b); // must hold lock for shared_object_a
979 shared_object_a.mutate (); // must hold lock for shared_object_a
982 // Multiple copies of thread_main() are started in independent threads.</pre>
983 <p>Under the assumption that object_a and object_b are never exposed to
984 another thread, here is an example that should not require any
989 library_class_a object_a;
990 library_class_b *object_b = new library_class_b;
991 object_a.add_b (object_b);
994 <p>All library objects are safe to use in a multithreaded program as
995 long as each thread carefully locks out access by any other thread
996 while it uses any object visible to another thread. In general,
997 this requirement includes both read and write access to objects;
998 unless otherwise documented as safe, do not assume that two
999 threads may access a shared standard library object at the
1002 <p>See chapters <a href="../17_intro/howto.html#3">17</a> (library
1003 introduction), <a href="../23_containers/howto.html#3">23</a>
1004 (containers), and <a href="../27_io/howto.html#9">27</a> (I/O) for
1009 <h2><a name="5_7">5.7 How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard?</a></h2>
1010 <p>Copies of the full ISO 14882 standard are available on line via the
1011 ISO mirror site for committee members. Non-members, or those who
1012 have not paid for the privilege of sitting on the committee and
1013 sustained their two-meeting commitment for voting rights, may get a
1014 copy of the standard from their respective national standards
1015 organization. In the USA, this national standards organization is
1016 ANSI and their website is right <a href="http://www.ansi.org">here</a>.
1017 (And if you've already registered with them, clicking this link will
1018 take you to directly to the place where you can
1019 <a href="http://webstore.ansi.org/ansidocstore/product.asp?sku=ISO%2FIEC+14882%2D1998">buy
1020 the standard on-line</a>.
1022 <p>Who is your country's member body? Visit the
1023 <a href="http://www.iso.ch/">ISO homepage</a> and find out!
1027 <h2><a name="5_8">5.8 What's an ABI and why is it so messy?</a></h2>
1028 <p>"ABI" stands for "Application Binary Interface."
1029 Conventionally, it refers to a great mass of details about how
1030 arguments are arranged on the call stack and/or in registers, and
1031 how various types are arranged and padded in structs. A single CPU
1032 design may suffer multiple ABIs designed by different development
1033 tool vendors who made different choices, or even by the same vendor
1034 for different target applications or compiler versions. In ideal
1035 circumstances the CPU designer presents one ABI and all the OSes and
1036 compilers use it. In practice every ABI omits details that compiler
1037 implementers (consciously or accidentally) must choose for themselves.
1039 <p>That ABI definition suffices for compilers to generate code so a
1040 program can interact safely with an OS and its lowest-level libraries.
1041 Users usually want an ABI to encompass more detail, allowing libraries
1042 built with different compilers (or different releases of the same
1043 compiler!) to be linked together. For C++, this includes many more
1044 details than for C, and CPU designers (for good reasons elaborated
1045 below) have not stepped up to publish C++ ABIs. The details include
1046 virtual function implementation, struct inheritance layout, name
1047 mangling, and exception handling. Such an ABI has been defined for
1048 GNU C++, and is immediately useful for embedded work relying only on
1049 a "free-standing implementation" that doesn't include (much
1050 of) the standard library. It is a good basis for the work to come.
1052 <p>A useful C++ ABI must also incorporate many details of the standard
1053 library implementation. For a C ABI, the layouts of a few structs
1054 (such as FILE, stat, jmpbuf, and the like) and a few macros suffice.
1055 For C++, the details include the complete set of names of functions
1056 and types used, the offsets of class members and virtual functions,
1057 and the actual definitions of all inlines. C++ exposes many more
1058 library details to the caller than C does. It makes defining
1059 a complete ABI a much bigger undertaking, and requires not just
1060 documenting library implementation details, but carefully designing
1061 those details so that future bug fixes and optimizations don't
1062 force breaking the ABI.
1064 <p>There are ways to help isolate library implementation details from the
1065 ABI, but they trade off against speed. Library details used in
1066 inner loops (e.g., getchar) must be exposed and frozen for all
1067 time, but many others may reasonably be kept hidden from user code,
1068 so they may later be changed. Deciding which, and implementing
1069 the decisions, must happen before you can reasonably document a
1070 candidate C++ ABI that encompasses the standard library.
1073 <!-- ####################################################### -->
1076 <p class="fineprint"><em>
1077 See <a href="../17_intro/license.html">license.html</a> for copying conditions.
1078 Comments and suggestions are welcome, and may be sent to
1079 <a href="mailto:libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org">the libstdc++ mailing list</a>.