libgo: Add back tests of syscall time.

[pf3gnuchains/gcc-fork.git] / libgo / runtime / proc.c

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

#include <limits.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "config.h"
#include "runtime.h"
#include "arch.h"
#include "defs.h"
#include "malloc.h"
#include "go-defer.h"

#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK

/* FIXME: These are not declared anywhere.  */

extern void __splitstack_getcontext(void *context[10]);

extern void __splitstack_setcontext(void *context[10]);

extern void *__splitstack_makecontext(size_t, void *context[10], size_t *);

extern void * __splitstack_resetcontext(void *context[10], size_t *);

extern void *__splitstack_find(void *, void *, size_t *, void **, void **,
                               void **);

#endif

#if defined(USING_SPLIT_STACK) && defined(LINKER_SUPPORTS_SPLIT_STACK)
# ifdef PTHREAD_STACK_MIN
#  define StackMin PTHREAD_STACK_MIN
# else
#  define StackMin 8192
# endif
#else
# define StackMin 2 * 1024 * 1024
#endif

static void schedule(G*);
static M *startm(void);

typedef struct Sched Sched;

M       runtime_m0;
G       runtime_g0;     // idle goroutine for m0

#ifdef __rtems__
#define __thread
#endif

static __thread G *g;
static __thread M *m;

// We can not always refer to the TLS variables directly.  The
// compiler will call tls_get_addr to get the address of the variable,
// and it may hold it in a register across a call to schedule.  When
// we get back from the call we may be running in a different thread,
// in which case the register now points to the TLS variable for a
// different thread.  We use non-inlinable functions to avoid this
// when necessary.

G* runtime_g(void) __attribute__ ((noinline, no_split_stack));

G*
runtime_g(void)
{
        return g;
}

M* runtime_m(void) __attribute__ ((noinline, no_split_stack));

M*
runtime_m(void)
{
        return m;
}

int32   runtime_gcwaiting;

// Go scheduler
//
// The go scheduler's job is to match ready-to-run goroutines (`g's)
// with waiting-for-work schedulers (`m's).  If there are ready g's
// and no waiting m's, ready() will start a new m running in a new
// OS thread, so that all ready g's can run simultaneously, up to a limit.
// For now, m's never go away.
//
// By default, Go keeps only one kernel thread (m) running user code
// at a single time; other threads may be blocked in the operating system.
// Setting the environment variable $GOMAXPROCS or calling
// runtime.GOMAXPROCS() will change the number of user threads
// allowed to execute simultaneously.  $GOMAXPROCS is thus an
// approximation of the maximum number of cores to use.
//
// Even a program that can run without deadlock in a single process
// might use more m's if given the chance.  For example, the prime
// sieve will use as many m's as there are primes (up to runtime_sched.mmax),
// allowing different stages of the pipeline to execute in parallel.
// We could revisit this choice, only kicking off new m's for blocking
// system calls, but that would limit the amount of parallel computation
// that go would try to do.
//
// In general, one could imagine all sorts of refinements to the
// scheduler, but the goal now is just to get something working on
// Linux and OS X.

struct Sched {
        Lock;

        G *gfree;       // available g's (status == Gdead)
        int32 goidgen;

        G *ghead;       // g's waiting to run
        G *gtail;
        int32 gwait;    // number of g's waiting to run
        int32 gcount;   // number of g's that are alive
        int32 grunning; // number of g's running on cpu or in syscall

        M *mhead;       // m's waiting for work
        int32 mwait;    // number of m's waiting for work
        int32 mcount;   // number of m's that have been created

        volatile uint32 atomic; // atomic scheduling word (see below)

        int32 profilehz;        // cpu profiling rate
        
        bool init;  // running initialization
        bool lockmain;  // init called runtime.LockOSThread

        Note    stopped;        // one g can set waitstop and wait here for m's to stop
};

// The atomic word in sched is an atomic uint32 that
// holds these fields.
//
//      [15 bits] mcpu          number of m's executing on cpu
//      [15 bits] mcpumax       max number of m's allowed on cpu
//      [1 bit] waitstop        some g is waiting on stopped
//      [1 bit] gwaiting        gwait != 0
//
// These fields are the information needed by entersyscall
// and exitsyscall to decide whether to coordinate with the
// scheduler.  Packing them into a single machine word lets
// them use a fast path with a single atomic read/write and
// no lock/unlock.  This greatly reduces contention in
// syscall- or cgo-heavy multithreaded programs.
//
// Except for entersyscall and exitsyscall, the manipulations
// to these fields only happen while holding the schedlock,
// so the routines holding schedlock only need to worry about
// what entersyscall and exitsyscall do, not the other routines
// (which also use the schedlock).
//
// In particular, entersyscall and exitsyscall only read mcpumax,
// waitstop, and gwaiting.  They never write them.  Thus, writes to those
// fields can be done (holding schedlock) without fear of write conflicts.
// There may still be logic conflicts: for example, the set of waitstop must
// be conditioned on mcpu >= mcpumax or else the wait may be a
// spurious sleep.  The Promela model in proc.p verifies these accesses.
enum {
        mcpuWidth = 15,
        mcpuMask = (1<<mcpuWidth) - 1,
        mcpuShift = 0,
        mcpumaxShift = mcpuShift + mcpuWidth,
        waitstopShift = mcpumaxShift + mcpuWidth,
        gwaitingShift = waitstopShift+1,

        // The max value of GOMAXPROCS is constrained
        // by the max value we can store in the bit fields
        // of the atomic word.  Reserve a few high values
        // so that we can detect accidental decrement
        // beyond zero.
        maxgomaxprocs = mcpuMask - 10,
};

#define atomic_mcpu(v)          (((v)>>mcpuShift)&mcpuMask)
#define atomic_mcpumax(v)       (((v)>>mcpumaxShift)&mcpuMask)
#define atomic_waitstop(v)      (((v)>>waitstopShift)&1)
#define atomic_gwaiting(v)      (((v)>>gwaitingShift)&1)

Sched runtime_sched;
int32 runtime_gomaxprocs;
bool runtime_singleproc;

static bool canaddmcpu(void);

// An m that is waiting for notewakeup(&m->havenextg).  This may
// only be accessed while the scheduler lock is held.  This is used to
// minimize the number of times we call notewakeup while the scheduler
// lock is held, since the m will normally move quickly to lock the
// scheduler itself, producing lock contention.
static M* mwakeup;

// Scheduling helpers.  Sched must be locked.
static void gput(G*);   // put/get on ghead/gtail
static G* gget(void);
static void mput(M*);   // put/get on mhead
static M* mget(G*);
static void gfput(G*);  // put/get on gfree
static G* gfget(void);
static void matchmg(void);      // match m's to g's
static void readylocked(G*);    // ready, but sched is locked
static void mnextg(M*, G*);
static void mcommoninit(M*);

void
setmcpumax(uint32 n)
{
        uint32 v, w;

        for(;;) {
                v = runtime_sched.atomic;
                w = v;
                w &= ~(mcpuMask<<mcpumaxShift);
                w |= n<<mcpumaxShift;
                if(runtime_cas(&runtime_sched.atomic, v, w))
                        break;
        }
}

// First function run by a new goroutine.  This replaces gogocall.
static void
kickoff(void)
{
        void (*fn)(void*);

        fn = (void (*)(void*))(g->entry);
        fn(g->param);
        runtime_goexit();
}

// Switch context to a different goroutine.  This is like longjmp.
static void runtime_gogo(G*) __attribute__ ((noinline));
static void
runtime_gogo(G* newg)
{
#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
        __splitstack_setcontext(&newg->stack_context[0]);
#endif
        g = newg;
        newg->fromgogo = true;
        setcontext(&newg->context);
}

// Save context and call fn passing g as a parameter.  This is like
// setjmp.  Because getcontext always returns 0, unlike setjmp, we use
// g->fromgogo as a code.  It will be true if we got here via
// setcontext.  g == nil the first time this is called in a new m.
static void runtime_mcall(void (*)(G*)) __attribute__ ((noinline));
static void
runtime_mcall(void (*pfn)(G*))
{
#ifndef USING_SPLIT_STACK
        int i;
#endif

        // Ensure that all registers are on the stack for the garbage
        // collector.
        __builtin_unwind_init();

        if(g == m->g0)
                runtime_throw("runtime: mcall called on m->g0 stack");

        if(g != nil) {

#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
                __splitstack_getcontext(&g->stack_context[0]);
#else
                g->gcnext_sp = &i;
#endif
                g->fromgogo = false;
                getcontext(&g->context);
        }
        if (g == nil || !g->fromgogo) {
#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
                __splitstack_setcontext(&m->g0->stack_context[0]);
#endif
                m->g0->entry = (byte*)pfn;
                m->g0->param = g;
                g = m->g0;
                setcontext(&m->g0->context);
                runtime_throw("runtime: mcall function returned");
        }
}

// The bootstrap sequence is:
//
//      call osinit
//      call schedinit
//      make & queue new G
//      call runtime_mstart
//
// The new G calls runtime_main.
void
runtime_schedinit(void)
{
        int32 n;
        const byte *p;

        m = &runtime_m0;
        g = &runtime_g0;
        m->g0 = g;
        m->curg = g;
        g->m = m;

        m->nomemprof++;
        runtime_mallocinit();
        mcommoninit(m);

        runtime_goargs();
        runtime_goenvs();

        // For debugging:
        // Allocate internal symbol table representation now,
        // so that we don't need to call malloc when we crash.
        // runtime_findfunc(0);

        runtime_gomaxprocs = 1;
        p = runtime_getenv("GOMAXPROCS");
        if(p != nil && (n = runtime_atoi(p)) != 0) {
                if(n > maxgomaxprocs)
                        n = maxgomaxprocs;
                runtime_gomaxprocs = n;
        }
        setmcpumax(runtime_gomaxprocs);
        runtime_singleproc = runtime_gomaxprocs == 1;

        canaddmcpu();   // mcpu++ to account for bootstrap m
        m->helpgc = 1;  // flag to tell schedule() to mcpu--
        runtime_sched.grunning++;

        // Can not enable GC until all roots are registered.
        // mstats.enablegc = 1;
        m->nomemprof--;
}

extern void main_init(void) __asm__ ("__go_init_main");
extern void main_main(void) __asm__ ("main.main");

// The main goroutine.
void
runtime_main(void)
{
        // Lock the main goroutine onto this, the main OS thread,
        // during initialization.  Most programs won't care, but a few
        // do require certain calls to be made by the main thread.
        // Those can arrange for main.main to run in the main thread
        // by calling runtime.LockOSThread during initialization
        // to preserve the lock.
        runtime_LockOSThread();
        runtime_sched.init = true;
        main_init();
        runtime_sched.init = false;
        if(!runtime_sched.lockmain)
                runtime_UnlockOSThread();

        // For gccgo we have to wait until after main is initialized
        // to enable GC, because initializing main registers the GC
        // roots.
        mstats.enablegc = 1;

        main_main();
        runtime_exit(0);
        for(;;)
                *(int32*)0 = 0;
}

// Lock the scheduler.
static void
schedlock(void)
{
        runtime_lock(&runtime_sched);
}

// Unlock the scheduler.
static void
schedunlock(void)
{
        M *m;

        m = mwakeup;
        mwakeup = nil;
        runtime_unlock(&runtime_sched);
        if(m != nil)
                runtime_notewakeup(&m->havenextg);
}

void
runtime_goexit(void)
{
        g->status = Gmoribund;
        runtime_gosched();
}

void
runtime_goroutineheader(G *g)
{
        const char *status;

        switch(g->status) {
        case Gidle:
                status = "idle";
                break;
        case Grunnable:
                status = "runnable";
                break;
        case Grunning:
                status = "running";
                break;
        case Gsyscall:
                status = "syscall";
                break;
        case Gwaiting:
                if(g->waitreason)
                        status = g->waitreason;
                else
                        status = "waiting";
                break;
        case Gmoribund:
                status = "moribund";
                break;
        default:
                status = "???";
                break;
        }
        runtime_printf("goroutine %d [%s]:\n", g->goid, status);
}

void
runtime_tracebackothers(G *me)
{
        G *g;

        for(g = runtime_allg; g != nil; g = g->alllink) {
                if(g == me || g->status == Gdead)
                        continue;
                runtime_printf("\n");
                runtime_goroutineheader(g);
                // runtime_traceback(g->sched.pc, g->sched.sp, 0, g);
        }
}

// Mark this g as m's idle goroutine.
// This functionality might be used in environments where programs
// are limited to a single thread, to simulate a select-driven
// network server.  It is not exposed via the standard runtime API.
void
runtime_idlegoroutine(void)
{
        if(g->idlem != nil)
                runtime_throw("g is already an idle goroutine");
        g->idlem = m;
}

static void
mcommoninit(M *m)
{
        // Add to runtime_allm so garbage collector doesn't free m
        // when it is just in a register or thread-local storage.
        m->alllink = runtime_allm;
        // runtime_Cgocalls() iterates over allm w/o schedlock,
        // so we need to publish it safely.
        runtime_atomicstorep((void**)&runtime_allm, m);

        m->id = runtime_sched.mcount++;
        m->fastrand = 0x49f6428aUL + m->id;

        if(m->mcache == nil)
                m->mcache = runtime_allocmcache();
}

// Try to increment mcpu.  Report whether succeeded.
static bool
canaddmcpu(void)
{
        uint32 v;

        for(;;) {
                v = runtime_sched.atomic;
                if(atomic_mcpu(v) >= atomic_mcpumax(v))
                        return 0;
                if(runtime_cas(&runtime_sched.atomic, v, v+(1<<mcpuShift)))
                        return 1;
        }
}

// Put on `g' queue.  Sched must be locked.
static void
gput(G *g)
{
        M *m;

        // If g is wired, hand it off directly.
        if((m = g->lockedm) != nil && canaddmcpu()) {
                mnextg(m, g);
                return;
        }

        // If g is the idle goroutine for an m, hand it off.
        if(g->idlem != nil) {
                if(g->idlem->idleg != nil) {
                        runtime_printf("m%d idle out of sync: g%d g%d\n",
                                g->idlem->id,
                                g->idlem->idleg->goid, g->goid);
                        runtime_throw("runtime: double idle");
                }
                g->idlem->idleg = g;
                return;
        }

        g->schedlink = nil;
        if(runtime_sched.ghead == nil)
                runtime_sched.ghead = g;
        else
                runtime_sched.gtail->schedlink = g;
        runtime_sched.gtail = g;

        // increment gwait.
        // if it transitions to nonzero, set atomic gwaiting bit.
        if(runtime_sched.gwait++ == 0)
                runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, 1<<gwaitingShift);
}

// Report whether gget would return something.
static bool
haveg(void)
{
        return runtime_sched.ghead != nil || m->idleg != nil;
}

// Get from `g' queue.  Sched must be locked.
static G*
gget(void)
{
        G *g;

        g = runtime_sched.ghead;
        if(g){
                runtime_sched.ghead = g->schedlink;
                if(runtime_sched.ghead == nil)
                        runtime_sched.gtail = nil;
                // decrement gwait.
                // if it transitions to zero, clear atomic gwaiting bit.
                if(--runtime_sched.gwait == 0)
                        runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, -1<<gwaitingShift);
        } else if(m->idleg != nil) {
                g = m->idleg;
                m->idleg = nil;
        }
        return g;
}

// Put on `m' list.  Sched must be locked.
static void
mput(M *m)
{
        m->schedlink = runtime_sched.mhead;
        runtime_sched.mhead = m;
        runtime_sched.mwait++;
}

// Get an `m' to run `g'.  Sched must be locked.
static M*
mget(G *g)
{
        M *m;

        // if g has its own m, use it.
        if(g && (m = g->lockedm) != nil)
                return m;

        // otherwise use general m pool.
        if((m = runtime_sched.mhead) != nil){
                runtime_sched.mhead = m->schedlink;
                runtime_sched.mwait--;
        }
        return m;
}

// Mark g ready to run.
void
runtime_ready(G *g)
{
        schedlock();
        readylocked(g);
        schedunlock();
}

// Mark g ready to run.  Sched is already locked.
// G might be running already and about to stop.
// The sched lock protects g->status from changing underfoot.
static void
readylocked(G *g)
{
        if(g->m){
                // Running on another machine.
                // Ready it when it stops.
                g->readyonstop = 1;
                return;
        }

        // Mark runnable.
        if(g->status == Grunnable || g->status == Grunning) {
                runtime_printf("goroutine %d has status %d\n", g->goid, g->status);
                runtime_throw("bad g->status in ready");
        }
        g->status = Grunnable;

        gput(g);
        matchmg();
}

// Same as readylocked but a different symbol so that
// debuggers can set a breakpoint here and catch all
// new goroutines.
static void
newprocreadylocked(G *g)
{
        readylocked(g);
}

// Pass g to m for running.
// Caller has already incremented mcpu.
static void
mnextg(M *m, G *g)
{
        runtime_sched.grunning++;
        m->nextg = g;
        if(m->waitnextg) {
                m->waitnextg = 0;
                if(mwakeup != nil)
                        runtime_notewakeup(&mwakeup->havenextg);
                mwakeup = m;
        }
}

// Get the next goroutine that m should run.
// Sched must be locked on entry, is unlocked on exit.
// Makes sure that at most $GOMAXPROCS g's are
// running on cpus (not in system calls) at any given time.
static G*
nextgandunlock(void)
{
        G *gp;
        uint32 v;

top:
        if(atomic_mcpu(runtime_sched.atomic) >= maxgomaxprocs)
                runtime_throw("negative mcpu");

        // If there is a g waiting as m->nextg, the mcpu++
        // happened before it was passed to mnextg.
        if(m->nextg != nil) {
                gp = m->nextg;
                m->nextg = nil;
                schedunlock();
                return gp;
        }

        if(m->lockedg != nil) {
                // We can only run one g, and it's not available.
                // Make sure some other cpu is running to handle
                // the ordinary run queue.
                if(runtime_sched.gwait != 0) {
                        matchmg();
                        // m->lockedg might have been on the queue.
                        if(m->nextg != nil) {
                                gp = m->nextg;
                                m->nextg = nil;
                                schedunlock();
                                return gp;
                        }
                }
        } else {
                // Look for work on global queue.
                while(haveg() && canaddmcpu()) {
                        gp = gget();
                        if(gp == nil)
                                runtime_throw("gget inconsistency");

                        if(gp->lockedm) {
                                mnextg(gp->lockedm, gp);
                                continue;
                        }
                        runtime_sched.grunning++;
                        schedunlock();
                        return gp;
                }

                // The while loop ended either because the g queue is empty
                // or because we have maxed out our m procs running go
                // code (mcpu >= mcpumax).  We need to check that
                // concurrent actions by entersyscall/exitsyscall cannot
                // invalidate the decision to end the loop.
                //
                // We hold the sched lock, so no one else is manipulating the
                // g queue or changing mcpumax.  Entersyscall can decrement
                // mcpu, but if does so when there is something on the g queue,
                // the gwait bit will be set, so entersyscall will take the slow path
                // and use the sched lock.  So it cannot invalidate our decision.
                //
                // Wait on global m queue.
                mput(m);
        }

        v = runtime_atomicload(&runtime_sched.atomic);
        if(runtime_sched.grunning == 0)
                runtime_throw("all goroutines are asleep - deadlock!");
        m->nextg = nil;
        m->waitnextg = 1;
        runtime_noteclear(&m->havenextg);

        // Stoptheworld is waiting for all but its cpu to go to stop.
        // Entersyscall might have decremented mcpu too, but if so
        // it will see the waitstop and take the slow path.
        // Exitsyscall never increments mcpu beyond mcpumax.
        if(atomic_waitstop(v) && atomic_mcpu(v) <= atomic_mcpumax(v)) {
                // set waitstop = 0 (known to be 1)
                runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, -1<<waitstopShift);
                runtime_notewakeup(&runtime_sched.stopped);
        }
        schedunlock();

        runtime_notesleep(&m->havenextg);
        if(m->helpgc) {
                runtime_gchelper();
                m->helpgc = 0;
                runtime_lock(&runtime_sched);
                goto top;
        }
        if((gp = m->nextg) == nil)
                runtime_throw("bad m->nextg in nextgoroutine");
        m->nextg = nil;
        return gp;
}

int32
runtime_helpgc(bool *extra)
{
        M *mp;
        int32 n, max;

        // Figure out how many CPUs to use.
        // Limited by gomaxprocs, number of actual CPUs, and MaxGcproc.
        max = runtime_gomaxprocs;
        if(max > runtime_ncpu)
                max = runtime_ncpu > 0 ? runtime_ncpu : 1;
        if(max > MaxGcproc)
                max = MaxGcproc;

        // We're going to use one CPU no matter what.
        // Figure out the max number of additional CPUs.
        max--;

        runtime_lock(&runtime_sched);
        n = 0;
        while(n < max && (mp = mget(nil)) != nil) {
                n++;
                mp->helpgc = 1;
                mp->waitnextg = 0;
                runtime_notewakeup(&mp->havenextg);
        }
        runtime_unlock(&runtime_sched);
        if(extra)
                *extra = n != max;
        return n;
}

void
runtime_stoptheworld(void)
{
        uint32 v;

        schedlock();
        runtime_gcwaiting = 1;

        setmcpumax(1);

        // while mcpu > 1
        for(;;) {
                v = runtime_sched.atomic;
                if(atomic_mcpu(v) <= 1)
                        break;

                // It would be unsafe for multiple threads to be using
                // the stopped note at once, but there is only
                // ever one thread doing garbage collection.
                runtime_noteclear(&runtime_sched.stopped);
                if(atomic_waitstop(v))
                        runtime_throw("invalid waitstop");

                // atomic { waitstop = 1 }, predicated on mcpu <= 1 check above
                // still being true.
                if(!runtime_cas(&runtime_sched.atomic, v, v+(1<<waitstopShift)))
                        continue;

                schedunlock();
                runtime_notesleep(&runtime_sched.stopped);
                schedlock();
        }
        runtime_singleproc = runtime_gomaxprocs == 1;
        schedunlock();
}

void
runtime_starttheworld(bool extra)
{
        M *m;

        schedlock();
        runtime_gcwaiting = 0;
        setmcpumax(runtime_gomaxprocs);
        matchmg();
        if(extra && canaddmcpu()) {
                // Start a new m that will (we hope) be idle
                // and so available to help when the next
                // garbage collection happens.
                // canaddmcpu above did mcpu++
                // (necessary, because m will be doing various
                // initialization work so is definitely running),
                // but m is not running a specific goroutine,
                // so set the helpgc flag as a signal to m's
                // first schedule(nil) to mcpu-- and grunning--.
                m = startm();
                m->helpgc = 1;
                runtime_sched.grunning++;
        }
        schedunlock();
}

// Called to start an M.
void*
runtime_mstart(void* mp)
{
        m = (M*)mp;
        g = m->g0;

        g->entry = nil;
        g->param = nil;

        // Record top of stack for use by mcall.
        // Once we call schedule we're never coming back,
        // so other calls can reuse this stack space.
#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
        __splitstack_getcontext(&g->stack_context[0]);
#else
        g->gcinitial_sp = &mp;
        g->gcstack_size = StackMin;
        g->gcnext_sp = &mp;
#endif
        getcontext(&g->context);

        if(g->entry != nil) {
                // Got here from mcall.
                void (*pfn)(G*) = (void (*)(G*))g->entry;
                G* gp = (G*)g->param;
                pfn(gp);
                *(int*)0x21 = 0x21;
        }
        runtime_minit();
        schedule(nil);
        return nil;
}

typedef struct CgoThreadStart CgoThreadStart;
struct CgoThreadStart
{
        M *m;
        G *g;
        void (*fn)(void);
};

// Kick off new m's as needed (up to mcpumax).
// There are already `other' other cpus that will
// start looking for goroutines shortly.
// Sched is locked.
static void
matchmg(void)
{
        G *gp;
        M *mp;

        if(m->mallocing || m->gcing)
                return;

        while(haveg() && canaddmcpu()) {
                gp = gget();
                if(gp == nil)
                        runtime_throw("gget inconsistency");

                // Find the m that will run gp.
                if((mp = mget(gp)) == nil)
                        mp = startm();
                mnextg(mp, gp);
        }
}

static M*
startm(void)
{
        M *m;
        pthread_attr_t attr;
        pthread_t tid;

        m = runtime_malloc(sizeof(M));
        mcommoninit(m);
        m->g0 = runtime_malg(-1, nil, nil);

        if(pthread_attr_init(&attr) != 0)
                runtime_throw("pthread_attr_init");
        if(pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) != 0)
                runtime_throw("pthread_attr_setdetachstate");

#ifndef PTHREAD_STACK_MIN
#define PTHREAD_STACK_MIN 8192
#endif
        if(pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, PTHREAD_STACK_MIN) != 0)
                runtime_throw("pthread_attr_setstacksize");

        if(pthread_create(&tid, &attr, runtime_mstart, m) != 0)
                runtime_throw("pthread_create");

        return m;
}

// One round of scheduler: find a goroutine and run it.
// The argument is the goroutine that was running before
// schedule was called, or nil if this is the first call.
// Never returns.
static void
schedule(G *gp)
{
        int32 hz;
        uint32 v;

        schedlock();
        if(gp != nil) {
                // Just finished running gp.
                gp->m = nil;
                runtime_sched.grunning--;

                // atomic { mcpu-- }
                v = runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, -1<<mcpuShift);
                if(atomic_mcpu(v) > maxgomaxprocs)
                        runtime_throw("negative mcpu in scheduler");

                switch(gp->status){
                case Grunnable:
                case Gdead:
                        // Shouldn't have been running!
                        runtime_throw("bad gp->status in sched");
                case Grunning:
                        gp->status = Grunnable;
                        gput(gp);
                        break;
                case Gmoribund:
                        gp->status = Gdead;
                        if(gp->lockedm) {
                                gp->lockedm = nil;
                                m->lockedg = nil;
                        }
                        gp->idlem = nil;
                        gfput(gp);
                        if(--runtime_sched.gcount == 0)
                                runtime_exit(0);
                        break;
                }
                if(gp->readyonstop){
                        gp->readyonstop = 0;
                        readylocked(gp);
                }
        } else if(m->helpgc) {
                // Bootstrap m or new m started by starttheworld.
                // atomic { mcpu-- }
                v = runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, -1<<mcpuShift);
                if(atomic_mcpu(v) > maxgomaxprocs)
                        runtime_throw("negative mcpu in scheduler");
                // Compensate for increment in starttheworld().
                runtime_sched.grunning--;
                m->helpgc = 0;
        } else if(m->nextg != nil) {
                // New m started by matchmg.
        } else {
                runtime_throw("invalid m state in scheduler");
        }

        // Find (or wait for) g to run.  Unlocks runtime_sched.
        gp = nextgandunlock();
        gp->readyonstop = 0;
        gp->status = Grunning;
        m->curg = gp;
        gp->m = m;

        // Check whether the profiler needs to be turned on or off.
        hz = runtime_sched.profilehz;
        if(m->profilehz != hz)
                runtime_resetcpuprofiler(hz);

        runtime_gogo(gp);
}

// Enter scheduler.  If g->status is Grunning,
// re-queues g and runs everyone else who is waiting
// before running g again.  If g->status is Gmoribund,
// kills off g.
void
runtime_gosched(void)
{
        if(m->locks != 0)
                runtime_throw("gosched holding locks");
        if(g == m->g0)
                runtime_throw("gosched of g0");
        runtime_mcall(schedule);
}

// The goroutine g is about to enter a system call.
// Record that it's not using the cpu anymore.
// This is called only from the go syscall library and cgocall,
// not from the low-level system calls used by the runtime.
//
// Entersyscall cannot split the stack: the runtime_gosave must
// make g->sched refer to the caller's stack segment, because
// entersyscall is going to return immediately after.
// It's okay to call matchmg and notewakeup even after
// decrementing mcpu, because we haven't released the
// sched lock yet, so the garbage collector cannot be running.

void runtime_entersyscall(void) __attribute__ ((no_split_stack));

void
runtime_entersyscall(void)
{
        uint32 v;

        // Leave SP around for gc and traceback.
#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
        g->gcstack = __splitstack_find(NULL, NULL, &g->gcstack_size,
                                       &g->gcnext_segment, &g->gcnext_sp,
                                       &g->gcinitial_sp);
#else
        g->gcnext_sp = (byte *) &v;
#endif

        // Save the registers in the g structure so that any pointers
        // held in registers will be seen by the garbage collector.
        // We could use getcontext here, but setjmp is more efficient
        // because it doesn't need to save the signal mask.
        setjmp(g->gcregs);

        g->status = Gsyscall;

        // Fast path.
        // The slow path inside the schedlock/schedunlock will get
        // through without stopping if it does:
        //      mcpu--
        //      gwait not true
        //      waitstop && mcpu <= mcpumax not true
        // If we can do the same with a single atomic add,
        // then we can skip the locks.
        v = runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, -1<<mcpuShift);
        if(!atomic_gwaiting(v) && (!atomic_waitstop(v) || atomic_mcpu(v) > atomic_mcpumax(v)))
                return;

        schedlock();
        v = runtime_atomicload(&runtime_sched.atomic);
        if(atomic_gwaiting(v)) {
                matchmg();
                v = runtime_atomicload(&runtime_sched.atomic);
        }
        if(atomic_waitstop(v) && atomic_mcpu(v) <= atomic_mcpumax(v)) {
                runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, -1<<waitstopShift);
                runtime_notewakeup(&runtime_sched.stopped);
        }

        schedunlock();
}

// The goroutine g exited its system call.
// Arrange for it to run on a cpu again.
// This is called only from the go syscall library, not
// from the low-level system calls used by the runtime.
void
runtime_exitsyscall(void)
{
        G *gp;
        uint32 v;

        // Fast path.
        // If we can do the mcpu++ bookkeeping and
        // find that we still have mcpu <= mcpumax, then we can
        // start executing Go code immediately, without having to
        // schedlock/schedunlock.
        gp = g;
        v = runtime_xadd(&runtime_sched.atomic, (1<<mcpuShift));
        if(m->profilehz == runtime_sched.profilehz && atomic_mcpu(v) <= atomic_mcpumax(v)) {
                // There's a cpu for us, so we can run.
                gp->status = Grunning;
                // Garbage collector isn't running (since we are),
                // so okay to clear gcstack.
#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
                gp->gcstack = nil;
#endif
                gp->gcnext_sp = nil;
                runtime_memclr(gp->gcregs, sizeof gp->gcregs);
                return;
        }

        // Tell scheduler to put g back on the run queue:
        // mostly equivalent to g->status = Grunning,
        // but keeps the garbage collector from thinking
        // that g is running right now, which it's not.
        gp->readyonstop = 1;

        // All the cpus are taken.
        // The scheduler will ready g and put this m to sleep.
        // When the scheduler takes g away from m,
        // it will undo the runtime_sched.mcpu++ above.
        runtime_gosched();

        // Gosched returned, so we're allowed to run now.
        // Delete the gcstack information that we left for
        // the garbage collector during the system call.
        // Must wait until now because until gosched returns
        // we don't know for sure that the garbage collector
        // is not running.
#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
        gp->gcstack = nil;
#endif
        gp->gcnext_sp = nil;
        runtime_memclr(gp->gcregs, sizeof gp->gcregs);
}

G*
runtime_malg(int32 stacksize, byte** ret_stack, size_t* ret_stacksize)
{
        G *newg;

        newg = runtime_malloc(sizeof(G));
        if(stacksize >= 0) {
#if USING_SPLIT_STACK
                *ret_stack = __splitstack_makecontext(stacksize,
                                                      &newg->stack_context[0],
                                                      ret_stacksize);
#else
                *ret_stack = runtime_mallocgc(stacksize, FlagNoProfiling|FlagNoGC, 0, 0);
                *ret_stacksize = stacksize;
                newg->gcinitial_sp = *ret_stack;
                newg->gcstack_size = stacksize;
#endif
        }
        return newg;
}

/* For runtime package testing.  */

void runtime_testing_entersyscall(void)
  __asm__("libgo_runtime.runtime.entersyscall");

void
runtime_testing_entersyscall()
{
        runtime_entersyscall();
}

void runtime_testing_exitsyscall(void)
  __asm__("libgo_runtime.runtime.exitsyscall");

void
runtime_testing_exitsyscall()
{
        runtime_exitsyscall();
}

G*
__go_go(void (*fn)(void*), void* arg)
{
        byte *sp;
        size_t spsize;
        G * volatile newg;      // volatile to avoid longjmp warning

        schedlock();

        if((newg = gfget()) != nil){
#ifdef USING_SPLIT_STACK
                sp = __splitstack_resetcontext(&newg->stack_context[0],
                                               &spsize);
#else
                sp = newg->gcinitial_sp;
                spsize = newg->gcstack_size;
                newg->gcnext_sp = sp;
#endif
        } else {
                newg = runtime_malg(StackMin, &sp, &spsize);
                if(runtime_lastg == nil)
                        runtime_allg = newg;
                else
                        runtime_lastg->alllink = newg;
                runtime_lastg = newg;
        }
        newg->status = Gwaiting;
        newg->waitreason = "new goroutine";

        newg->entry = (byte*)fn;
        newg->param = arg;
        newg->gopc = (uintptr)__builtin_return_address(0);

        runtime_sched.gcount++;
        runtime_sched.goidgen++;
        newg->goid = runtime_sched.goidgen;

        if(sp == nil)
                runtime_throw("nil g->stack0");

        getcontext(&newg->context);
        newg->context.uc_stack.ss_sp = sp;
        newg->context.uc_stack.ss_size = spsize;
        makecontext(&newg->context, kickoff, 0);

        newprocreadylocked(newg);
        schedunlock();

        return newg;
//printf(" goid=%d\n", newg->goid);
}

// Put on gfree list.  Sched must be locked.
static void
gfput(G *g)
{
        g->schedlink = runtime_sched.gfree;
        runtime_sched.gfree = g;
}

// Get from gfree list.  Sched must be locked.
static G*
gfget(void)
{
        G *g;

        g = runtime_sched.gfree;
        if(g)
                runtime_sched.gfree = g->schedlink;
        return g;
}

// Run all deferred functions for the current goroutine.
static void
rundefer(void)
{
        Defer *d;

        while((d = g->defer) != nil) {
                void (*pfn)(void*);

                pfn = d->__pfn;
                d->__pfn = nil;
                if (pfn != nil)
                        (*pfn)(d->__arg);
                g->defer = d->__next;
                runtime_free(d);
        }
}

void runtime_Goexit (void) asm ("libgo_runtime.runtime.Goexit");

void
runtime_Goexit(void)
{
        rundefer();
        runtime_goexit();
}

void runtime_Gosched (void) asm ("libgo_runtime.runtime.Gosched");

void
runtime_Gosched(void)
{
        runtime_gosched();
}

// delete when scheduler is stronger
int32
runtime_gomaxprocsfunc(int32 n)
{
        int32 ret;
        uint32 v;

        schedlock();
        ret = runtime_gomaxprocs;
        if(n <= 0)
                n = ret;
        if(n > maxgomaxprocs)
                n = maxgomaxprocs;
        runtime_gomaxprocs = n;
        if(runtime_gomaxprocs > 1)
                runtime_singleproc = false;
        if(runtime_gcwaiting != 0) {
                if(atomic_mcpumax(runtime_sched.atomic) != 1)
                        runtime_throw("invalid mcpumax during gc");
                schedunlock();
                return ret;
        }

        setmcpumax(n);

        // If there are now fewer allowed procs
        // than procs running, stop.
        v = runtime_atomicload(&runtime_sched.atomic);
        if((int32)atomic_mcpu(v) > n) {
                schedunlock();
                runtime_gosched();
                return ret;
        }
        // handle more procs
        matchmg();
        schedunlock();
        return ret;
}

void
runtime_LockOSThread(void)
{
        if(m == &runtime_m0 && runtime_sched.init) {
                runtime_sched.lockmain = true;
                return;
        }
        m->lockedg = g;
        g->lockedm = m;
}

void
runtime_UnlockOSThread(void)
{
        if(m == &runtime_m0 && runtime_sched.init) {
                runtime_sched.lockmain = false;
                return;
        }
        m->lockedg = nil;
        g->lockedm = nil;
}

bool
runtime_lockedOSThread(void)
{
        return g->lockedm != nil && m->lockedg != nil;
}

// for testing of callbacks

_Bool runtime_golockedOSThread(void)
  asm("libgo_runtime.runtime.golockedOSThread");

_Bool
runtime_golockedOSThread(void)
{
        return runtime_lockedOSThread();
}

// for testing of wire, unwire
uint32
runtime_mid()
{
        return m->id;
}

int32 runtime_Goroutines (void)
  __asm__ ("libgo_runtime.runtime.Goroutines");

int32
runtime_Goroutines()
{
        return runtime_sched.gcount;
}

int32
runtime_mcount(void)
{
        return runtime_sched.mcount;
}

static struct {
        Lock;
        void (*fn)(uintptr*, int32);
        int32 hz;
        uintptr pcbuf[100];
} prof;

void
runtime_sigprof(uint8 *pc __attribute__ ((unused)),
                uint8 *sp __attribute__ ((unused)),
                uint8 *lr __attribute__ ((unused)),
                G *gp __attribute__ ((unused)))
{
        // int32 n;

        if(prof.fn == nil || prof.hz == 0)
                return;

        runtime_lock(&prof);
        if(prof.fn == nil) {
                runtime_unlock(&prof);
                return;
        }
        // n = runtime_gentraceback(pc, sp, lr, gp, 0, prof.pcbuf, nelem(prof.pcbuf));
        // if(n > 0)
        //      prof.fn(prof.pcbuf, n);
        runtime_unlock(&prof);
}

void
runtime_setcpuprofilerate(void (*fn)(uintptr*, int32), int32 hz)
{
        // Force sane arguments.
        if(hz < 0)
                hz = 0;
        if(hz == 0)
                fn = nil;
        if(fn == nil)
                hz = 0;

        // Stop profiler on this cpu so that it is safe to lock prof.
        // if a profiling signal came in while we had prof locked,
        // it would deadlock.
        runtime_resetcpuprofiler(0);

        runtime_lock(&prof);
        prof.fn = fn;
        prof.hz = hz;
        runtime_unlock(&prof);
        runtime_lock(&runtime_sched);
        runtime_sched.profilehz = hz;
        runtime_unlock(&runtime_sched);

        if(hz != 0)
                runtime_resetcpuprofiler(hz);
}