compiler: Fix order of initialization bug with global var a, b = f().

[pf3gnuchains/gcc-fork.git] / gcc / go / gofrontend / gogo-tree.cc

// gogo-tree.cc -- convert Go frontend Gogo IR to gcc trees.

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

#include "go-system.h"

#include <gmp.h>

#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
extern "C"
{
#endif

#include "toplev.h"
#include "tree.h"
#include "gimple.h"
#include "tree-iterator.h"
#include "cgraph.h"
#include "langhooks.h"
#include "convert.h"
#include "output.h"
#include "diagnostic.h"

#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
}
#endif

#include "go-c.h"
#include "types.h"
#include "expressions.h"
#include "statements.h"
#include "runtime.h"
#include "backend.h"
#include "gogo.h"

// Whether we have seen any errors.

bool
saw_errors()
{
  return errorcount != 0 || sorrycount != 0;
}

// A helper function.

static inline tree
get_identifier_from_string(const std::string& str)
{
  return get_identifier_with_length(str.data(), str.length());
}

// Builtin functions.

static std::map<std::string, tree> builtin_functions;

// Define a builtin function.  BCODE is the builtin function code
// defined by builtins.def.  NAME is the name of the builtin function.
// LIBNAME is the name of the corresponding library function, and is
// NULL if there isn't one.  FNTYPE is the type of the function.
// CONST_P is true if the function has the const attribute.

static void
define_builtin(built_in_function bcode, const char* name, const char* libname,
               tree fntype, bool const_p)
{
  tree decl = add_builtin_function(name, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
                                   libname, NULL_TREE);
  if (const_p)
    TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
  set_builtin_decl(bcode, decl, true);
  builtin_functions[name] = decl;
  if (libname != NULL)
    {
      decl = add_builtin_function(libname, fntype, bcode, BUILT_IN_NORMAL,
                                  NULL, NULL_TREE);
      if (const_p)
        TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
      builtin_functions[libname] = decl;
    }
}

// Create trees for implicit builtin functions.

void
Gogo::define_builtin_function_trees()
{
  /* We need to define the fetch_and_add functions, since we use them
     for ++ and --.  */
  tree t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT, 1);
  tree p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SYNC_ADD_AND_FETCH_1, "__sync_fetch_and_add_1", NULL,
                 build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);

  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 2, 1);
  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
  define_builtin (BUILT_IN_SYNC_ADD_AND_FETCH_2, "__sync_fetch_and_add_2", NULL,
                  build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);

  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 4, 1);
  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SYNC_ADD_AND_FETCH_4, "__sync_fetch_and_add_4", NULL,
                 build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);

  t = go_type_for_size(BITS_PER_UNIT * 8, 1);
  p = build_pointer_type(build_qualified_type(t, TYPE_QUAL_VOLATILE));
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SYNC_ADD_AND_FETCH_8, "__sync_fetch_and_add_8", NULL,
                 build_function_type_list(t, p, t, NULL_TREE), false);

  // We use __builtin_expect for magic import functions.
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXPECT, "__builtin_expect", NULL,
                 build_function_type_list(long_integer_type_node,
                                          long_integer_type_node,
                                          long_integer_type_node,
                                          NULL_TREE),
                 true);

  // We use __builtin_memcmp for struct comparisons.
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_MEMCMP, "__builtin_memcmp", "memcmp",
                 build_function_type_list(integer_type_node,
                                          const_ptr_type_node,
                                          const_ptr_type_node,
                                          size_type_node,
                                          NULL_TREE),
                 false);

  // We provide some functions for the math library.
  tree math_function_type = build_function_type_list(double_type_node,
                                                     double_type_node,
                                                     NULL_TREE);
  tree math_function_type_long =
    build_function_type_list(long_double_type_node, long_double_type_node,
                             long_double_type_node, NULL_TREE);
  tree math_function_type_two = build_function_type_list(double_type_node,
                                                         double_type_node,
                                                         double_type_node,
                                                         NULL_TREE);
  tree math_function_type_long_two =
    build_function_type_list(long_double_type_node, long_double_type_node,
                             long_double_type_node, NULL_TREE);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ACOS, "__builtin_acos", "acos",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ACOSL, "__builtin_acosl", "acosl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ASIN, "__builtin_asin", "asin",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ASINL, "__builtin_asinl", "asinl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ATAN, "__builtin_atan", "atan",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ATANL, "__builtin_atanl", "atanl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ATAN2, "__builtin_atan2", "atan2",
                 math_function_type_two, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_ATAN2L, "__builtin_atan2l", "atan2l",
                 math_function_type_long_two, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_CEIL, "__builtin_ceil", "ceil",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_CEILL, "__builtin_ceill", "ceill",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_COS, "__builtin_cos", "cos",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_COSL, "__builtin_cosl", "cosl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXP, "__builtin_exp", "exp",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXPL, "__builtin_expl", "expl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXPM1, "__builtin_expm1", "expm1",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_EXPM1L, "__builtin_expm1l", "expm1l",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_FABS, "__builtin_fabs", "fabs",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_FABSL, "__builtin_fabsl", "fabsl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_FLOOR, "__builtin_floor", "floor",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_FLOORL, "__builtin_floorl", "floorl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_FMOD, "__builtin_fmod", "fmod",
                 math_function_type_two, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_FMODL, "__builtin_fmodl", "fmodl",
                 math_function_type_long_two, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LDEXP, "__builtin_ldexp", "ldexp",
                 build_function_type_list(double_type_node,
                                          double_type_node,
                                          integer_type_node,
                                          NULL_TREE),
                 true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LDEXPL, "__builtin_ldexpl", "ldexpl",
                 build_function_type_list(long_double_type_node,
                                          long_double_type_node,
                                          integer_type_node,
                                          NULL_TREE),
                 true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOG, "__builtin_log", "log",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOGL, "__builtin_logl", "logl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOG1P, "__builtin_log1p", "log1p",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOG1PL, "__builtin_log1pl", "log1pl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOG10, "__builtin_log10", "log10",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOG10L, "__builtin_log10l", "log10l",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOG2, "__builtin_log2", "log2",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_LOG2L, "__builtin_log2l", "log2l",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SIN, "__builtin_sin", "sin",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SINL, "__builtin_sinl", "sinl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRT, "__builtin_sqrt", "sqrt",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_SQRTL, "__builtin_sqrtl", "sqrtl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TAN, "__builtin_tan", "tan",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TANL, "__builtin_tanl", "tanl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TRUNC, "__builtin_trunc", "trunc",
                 math_function_type, true);
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TRUNCL, "__builtin_truncl", "truncl",
                 math_function_type_long, true);

  // We use __builtin_return_address in the thunk we build for
  // functions which call recover.
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_RETURN_ADDRESS, "__builtin_return_address", NULL,
                 build_function_type_list(ptr_type_node,
                                          unsigned_type_node,
                                          NULL_TREE),
                 false);

  // The compiler uses __builtin_trap for some exception handling
  // cases.
  define_builtin(BUILT_IN_TRAP, "__builtin_trap", NULL,
                 build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node),
                 false);
}

// Get the name to use for the import control function.  If there is a
// global function or variable, then we know that that name must be
// unique in the link, and we use it as the basis for our name.

const std::string&
Gogo::get_init_fn_name()
{
  if (this->init_fn_name_.empty())
    {
      go_assert(this->package_ != NULL);
      if (this->is_main_package())
        {
          // Use a name which the runtime knows.
          this->init_fn_name_ = "__go_init_main";
        }
      else
        {
          std::string s = this->unique_prefix();
          s.append(1, '.');
          s.append(this->package_name());
          s.append("..import");
          this->init_fn_name_ = s;
        }
    }

  return this->init_fn_name_;
}

// Add statements to INIT_STMT_LIST which run the initialization
// functions for imported packages.  This is only used for the "main"
// package.

void
Gogo::init_imports(tree* init_stmt_list)
{
  go_assert(this->is_main_package());

  if (this->imported_init_fns_.empty())
    return;

  tree fntype = build_function_type(void_type_node, void_list_node);

  // We must call them in increasing priority order.
  std::vector<Import_init> v;
  for (std::set<Import_init>::const_iterator p =
         this->imported_init_fns_.begin();
       p != this->imported_init_fns_.end();
       ++p)
    v.push_back(*p);
  std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());

  for (std::vector<Import_init>::const_iterator p = v.begin();
       p != v.end();
       ++p)
    {
      std::string user_name = p->package_name() + ".init";
      tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
                             get_identifier_from_string(user_name),
                             fntype);
      const std::string& init_name(p->init_name());
      SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl, get_identifier_from_string(init_name));
      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
      append_to_statement_list(build_call_expr(decl, 0), init_stmt_list);
    }
}

// Register global variables with the garbage collector.  We need to
// register all variables which can hold a pointer value.  They become
// roots during the mark phase.  We build a struct that is easy to
// hook into a list of roots.

// struct __go_gc_root_list
// {
//   struct __go_gc_root_list* __next;
//   struct __go_gc_root
//   {
//     void* __decl;
//     size_t __size;
//   } __roots[];
// };

// The last entry in the roots array has a NULL decl field.

void
Gogo::register_gc_vars(const std::vector<Named_object*>& var_gc,
                       tree* init_stmt_list)
{
  if (var_gc.empty())
    return;

  size_t count = var_gc.size();

  tree root_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root", NULL_TREE, 2,
                                        "__next",
                                        ptr_type_node,
                                        "__size",
                                        sizetype);

  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(count));
  tree array_type = build_array_type(root_type, index_type);

  tree root_list_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
  root_list_type = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_gc_root_list",
                                        root_list_type, 2,
                                        "__next",
                                        build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
                                        "__roots",
                                        array_type);

  // Build an initialier for the __roots array.

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* roots_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
                                                  count + 1);

  size_t i = 0;
  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p = var_gc.begin();
       p != var_gc.end();
       ++p, ++i)
    {
      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);

      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
      elt->index = field;
      Bvariable* bvar = (*p)->get_backend_variable(this, NULL);
      tree decl = var_to_tree(bvar);
      go_assert(TREE_CODE(decl) == VAR_DECL);
      elt->value = build_fold_addr_expr(decl);

      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
      elt->index = field;
      elt->value = DECL_SIZE_UNIT(decl);

      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
      elt->index = size_int(i);
      elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);
    }

  // The list ends with a NULL entry.

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);

  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_type);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = size_zero_node;

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, roots_init, NULL);
  elt->index = size_int(i);
  elt->value = build_constructor(root_type, init);

  // Build a constructor for the struct.

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc*) root_list_init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
  field = TYPE_FIELDS(root_list_type);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, root_list_init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = build_constructor(array_type, roots_init);

  // Build a decl to register.

  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
                         create_tmp_var_name("gc"), root_list_type);
  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = build_constructor(root_list_type, root_list_init);
  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);

  static tree register_gc_fndecl;
  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&register_gc_fndecl,
                                 Linemap::predeclared_location(),
                                 "__go_register_gc_roots",
                                 1,
                                 void_type_node,
                                 build_pointer_type(root_list_type),
                                 build_fold_addr_expr(decl));
  if (call != error_mark_node)
    append_to_statement_list(call, init_stmt_list);
}

// Build the decl for the initialization function.

tree
Gogo::initialization_function_decl()
{
  // The tedious details of building your own function.  There doesn't
  // seem to be a helper function for this.
  std::string name = this->package_name() + ".init";
  tree fndecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL,
                           get_identifier_from_string(name),
                           build_function_type(void_type_node,
                                               void_list_node));
  const std::string& asm_name(this->get_init_fn_name());
  SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(fndecl, get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));

  tree resdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
                            void_type_node);
  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
  DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = fndecl;
  DECL_RESULT(fndecl) = resdecl;

  TREE_STATIC(fndecl) = 1;
  TREE_USED(fndecl) = 1;
  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;

  DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = make_node(BLOCK);
  TREE_USED(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl)) = 1;

  return fndecl;
}

// Create the magic initialization function.  INIT_STMT_LIST is the
// code that it needs to run.

void
Gogo::write_initialization_function(tree fndecl, tree init_stmt_list)
{
  // Make sure that we thought we needed an initialization function,
  // as otherwise we will not have reported it in the export data.
  go_assert(this->is_main_package() || this->need_init_fn_);

  if (fndecl == NULL_TREE)
    fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();

  DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = init_stmt_list;

  current_function_decl = fndecl;
  if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl) == NULL)
    push_struct_function(fndecl);
  else
    push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(fndecl));
  cfun->function_end_locus = BUILTINS_LOCATION;

  gimplify_function_tree(fndecl);

  cgraph_add_new_function(fndecl, false);
  cgraph_mark_needed_node(cgraph_get_node(fndecl));

  current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
  pop_cfun();
}

// Search for references to VAR in any statements or called functions.

class Find_var : public Traverse
{
 public:
  // A hash table we use to avoid looping.  The index is the name of a
  // named object.  We only look through objects defined in this
  // package.
  typedef Unordered_set(std::string) Seen_objects;

  Find_var(Named_object* var, Seen_objects* seen_objects)
    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
      var_(var), seen_objects_(seen_objects), found_(false)
  { }

  // Whether the variable was found.
  bool
  found() const
  { return this->found_; }

  int
  expression(Expression**);

 private:
  // The variable we are looking for.
  Named_object* var_;
  // Names of objects we have already seen.
  Seen_objects* seen_objects_;
  // True if the variable was found.
  bool found_;
};

// See if EXPR refers to VAR, looking through function calls and
// variable initializations.

int
Find_var::expression(Expression** pexpr)
{
  Expression* e = *pexpr;

  Var_expression* ve = e->var_expression();
  if (ve != NULL)
    {
      Named_object* v = ve->named_object();
      if (v == this->var_)
        {
          this->found_ = true;
          return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
        }

      if (v->is_variable() && v->package() == NULL)
        {
          Expression* init = v->var_value()->init();
          if (init != NULL)
            {
              std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
                this->seen_objects_->insert(v->name());
              if (ins.second)
                {
                  // This is the first time we have seen this name.
                  if (Expression::traverse(&init, this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
                    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
                }
            }
        }
    }

  // We traverse the code of any function we see.  Note that this
  // means that we will traverse the code of a function whose address
  // is taken even if it is not called.
  Func_expression* fe = e->func_expression();
  if (fe != NULL)
    {
      const Named_object* f = fe->named_object();
      if (f->is_function() && f->package() == NULL)
        {
          std::pair<Seen_objects::iterator, bool> ins =
            this->seen_objects_->insert(f->name());
          if (ins.second)
            {
              // This is the first time we have seen this name.
              if (f->func_value()->block()->traverse(this) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
                return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
            }
        }
    }

  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Return true if EXPR, PREINIT, or DEP refers to VAR.

static bool
expression_requires(Expression* expr, Block* preinit, Named_object* dep,
                    Named_object* var)
{
  Find_var::Seen_objects seen_objects;
  Find_var find_var(var, &seen_objects);
  if (expr != NULL)
    Expression::traverse(&expr, &find_var);
  if (preinit != NULL)
    preinit->traverse(&find_var);
  if (dep != NULL)
    {
      Expression* init = dep->var_value()->init();
      if (init != NULL)
        Expression::traverse(&init, &find_var);
      if (dep->var_value()->has_pre_init())
        dep->var_value()->preinit()->traverse(&find_var);
    }

  return find_var.found();
}

// Sort variable initializations.  If the initialization expression
// for variable A refers directly or indirectly to the initialization
// expression for variable B, then we must initialize B before A.

class Var_init
{
 public:
  Var_init()
    : var_(NULL), init_(NULL_TREE), waiting_(0)
  { }

  Var_init(Named_object* var, tree init)
    : var_(var), init_(init), waiting_(0)
  { }

  // Return the variable.
  Named_object*
  var() const
  { return this->var_; }

  // Return the initialization expression.
  tree
  init() const
  { return this->init_; }

  // Return the number of variables waiting for this one to be
  // initialized.
  size_t
  waiting() const
  { return this->waiting_; }

  // Increment the number waiting.
  void
  increment_waiting()
  { ++this->waiting_; }

 private:
  // The variable being initialized.
  Named_object* var_;
  // The initialization expression to run.
  tree init_;
  // The number of variables which are waiting for this one.
  size_t waiting_;
};

typedef std::list<Var_init> Var_inits;

// Sort the variable initializations.  The rule we follow is that we
// emit them in the order they appear in the array, except that if the
// initialization expression for a variable V1 depends upon another
// variable V2 then we initialize V1 after V2.

static void
sort_var_inits(Gogo* gogo, Var_inits* var_inits)
{
  Var_inits ready;
  while (!var_inits->empty())
    {
      Var_inits::iterator p1 = var_inits->begin();
      Named_object* var = p1->var();
      Expression* init = var->var_value()->init();
      Block* preinit = var->var_value()->preinit();
      Named_object* dep = gogo->var_depends_on(var->var_value());

      // Start walking through the list to see which variables VAR
      // needs to wait for.  We can skip P1->WAITING variables--that
      // is the number we've already checked.
      Var_inits::iterator p2 = p1;
      ++p2;
      for (size_t i = p1->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
        ++p2;

      for (; p2 != var_inits->end(); ++p2)
        {
          Named_object* p2var = p2->var();
          if (expression_requires(init, preinit, dep, p2var))
            {
              // Check for cycles.
              if (expression_requires(p2var->var_value()->init(),
                                      p2var->var_value()->preinit(),
                                      gogo->var_depends_on(p2var->var_value()),
                                      var))
                {
                  error_at(var->location(),
                           ("initialization expressions for %qs and "
                            "%qs depend upon each other"),
                           var->message_name().c_str(),
                           p2var->message_name().c_str());
                  inform(p2->var()->location(), "%qs defined here",
                         p2var->message_name().c_str());
                  p2 = var_inits->end();
                }
              else
                {
                  // We can't emit P1 until P2 is emitted.  Move P1.
                  // Note that the WAITING loop always executes at
                  // least once, which is what we want.
                  p2->increment_waiting();
                  Var_inits::iterator p3 = p2;
                  for (size_t i = p2->waiting(); i > 0; --i)
                    ++p3;
                  var_inits->splice(p3, *var_inits, p1);
                }
              break;
            }
        }

      if (p2 == var_inits->end())
        {
          // VAR does not depends upon any other initialization expressions.

          // Check for a loop of VAR on itself.  We only do this if
          // INIT is not NULL and there is no dependency; when INIT is
          // NULL, it means that PREINIT sets VAR, which we will
          // interpret as a loop.
          if (init != NULL && dep == NULL
              && expression_requires(init, preinit, NULL, var))
            error_at(var->location(),
                     "initialization expression for %qs depends upon itself",
                     var->message_name().c_str());
          ready.splice(ready.end(), *var_inits, p1);
        }
    }

  // Now READY is the list in the desired initialization order.
  var_inits->swap(ready);
}

// Write out the global definitions.

void
Gogo::write_globals()
{
  this->convert_named_types();
  this->build_interface_method_tables();

  Bindings* bindings = this->current_bindings();
  size_t count_definitions = bindings->size_definitions();
  size_t count = count_definitions;

  tree* vec = new tree[count];

  tree init_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
  tree init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;

  if (this->is_main_package())
    this->init_imports(&init_stmt_list);

  // A list of variable initializations.
  Var_inits var_inits;

  // A list of variables which need to be registered with the garbage
  // collector.
  std::vector<Named_object*> var_gc;
  var_gc.reserve(count);

  tree var_init_stmt_list = NULL_TREE;
  size_t i = 0;
  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p = bindings->begin_definitions();
       p != bindings->end_definitions();
       ++p, ++i)
    {
      Named_object* no = *p;

      go_assert(!no->is_type_declaration() && !no->is_function_declaration());
      // There is nothing to do for a package.
      if (no->is_package())
        {
          --i;
          --count;
          continue;
        }

      // There is nothing to do for an object which was imported from
      // a different package into the global scope.
      if (no->package() != NULL)
        {
          --i;
          --count;
          continue;
        }

      // There is nothing useful we can output for constants which
      // have ideal or non-integral type.
      if (no->is_const())
        {
          Type* type = no->const_value()->type();
          if (type == NULL)
            type = no->const_value()->expr()->type();
          if (type->is_abstract() || type->integer_type() == NULL)
            {
              --i;
              --count;
              continue;
            }
        }

      if (!no->is_variable())
        {
          vec[i] = no->get_tree(this, NULL);
          if (vec[i] == error_mark_node)
            {
              go_assert(saw_errors());
              --i;
              --count;
              continue;
            }
        }
      else
        {
          Bvariable* var = no->get_backend_variable(this, NULL);
          vec[i] = var_to_tree(var);
          if (vec[i] == error_mark_node)
            {
              go_assert(saw_errors());
              --i;
              --count;
              continue;
            }

          // Check for a sink variable, which may be used to run an
          // initializer purely for its side effects.
          bool is_sink = no->name()[0] == '_' && no->name()[1] == '.';

          tree var_init_tree = NULL_TREE;
          if (!no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
            {
              tree init = no->var_value()->get_init_tree(this, NULL);
              if (init == error_mark_node)
                go_assert(saw_errors());
              else if (init == NULL_TREE)
                ;
              else if (TREE_CONSTANT(init))
                {
                  if (expression_requires(no->var_value()->init(), NULL,
                                          this->var_depends_on(no->var_value()),
                                          no))
                    error_at(no->location(),
                             "initialization expression for %qs depends "
                             "upon itself",
                             no->message_name().c_str());
                  this->backend()->global_variable_set_init(var,
                                                            tree_to_expr(init));
                }
              else if (is_sink
                       || int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(init)) == 0
                       || int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(vec[i])) == 0)
                var_init_tree = init;
              else
                var_init_tree = fold_build2_loc(no->location().gcc_location(),
                                                MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
                                                vec[i], init);
            }
          else
            {
              // We are going to create temporary variables which
              // means that we need an fndecl.
              if (init_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
                init_fndecl = this->initialization_function_decl();
              current_function_decl = init_fndecl;
              if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl) == NULL)
                push_struct_function(init_fndecl);
              else
                push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(init_fndecl));

              tree var_decl = is_sink ? NULL_TREE : vec[i];
              var_init_tree = no->var_value()->get_init_block(this, NULL,
                                                              var_decl);

              current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
              pop_cfun();
            }

          if (var_init_tree != NULL_TREE && var_init_tree != error_mark_node)
            {
              if (no->var_value()->init() == NULL
                  && !no->var_value()->has_pre_init())
                append_to_statement_list(var_init_tree, &var_init_stmt_list);
              else
                var_inits.push_back(Var_init(no, var_init_tree));
            }
          else if (this->var_depends_on(no->var_value()) != NULL)
            {
              // This variable is initialized from something that is
              // not in its init or preinit.  This variable needs to
              // participate in dependency analysis sorting, in case
              // some other variable depends on this one.
              var_inits.push_back(Var_init(no, integer_zero_node));
            }

          if (!is_sink && no->var_value()->type()->has_pointer())
            var_gc.push_back(no);
        }
    }

  // Register global variables with the garbage collector.
  this->register_gc_vars(var_gc, &init_stmt_list);

  // Simple variable initializations, after all variables are
  // registered.
  append_to_statement_list(var_init_stmt_list, &init_stmt_list);

  // Complex variable initializations, first sorting them into a
  // workable order.
  if (!var_inits.empty())
    {
      sort_var_inits(this, &var_inits);
      for (Var_inits::const_iterator p = var_inits.begin();
           p != var_inits.end();
           ++p)
        append_to_statement_list(p->init(), &init_stmt_list);
    }

  // After all the variables are initialized, call the "init"
  // functions if there are any.
  for (std::vector<Named_object*>::const_iterator p =
         this->init_functions_.begin();
       p != this->init_functions_.end();
       ++p)
    {
      tree decl = (*p)->get_tree(this, NULL);
      tree call = build_call_expr(decl, 0);
      append_to_statement_list(call, &init_stmt_list);
    }

  // Set up a magic function to do all the initialization actions.
  // This will be called if this package is imported.
  if (init_stmt_list != NULL_TREE
      || this->need_init_fn_
      || this->is_main_package())
    this->write_initialization_function(init_fndecl, init_stmt_list);

  // We should not have seen any new bindings created during the
  // conversion.
  go_assert(count_definitions == this->current_bindings()->size_definitions());

  // Pass everything back to the middle-end.

  wrapup_global_declarations(vec, count);

  cgraph_finalize_compilation_unit();

  check_global_declarations(vec, count);
  emit_debug_global_declarations(vec, count);

  delete[] vec;
}

// Get a tree for the identifier for a named object.

tree
Named_object::get_id(Gogo* gogo)
{
  go_assert(!this->is_variable() && !this->is_result_variable());
  std::string decl_name;
  if (this->is_function_declaration()
      && !this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name().empty())
    decl_name = this->func_declaration_value()->asm_name();
  else if (this->is_type()
           && Linemap::is_predeclared_location(this->type_value()->location()))
    {
      // We don't need the package name for builtin types.
      decl_name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
    }
  else
    {
      std::string package_name;
      if (this->package_ == NULL)
        package_name = gogo->package_name();
      else
        package_name = this->package_->name();

      decl_name = package_name + '.' + Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);

      Function_type* fntype;
      if (this->is_function())
        fntype = this->func_value()->type();
      else if (this->is_function_declaration())
        fntype = this->func_declaration_value()->type();
      else
        fntype = NULL;
      if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
        {
          decl_name.push_back('.');
          decl_name.append(fntype->receiver()->type()->mangled_name(gogo));
        }
    }
  if (this->is_type())
    {
      const Named_object* in_function = this->type_value()->in_function();
      if (in_function != NULL)
        decl_name += '$' + in_function->name();
    }
  return get_identifier_from_string(decl_name);
}

// Get a tree for a named object.

tree
Named_object::get_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
{
  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
    return this->tree_;

  tree name;
  if (this->classification_ == NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE)
    name = NULL_TREE;
  else
    name = this->get_id(gogo);
  tree decl;
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
      {
        Named_constant* named_constant = this->u_.const_value;
        Translate_context subcontext(gogo, function, NULL, NULL);
        tree expr_tree = named_constant->expr()->get_tree(&subcontext);
        if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
          decl = error_mark_node;
        else
          {
            Type* type = named_constant->type();
            if (type != NULL && !type->is_abstract())
              {
                if (type->is_error())
                  expr_tree = error_mark_node;
                else
                  {
                    Btype* btype = type->get_backend(gogo);
                    expr_tree = fold_convert(type_to_tree(btype), expr_tree);
                  }
              }
            if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
              decl = error_mark_node;
            else if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
              {
                decl = build_decl(named_constant->location().gcc_location(),
                                  CONST_DECL, name, TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
                DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr_tree;
                TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
                TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
              }
            else
              {
                // A CONST_DECL is only for an enum constant, so we
                // shouldn't use for non-integral types.  Instead we
                // just return the constant itself, rather than a
                // decl.
                decl = expr_tree;
              }
          }
      }
      break;

    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
      {
        Named_type* named_type = this->u_.type_value;
        tree type_tree = type_to_tree(named_type->get_backend(gogo));
        if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
          decl = error_mark_node;
        else
          {
            decl = TYPE_NAME(type_tree);
            go_assert(decl != NULL_TREE);

            // We need to produce a type descriptor for every named
            // type, and for a pointer to every named type, since
            // other files or packages might refer to them.  We need
            // to do this even for hidden types, because they might
            // still be returned by some function.  Simply calling the
            // type_descriptor method is enough to create the type
            // descriptor, even though we don't do anything with it.
            if (this->package_ == NULL)
              {
                named_type->
                  type_descriptor_pointer(gogo,
                                          Linemap::predeclared_location());
                Type* pn = Type::make_pointer_type(named_type);
                pn->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo,
                                            Linemap::predeclared_location());
              }
          }
      }
      break;

    case NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
      error("reference to undefined type %qs",
            this->message_name().c_str());
      return error_mark_node;

    case NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
    case NAMED_OBJECT_RESULT_VAR:
    case NAMED_OBJECT_SINK:
      go_unreachable();

    case NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
      {
        Function* func = this->u_.func_value;
        decl = func->get_or_make_decl(gogo, this, name);
        if (decl != error_mark_node)
          {
            if (func->block() != NULL)
              {
                if (DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl) == NULL)
                  push_struct_function(decl);
                else
                  push_cfun(DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl));

                cfun->function_end_locus =
                  func->block()->end_location().gcc_location();

                current_function_decl = decl;

                func->build_tree(gogo, this);

                gimplify_function_tree(decl);

                cgraph_finalize_function(decl, true);

                current_function_decl = NULL_TREE;
                pop_cfun();
              }
          }
      }
      break;

    case NAMED_OBJECT_ERRONEOUS:
      decl = error_mark_node;
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  if (TREE_TYPE(decl) == error_mark_node)
    decl = error_mark_node;

  tree ret = decl;

  this->tree_ = ret;

  if (ret != error_mark_node)
    go_preserve_from_gc(ret);

  return ret;
}

// Get the initial value of a variable as a tree.  This does not
// consider whether the variable is in the heap--it returns the
// initial value as though it were always stored in the stack.

tree
Variable::get_init_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function)
{
  go_assert(this->preinit_ == NULL);
  if (this->init_ == NULL)
    {
      go_assert(!this->is_parameter_);
      if (this->is_global_ || this->is_in_heap())
        return NULL;
      Btype* btype = this->type_->get_backend(gogo);
      return expr_to_tree(gogo->backend()->zero_expression(btype));
    }
  else
    {
      Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL);
      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
      return Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
                                                this->init_->type(),
                                                rhs_tree, this->location());
    }
}

// Get the initial value of a variable when a block is required.
// VAR_DECL is the decl to set; it may be NULL for a sink variable.

tree
Variable::get_init_block(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function, tree var_decl)
{
  go_assert(this->preinit_ != NULL);

  // We want to add the variable assignment to the end of the preinit
  // block.  The preinit block may have a TRY_FINALLY_EXPR and a
  // TRY_CATCH_EXPR; if it does, we want to add to the end of the
  // regular statements.

  Translate_context context(gogo, function, NULL, NULL);
  Bblock* bblock = this->preinit_->get_backend(&context);
  tree block_tree = block_to_tree(bblock);
  if (block_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(block_tree) == BIND_EXPR);
  tree statements = BIND_EXPR_BODY(block_tree);
  while (statements != NULL_TREE
         && (TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_FINALLY_EXPR
             || TREE_CODE(statements) == TRY_CATCH_EXPR))
    statements = TREE_OPERAND(statements, 0);

  // It's possible to have pre-init statements without an initializer
  // if the pre-init statements set the variable.
  if (this->init_ != NULL)
    {
      tree rhs_tree = this->init_->get_tree(&context);
      if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      if (var_decl == NULL_TREE)
        append_to_statement_list(rhs_tree, &statements);
      else
        {
          tree val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(&context, this->type(),
                                                        this->init_->type(),
                                                        rhs_tree,
                                                        this->location());
          if (val == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          tree set = fold_build2_loc(this->location().gcc_location(),
                                     MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, var_decl,
                                     val);
          append_to_statement_list(set, &statements);
        }
    }

  return block_tree;
}

// Get a tree for a function decl.

tree
Function::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
{
  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
    {
      tree functype = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
      if (functype == error_mark_node)
        this->fndecl_ = error_mark_node;
      else
        {
          // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
          // want the real function type for a function declaration.
          go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
          functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
          tree decl = build_decl(this->location().gcc_location(), FUNCTION_DECL,
                                 id, functype);

          this->fndecl_ = decl;

          if (no->package() != NULL)
            ;
          else if (this->enclosing_ != NULL || Gogo::is_thunk(no))
            ;
          else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "init"
                   && !this->type_->is_method())
            ;
          else if (Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(no->name()) == "main"
                   && gogo->is_main_package())
            TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
          // Methods have to be public even if they are hidden because
          // they can be pulled into type descriptors when using
          // anonymous fields.
          else if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(no->name())
                   || this->type_->is_method())
            {
              TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
              std::string asm_name = gogo->unique_prefix();
              asm_name.append(1, '.');
              asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
              SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
                                      get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
            }

          // Why do we have to do this in the frontend?
          tree restype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
          tree resdecl =
            build_decl(this->location().gcc_location(), RESULT_DECL, NULL_TREE,
                       restype);
          DECL_ARTIFICIAL(resdecl) = 1;
          DECL_IGNORED_P(resdecl) = 1;
          DECL_CONTEXT(resdecl) = decl;
          DECL_RESULT(decl) = resdecl;

          if (this->enclosing_ != NULL)
            DECL_STATIC_CHAIN(decl) = 1;

          // If a function calls the predeclared recover function, we
          // can't inline it, because recover behaves differently in a
          // function passed directly to defer.  If this is a recover
          // thunk that we built to test whether a function can be
          // recovered, we can't inline it, because that will mess up
          // our return address comparison.
          if (this->calls_recover_ || this->is_recover_thunk_)
            DECL_UNINLINABLE(decl) = 1;

          // If this is a thunk created to call a function which calls
          // the predeclared recover function, we need to disable
          // stack splitting for the thunk.
          if (this->is_recover_thunk_)
            {
              tree attr = get_identifier("__no_split_stack__");
              DECL_ATTRIBUTES(decl) = tree_cons(attr, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
            }

          go_preserve_from_gc(decl);

          if (this->closure_var_ != NULL)
            {
              push_struct_function(decl);

              Bvariable* bvar = this->closure_var_->get_backend_variable(gogo,
                                                                         no);
              tree closure_decl = var_to_tree(bvar);
              if (closure_decl == error_mark_node)
                this->fndecl_ = error_mark_node;
              else
                {
                  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(closure_decl) = 1;
                  DECL_IGNORED_P(closure_decl) = 1;
                  TREE_USED(closure_decl) = 1;
                  DECL_ARG_TYPE(closure_decl) = TREE_TYPE(closure_decl);
                  TREE_READONLY(closure_decl) = 1;

                  DECL_STRUCT_FUNCTION(decl)->static_chain_decl = closure_decl;
                }

              pop_cfun();
            }
        }
    }
  return this->fndecl_;
}

// Get a tree for a function declaration.

tree
Function_declaration::get_or_make_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree id)
{
  if (this->fndecl_ == NULL_TREE)
    {
      // Let Go code use an asm declaration to pick up a builtin
      // function.
      if (!this->asm_name_.empty())
        {
          std::map<std::string, tree>::const_iterator p =
            builtin_functions.find(this->asm_name_);
          if (p != builtin_functions.end())
            {
              this->fndecl_ = p->second;
              return this->fndecl_;
            }
        }

      tree functype = type_to_tree(this->fntype_->get_backend(gogo));
      tree decl;
      if (functype == error_mark_node)
        decl = error_mark_node;
      else
        {
          // The type of a function comes back as a pointer, but we
          // want the real function type for a function declaration.
          go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(functype));
          functype = TREE_TYPE(functype);
          decl = build_decl(this->location().gcc_location(), FUNCTION_DECL, id,
                            functype);
          TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
          DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;

          if (this->asm_name_.empty())
            {
              std::string asm_name = (no->package() == NULL
                                      ? gogo->unique_prefix()
                                      : no->package()->unique_prefix());
              asm_name.append(1, '.');
              asm_name.append(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(id), IDENTIFIER_LENGTH(id));
              SET_DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl,
                                      get_identifier_from_string(asm_name));
            }
        }
      this->fndecl_ = decl;
      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
    }
  return this->fndecl_;
}

// We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If the
// receiver is actually declared as a non-pointer type, then we copy
// the value into a local variable, so that it has the right type.  In
// this function we create the real PARM_DECL to use, and set
// DEC_INITIAL of the var_decl to be the value passed in.

tree
Function::make_receiver_parm_decl(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree var_decl)
{
  if (var_decl == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
  tree val_type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
  bool is_in_heap = no->var_value()->is_in_heap();
  if (is_in_heap)
    {
      go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(val_type));
      val_type = TREE_TYPE(val_type);
    }

  source_location loc = DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl);
  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
  name += ".pointer";
  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);
  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc, PARM_DECL, id, build_pointer_type(val_type));
  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = TREE_TYPE(parm_decl);

  go_assert(DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) == NULL_TREE);
  tree init = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc, parm_decl);

  if (is_in_heap)
    {
      tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(val_type);
      tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size,
                                         no->location());
      space = save_expr(space);
      space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(val_type), space);
      tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(no->location().gcc_location(),
                                                  space);
      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
      tree set = fold_build2_loc(loc, MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
                                 spaceref, init);
      init = fold_build2_loc(loc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space), set, space);
    }

  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;

  return parm_decl;
}

// If we take the address of a parameter, then we need to copy it into
// the heap.  We will access it as a local variable via an
// indirection.

tree
Function::copy_parm_to_heap(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* no, tree var_decl)
{
  if (var_decl == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
  Location loc(DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(var_decl));

  std::string name = IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(var_decl));
  name += ".param";
  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(name);

  tree type = TREE_TYPE(var_decl);
  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(type));
  type = TREE_TYPE(type);

  tree parm_decl = build_decl(loc.gcc_location(), PARM_DECL, id, type);
  DECL_CONTEXT(parm_decl) = current_function_decl;
  DECL_ARG_TYPE(parm_decl) = type;

  tree size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type);
  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(no->var_value()->type(), size, loc);
  space = save_expr(space);
  space = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(var_decl), space);
  tree spaceref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc.gcc_location(), space);
  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(spaceref) = 1;
  tree init = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
                     build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, spaceref, parm_decl),
                     space);
  DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;

  return parm_decl;
}

// Get a tree for function code.

void
Function::build_tree(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function)
{
  tree fndecl = this->fndecl_;
  go_assert(fndecl != NULL_TREE);

  tree params = NULL_TREE;
  tree* pp = &params;

  tree declare_vars = NULL_TREE;
  for (Bindings::const_definitions_iterator p =
         this->block_->bindings()->begin_definitions();
       p != this->block_->bindings()->end_definitions();
       ++p)
    {
      if ((*p)->is_variable() && (*p)->var_value()->is_parameter())
        {
          Bvariable* bvar = (*p)->get_backend_variable(gogo, named_function);
          *pp = var_to_tree(bvar);

          // We always pass the receiver to a method as a pointer.  If
          // the receiver is declared as a non-pointer type, then we
          // copy the value into a local variable.
          if ((*p)->var_value()->is_receiver()
              && (*p)->var_value()->type()->points_to() == NULL)
            {
              tree parm_decl = this->make_receiver_parm_decl(gogo, *p, *pp);
              tree var = *pp;
              if (var != error_mark_node)
                {
                  go_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
                  DECL_CHAIN(var) = declare_vars;
                  declare_vars = var;
                }
              *pp = parm_decl;
            }
          else if ((*p)->var_value()->is_in_heap())
            {
              // If we take the address of a parameter, then we need
              // to copy it into the heap.
              tree parm_decl = this->copy_parm_to_heap(gogo, *p, *pp);
              tree var = *pp;
              if (var != error_mark_node)
                {
                  go_assert(TREE_CODE(var) == VAR_DECL);
                  DECL_CHAIN(var) = declare_vars;
                  declare_vars = var;
                }
              *pp = parm_decl;
            }

          if (*pp != error_mark_node)
            {
              go_assert(TREE_CODE(*pp) == PARM_DECL);
              pp = &DECL_CHAIN(*pp);
            }
        }
      else if ((*p)->is_result_variable())
        {
          Bvariable* bvar = (*p)->get_backend_variable(gogo, named_function);
          tree var_decl = var_to_tree(bvar);

          Type* type = (*p)->result_var_value()->type();
          tree init;
          if (!(*p)->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
            {
              Btype* btype = type->get_backend(gogo);
              init = expr_to_tree(gogo->backend()->zero_expression(btype));
            }
          else
            {
              Location loc = (*p)->location();
              tree type_tree = type_to_tree(type->get_backend(gogo));
              tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(type,
                                                 TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree),
                                                 loc);
              tree ptr_type_tree = build_pointer_type(type_tree);
              init = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), ptr_type_tree, space);
            }

          if (var_decl != error_mark_node)
            {
              go_assert(TREE_CODE(var_decl) == VAR_DECL);
              DECL_INITIAL(var_decl) = init;
              DECL_CHAIN(var_decl) = declare_vars;
              declare_vars = var_decl;
            }
        }
    }
  *pp = NULL_TREE;

  DECL_ARGUMENTS(fndecl) = params;

  if (this->block_ != NULL)
    {
      go_assert(DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) == NULL_TREE);

      // Declare variables if necessary.
      tree bind = NULL_TREE;
      tree defer_init = NULL_TREE;
      if (declare_vars != NULL_TREE || this->defer_stack_ != NULL)
        {
          tree block = make_node(BLOCK);
          BLOCK_SUPERCONTEXT(block) = fndecl;
          DECL_INITIAL(fndecl) = block;
          BLOCK_VARS(block) = declare_vars;
          TREE_USED(block) = 1;

          bind = build3(BIND_EXPR, void_type_node, BLOCK_VARS(block),
                        NULL_TREE, block);
          TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS(bind) = 1;

          if (this->defer_stack_ != NULL)
            {
              Translate_context dcontext(gogo, named_function, this->block_,
                                         tree_to_block(bind));
              Bstatement* bdi = this->defer_stack_->get_backend(&dcontext);
              defer_init = stat_to_tree(bdi);
            }
        }

      // Build the trees for all the statements in the function.
      Translate_context context(gogo, named_function, NULL, NULL);
      Bblock* bblock = this->block_->get_backend(&context);
      tree code = block_to_tree(bblock);

      tree init = NULL_TREE;
      tree except = NULL_TREE;
      tree fini = NULL_TREE;

      // Initialize variables if necessary.
      for (tree v = declare_vars; v != NULL_TREE; v = DECL_CHAIN(v))
        {
          tree dv = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, v);
          SET_EXPR_LOCATION(dv, DECL_SOURCE_LOCATION(v));
          append_to_statement_list(dv, &init);
        }

      // If we have a defer stack, initialize it at the start of a
      // function.
      if (defer_init != NULL_TREE && defer_init != error_mark_node)
        {
          SET_EXPR_LOCATION(defer_init,
                            this->block_->start_location().gcc_location());
          append_to_statement_list(defer_init, &init);

          // Clean up the defer stack when we leave the function.
          this->build_defer_wrapper(gogo, named_function, &except, &fini);
        }

      if (code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
        {
          if (init != NULL_TREE)
            code = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, init, code);
          if (except != NULL_TREE)
            code = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, code,
                          build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, except));
          if (fini != NULL_TREE)
            code = build2(TRY_FINALLY_EXPR, void_type_node, code, fini);
        }

      // Stick the code into the block we built for the receiver, if
      // we built on.
      if (bind != NULL_TREE && code != NULL_TREE && code != error_mark_node)
        {
          BIND_EXPR_BODY(bind) = code;
          code = bind;
        }

      DECL_SAVED_TREE(fndecl) = code;
    }
}

// Build the wrappers around function code needed if the function has
// any defer statements.  This sets *EXCEPT to an exception handler
// and *FINI to a finally handler.

void
Function::build_defer_wrapper(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
                              tree *except, tree *fini)
{
  Location end_loc = this->block_->end_location();

  // Add an exception handler.  This is used if a panic occurs.  Its
  // purpose is to stop the stack unwinding if a deferred function
  // calls recover.  There are more details in
  // libgo/runtime/go-unwind.c.

  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;

  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::CHECK_DEFER, end_loc, 1,
                                        this->defer_stack(end_loc));
  Translate_context context(gogo, named_function, NULL, NULL);
  tree call_tree = call->get_tree(&context);
  if (call_tree != error_mark_node)
    append_to_statement_list(call_tree, &stmt_list);

  tree retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc, &stmt_list);
  tree set;
  if (retval == NULL_TREE)
    set = NULL_TREE;
  else
    set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc.gcc_location(), MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
                          DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
  tree ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc.gcc_location(), RETURN_EXPR,
                                  void_type_node, set);
  append_to_statement_list(ret_stmt, &stmt_list);

  go_assert(*except == NULL_TREE);
  *except = stmt_list;

  // Add some finally code to run the defer functions.  This is used
  // both in the normal case, when no panic occurs, and also if a
  // panic occurs to run any further defer functions.  Of course, it
  // is possible for a defer function to call panic which should be
  // caught by another defer function.  To handle that we use a loop.
  //  finish:
  //   try { __go_undefer(); } catch { __go_check_defer(); goto finish; }
  //   if (return values are named) return named_vals;

  stmt_list = NULL;

  tree label = create_artificial_label(end_loc.gcc_location());
  tree define_label = fold_build1_loc(end_loc.gcc_location(), LABEL_EXPR,
                                      void_type_node, label);
  append_to_statement_list(define_label, &stmt_list);

  call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::UNDEFER, end_loc, 1,
                            this->defer_stack(end_loc));
  tree undefer = call->get_tree(&context);

  call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::CHECK_DEFER, end_loc, 1,
                            this->defer_stack(end_loc));
  tree defer = call->get_tree(&context);

  if (undefer == error_mark_node || defer == error_mark_node)
    return;

  tree jump = fold_build1_loc(end_loc.gcc_location(), GOTO_EXPR, void_type_node,
                              label);
  tree catch_body = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, void_type_node, defer, jump);
  catch_body = build2(CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, NULL, catch_body);
  tree try_catch = build2(TRY_CATCH_EXPR, void_type_node, undefer, catch_body);

  append_to_statement_list(try_catch, &stmt_list);

  if (this->type_->results() != NULL
      && !this->type_->results()->empty()
      && !this->type_->results()->front().name().empty())
    {
      // If the result variables are named, and we are returning from
      // this function rather than panicing through it, we need to
      // return them again, because they might have been changed by a
      // defer function.  The runtime routines set the defer_stack
      // variable to true if we are returning from this function.
      retval = this->return_value(gogo, named_function, end_loc,
                                  &stmt_list);
      set = fold_build2_loc(end_loc.gcc_location(), MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
                            DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_), retval);
      ret_stmt = fold_build1_loc(end_loc.gcc_location(), RETURN_EXPR,
                                 void_type_node, set);

      Expression* ref =
        Expression::make_temporary_reference(this->defer_stack_, end_loc);
      tree tref = ref->get_tree(&context);
      tree s = build3_loc(end_loc.gcc_location(), COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
                          tref, ret_stmt, NULL_TREE);

      append_to_statement_list(s, &stmt_list);

    }
  
  go_assert(*fini == NULL_TREE);
  *fini = stmt_list;
}

// Return the value to assign to DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_).  This may
// also add statements to STMT_LIST, which need to be executed before
// the assignment.  This is used for a return statement with no
// explicit values.

tree
Function::return_value(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* named_function,
                       Location location, tree* stmt_list) const
{
  const Typed_identifier_list* results = this->type_->results();
  if (results == NULL || results->empty())
    return NULL_TREE;

  go_assert(this->results_ != NULL);
  if (this->results_->size() != results->size())
    {
      go_assert(saw_errors());
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  tree retval;
  if (results->size() == 1)
    {
      Bvariable* bvar =
        this->results_->front()->get_backend_variable(gogo,
                                                      named_function);
      tree ret = var_to_tree(bvar);
      if (this->results_->front()->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
        ret = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location.gcc_location(), ret);
      return ret;
    }
  else
    {
      tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(DECL_RESULT(this->fndecl_));
      retval = create_tmp_var(rettype, "RESULT");
      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(rettype);
      int index = 0;
      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
           pr != results->end();
           ++pr, ++index, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
        {
          go_assert(field != NULL);
          Named_object* no = (*this->results_)[index];
          Bvariable* bvar = no->get_backend_variable(gogo, named_function);
          tree val = var_to_tree(bvar);
          if (no->result_var_value()->is_in_heap())
            val = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location.gcc_location(), val);
          tree set = fold_build2_loc(location.gcc_location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
                                     void_type_node,
                                     build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field),
                                            retval, field, NULL_TREE),
                                     val);
          append_to_statement_list(set, stmt_list);
        }
      return retval;
    }
}

// Return the integer type to use for a size.

GO_EXTERN_C
tree
go_type_for_size(unsigned int bits, int unsignedp)
{
  const char* name;
  switch (bits)
    {
    case 8:
      name = unsignedp ? "uint8" : "int8";
      break;
    case 16:
      name = unsignedp ? "uint16" : "int16";
      break;
    case 32:
      name = unsignedp ? "uint32" : "int32";
      break;
    case 64:
      name = unsignedp ? "uint64" : "int64";
      break;
    default:
      if (bits == POINTER_SIZE && unsignedp)
        name = "uintptr";
      else
        return NULL_TREE;
    }
  Type* type = Type::lookup_integer_type(name);
  return type_to_tree(type->get_backend(go_get_gogo()));
}

// Return the type to use for a mode.

GO_EXTERN_C
tree
go_type_for_mode(enum machine_mode mode, int unsignedp)
{
  // FIXME: This static_cast should be in machmode.h.
  enum mode_class mc = static_cast<enum mode_class>(GET_MODE_CLASS(mode));
  if (mc == MODE_INT)
    return go_type_for_size(GET_MODE_BITSIZE(mode), unsignedp);
  else if (mc == MODE_FLOAT)
    {
      Type* type;
      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
        {
        case 32:
          type = Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
          break;
        case 64:
          type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
          break;
        default:
          // We have to check for long double in order to support
          // i386 excess precision.
          if (mode == TYPE_MODE(long_double_type_node))
            return long_double_type_node;
          return NULL_TREE;
        }
      return type_to_tree(type->get_backend(go_get_gogo()));
    }
  else if (mc == MODE_COMPLEX_FLOAT)
    {
      Type *type;
      switch (GET_MODE_BITSIZE (mode))
        {
        case 64:
          type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
          break;
        case 128:
          type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
          break;
        default:
          // We have to check for long double in order to support
          // i386 excess precision.
          if (mode == TYPE_MODE(complex_long_double_type_node))
            return complex_long_double_type_node;
          return NULL_TREE;
        }
      return type_to_tree(type->get_backend(go_get_gogo()));
    }
  else
    return NULL_TREE;
}

// Return a tree which allocates SIZE bytes which will holds value of
// type TYPE.

tree
Gogo::allocate_memory(Type* type, tree size, Location location)
{
  // If the package imports unsafe, then it may play games with
  // pointers that look like integers.
  if (this->imported_unsafe_ || type->has_pointer())
    {
      static tree new_fndecl;
      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_fndecl,
                                location,
                                "__go_new",
                                1,
                                ptr_type_node,
                                sizetype,
                                size);
    }
  else
    {
      static tree new_nopointers_fndecl;
      return Gogo::call_builtin(&new_nopointers_fndecl,
                                location,
                                "__go_new_nopointers",
                                1,
                                ptr_type_node,
                                sizetype,
                                size);
    }
}

// Build a builtin struct with a list of fields.  The name is
// STRUCT_NAME.  STRUCT_TYPE is NULL_TREE or an empty RECORD_TYPE
// node; this exists so that the struct can have fields which point to
// itself.  If PTYPE is not NULL, store the result in *PTYPE.  There
// are NFIELDS fields.  Each field is a name (a const char*) followed
// by a type (a tree).

tree
Gogo::builtin_struct(tree* ptype, const char* struct_name, tree struct_type,
                     int nfields, ...)
{
  if (ptype != NULL && *ptype != NULL_TREE)
    return *ptype;

  va_list ap;
  va_start(ap, nfields);

  tree fields = NULL_TREE;
  for (int i = 0; i < nfields; ++i)
    {
      const char* field_name = va_arg(ap, const char*);
      tree type = va_arg(ap, tree);
      if (type == error_mark_node)
        {
          if (ptype != NULL)
            *ptype = error_mark_node;
          return error_mark_node;
        }
      tree field = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FIELD_DECL,
                              get_identifier(field_name), type);
      DECL_CHAIN(field) = fields;
      fields = field;
    }

  va_end(ap);

  if (struct_type == NULL_TREE)
    struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);
  finish_builtin_struct(struct_type, struct_name, fields, NULL_TREE);

  if (ptype != NULL)
    {
      go_preserve_from_gc(struct_type);
      *ptype = struct_type;
    }

  return struct_type;
}

// Return a type to use for pointer to const char for a string.

tree
Gogo::const_char_pointer_type_tree()
{
  static tree type;
  if (type == NULL_TREE)
    {
      tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
                                                  TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
      type = build_pointer_type(const_char_type);
      go_preserve_from_gc(type);
    }
  return type;
}

// Return a tree for a string constant.

tree
Gogo::string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
{
  tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(val.length()));
  tree const_char_type = build_qualified_type(unsigned_char_type_node,
                                              TYPE_QUAL_CONST);
  tree string_type = build_array_type(const_char_type, index_type);
  string_type = build_variant_type_copy(string_type);
  TYPE_STRING_FLAG(string_type) = 1;
  tree string_val = build_string(val.length(), val.data());
  TREE_TYPE(string_val) = string_type;
  return string_val;
}

// Return a tree for a Go string constant.

tree
Gogo::go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
{
  tree string_type = type_to_tree(Type::make_string_type()->get_backend(this));

  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);

  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(string_type);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__data") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  tree str = Gogo::string_constant_tree(val);
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field),
                            build_fold_addr_expr(str));

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__length") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(field), val.length());

  tree constructor = build_constructor(string_type, init);
  TREE_READONLY(constructor) = 1;
  TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;

  return constructor;
}

// Return a tree for a pointer to a Go string constant.  This is only
// used for type descriptors, so we return a pointer to a constant
// decl.

tree
Gogo::ptr_go_string_constant_tree(const std::string& val)
{
  tree pval = this->go_string_constant_tree(val);

  tree decl = build_decl(UNKNOWN_LOCATION, VAR_DECL,
                         create_tmp_var_name("SP"), TREE_TYPE(pval));
  DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
  TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = pval;
  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);

  return build_fold_addr_expr(decl);
}

// Build a constructor for a slice.  SLICE_TYPE_TREE is the type of
// the slice.  VALUES is the value pointer and COUNT is the number of
// entries.  If CAPACITY is not NULL, it is the capacity; otherwise
// the capacity and the count are the same.

tree
Gogo::slice_constructor(tree slice_type_tree, tree values, tree count,
                        tree capacity)
{
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(slice_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);

  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(slice_type_tree);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  elt->index = field;
  go_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(field))
             == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(values)));
  elt->value = values;

  count = fold_convert(sizetype, count);
  if (capacity == NULL_TREE)
    {
      count = save_expr(count);
      capacity = count;
    }

  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), count);

  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), capacity);

  return build_constructor(slice_type_tree, init);
}

// Build an interface method table for a type: a list of function
// pointers, one for each interface method.  This is used for
// interfaces.

tree
Gogo::interface_method_table_for_type(const Interface_type* interface,
                                      Named_type* type,
                                      bool is_pointer)
{
  const Typed_identifier_list* interface_methods = interface->methods();
  go_assert(!interface_methods->empty());

  std::string mangled_name = ((is_pointer ? "__go_pimt__" : "__go_imt_")
                              + interface->mangled_name(this)
                              + "__"
                              + type->mangled_name(this));

  tree id = get_identifier_from_string(mangled_name);

  // See whether this interface has any hidden methods.
  bool has_hidden_methods = false;
  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
       p != interface_methods->end();
       ++p)
    {
      if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(p->name()))
        {
          has_hidden_methods = true;
          break;
        }
    }

  // We already know that the named type is convertible to the
  // interface.  If the interface has hidden methods, and the named
  // type is defined in a different package, then the interface
  // conversion table will be defined by that other package.
  if (has_hidden_methods && type->named_object()->package() != NULL)
    {
      tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node, NULL);
      tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
      TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
      TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
      TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
      DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 1;
      go_preserve_from_gc(decl);
      return decl;
    }

  size_t count = interface_methods->size();
  VEC(constructor_elt, gc)* pointers = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
                                                 count + 1);

  // The first element is the type descriptor.
  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
  elt->index = size_zero_node;
  Type* td_type;
  if (!is_pointer)
    td_type = type;
  else
    td_type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
  tree tdp = td_type->type_descriptor_pointer(this,
                                              Linemap::predeclared_location());
  elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, tdp);

  size_t i = 1;
  for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = interface_methods->begin();
       p != interface_methods->end();
       ++p, ++i)
    {
      bool is_ambiguous;
      Method* m = type->method_function(p->name(), &is_ambiguous);
      go_assert(m != NULL);

      Named_object* no = m->named_object();

      tree fnid = no->get_id(this);

      tree fndecl;
      if (no->is_function())
        fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no, fnid);
      else if (no->is_function_declaration())
        fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(this, no,
                                                                fnid);
      else
        go_unreachable();
      fndecl = build_fold_addr_expr(fndecl);

      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, pointers, NULL);
      elt->index = size_int(i);
      elt->value = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, fndecl);
    }
  go_assert(i == count + 1);

  tree array_type = build_array_type(const_ptr_type_node,
                                     build_index_type(size_int(count)));
  tree constructor = build_constructor(array_type, pointers);

  tree decl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, VAR_DECL, id, array_type);
  TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
  TREE_USED(decl) = 1;
  TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
  TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
  DECL_INITIAL(decl) = constructor;

  // If the interface type has hidden methods, then this is the only
  // definition of the table.  Otherwise it is a comdat table which
  // may be defined in multiple packages.
  if (has_hidden_methods)
    TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 1;
  else
    {
      make_decl_one_only(decl, DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME(decl));
      resolve_unique_section(decl, 1, 0);
    }

  rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);

  go_preserve_from_gc(decl);

  return decl;
}

// Mark a function as a builtin library function.

void
Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(tree fndecl)
{
  DECL_EXTERNAL(fndecl) = 1;
  TREE_PUBLIC(fndecl) = 1;
  DECL_ARTIFICIAL(fndecl) = 1;
  TREE_NOTHROW(fndecl) = 1;
  DECL_VISIBILITY(fndecl) = VISIBILITY_DEFAULT;
  DECL_VISIBILITY_SPECIFIED(fndecl) = 1;
}

// Build a call to a builtin function.

tree
Gogo::call_builtin(tree* pdecl, Location location, const char* name,
                   int nargs, tree rettype, ...)
{
  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree* types = new tree[nargs];
  tree* args = new tree[nargs];

  va_list ap;
  va_start(ap, rettype);
  for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
    {
      types[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
      args[i] = va_arg(ap, tree);
      if (types[i] == error_mark_node || args[i] == error_mark_node)
        {
          delete[] types;
          delete[] args;
          return error_mark_node;
        }
    }
  va_end(ap);

  if (*pdecl == NULL_TREE)
    {
      tree fnid = get_identifier(name);

      tree argtypes = NULL_TREE;
      tree* pp = &argtypes;
      for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
        {
          *pp = tree_cons(NULL_TREE, types[i], NULL_TREE);
          pp = &TREE_CHAIN(*pp);
        }
      *pp = void_list_node;

      tree fntype = build_function_type(rettype, argtypes);

      *pdecl = build_decl(BUILTINS_LOCATION, FUNCTION_DECL, fnid, fntype);
      Gogo::mark_fndecl_as_builtin_library(*pdecl);
      go_preserve_from_gc(*pdecl);
    }

  tree fnptr = build_fold_addr_expr(*pdecl);
  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(fnptr))
    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(fnptr, location.gcc_location());

  tree ret = build_call_array(rettype, fnptr, nargs, args);
  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location.gcc_location());

  delete[] types;
  delete[] args;

  return ret;
}

// Build a call to the runtime error function.

tree
Gogo::runtime_error(int code, Location location)
{
  static tree runtime_error_fndecl;
  tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&runtime_error_fndecl,
                                location,
                                "__go_runtime_error",
                                1,
                                void_type_node,
                                integer_type_node,
                                build_int_cst(integer_type_node, code));
  if (ret == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  // The runtime error function panics and does not return.
  TREE_NOTHROW(runtime_error_fndecl) = 0;
  TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(runtime_error_fndecl) = 1;
  return ret;
}

// Return a tree for receiving a value of type TYPE_TREE on CHANNEL.
// TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_TREE is the channel's type descriptor.  This does a
// blocking receive and returns the value read from the channel.

tree
Gogo::receive_from_channel(tree type_tree, tree type_descriptor_tree,
                           tree channel, Location location)
{
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node || channel == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (int_size_in_bytes(type_tree) <= 8
      && !AGGREGATE_TYPE_P(type_tree)
      && !FLOAT_TYPE_P(type_tree))
    {
      static tree receive_small_fndecl;
      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_small_fndecl,
                                     location,
                                     "__go_receive_small",
                                     2,
                                     uint64_type_node,
                                     TREE_TYPE(type_descriptor_tree),
                                     type_descriptor_tree,
                                     ptr_type_node,
                                     channel);
      if (call == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
      // channel.
      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_small_fndecl) = 0;
      int bitsize = GET_MODE_BITSIZE(TYPE_MODE(type_tree));
      tree int_type_tree = go_type_for_size(bitsize, 1);
      return fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), type_tree,
                              fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                               int_type_tree, call));
    }
  else
    {
      tree tmp = create_tmp_var(type_tree, get_name(type_tree));
      DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
      tree make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
      SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location.gcc_location());
      tree tmpaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
      tmpaddr = fold_convert(ptr_type_node, tmpaddr);
      static tree receive_big_fndecl;
      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&receive_big_fndecl,
                                     location,
                                     "__go_receive_big",
                                     3,
                                     void_type_node,
                                     TREE_TYPE(type_descriptor_tree),
                                     type_descriptor_tree,
                                     ptr_type_node,
                                     channel,
                                     ptr_type_node,
                                     tmpaddr);
      if (call == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      // This can panic if there are too many operations on a closed
      // channel.
      TREE_NOTHROW(receive_big_fndecl) = 0;
      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, make_tmp,
                    build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, call, tmp));
    }
}

// Return the type of a function trampoline.  This is like
// get_trampoline_type in tree-nested.c.

tree
Gogo::trampoline_type_tree()
{
  static tree type_tree;
  if (type_tree == NULL_TREE)
    {
      unsigned int size;
      unsigned int align;
      go_trampoline_info(&size, &align);
      tree t = build_index_type(build_int_cst(integer_type_node, size - 1));
      t = build_array_type(char_type_node, t);

      type_tree = Gogo::builtin_struct(NULL, "__go_trampoline", NULL_TREE, 1,
                                       "__data", t);
      t = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
      DECL_ALIGN(t) = align;
      DECL_USER_ALIGN(t) = 1;

      go_preserve_from_gc(type_tree);
    }
  return type_tree;
}

// Make a trampoline which calls FNADDR passing CLOSURE.

tree
Gogo::make_trampoline(tree fnaddr, tree closure, Location location)
{
  tree trampoline_type = Gogo::trampoline_type_tree();
  tree trampoline_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(trampoline_type);

  closure = save_expr(closure);

  // We allocate the trampoline using a special function which will
  // mark it as executable.
  static tree trampoline_fndecl;
  tree x = Gogo::call_builtin(&trampoline_fndecl,
                              location,
                              "__go_allocate_trampoline",
                              2,
                              ptr_type_node,
                              size_type_node,
                              trampoline_size,
                              ptr_type_node,
                              fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                               ptr_type_node, closure));
  if (x == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  x = save_expr(x);

  // Initialize the trampoline.
  tree calldecl = builtin_decl_implicit(BUILT_IN_INIT_HEAP_TRAMPOLINE);
  tree ini = build_call_expr(calldecl, 3, x, fnaddr, closure);

  // On some targets the trampoline address needs to be adjusted.  For
  // example, when compiling in Thumb mode on the ARM, the address
  // needs to have the low bit set.
  x = build_call_expr(builtin_decl_explicit(BUILT_IN_ADJUST_TRAMPOLINE), 1, x);
  x = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(fnaddr), x);

  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(x), ini, x);
}