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[pf3gnuchains/gcc-fork.git] / gcc / go / gofrontend / expressions.cc

// expressions.cc -- Go frontend expression handling.

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

#include "go-system.h"

#include <algorithm>

#include <gmp.h>

#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
extern "C"
{
#endif

#include "toplev.h"
#include "intl.h"
#include "tree.h"
#include "gimple.h"
#include "tree-iterator.h"
#include "convert.h"
#include "real.h"
#include "realmpfr.h"

#ifndef ENABLE_BUILD_WITH_CXX
}
#endif

#include "go-c.h"
#include "gogo.h"
#include "types.h"
#include "export.h"
#include "import.h"
#include "statements.h"
#include "lex.h"
#include "runtime.h"
#include "backend.h"
#include "expressions.h"
#include "ast-dump.h"

// Class Expression.

Expression::Expression(Expression_classification classification,
                       Location location)
  : classification_(classification), location_(location)
{
}

Expression::~Expression()
{
}

// Traverse the expressions.

int
Expression::traverse(Expression** pexpr, Traverse* traverse)
{
  Expression* expr = *pexpr;
  if ((traverse->traverse_mask() & Traverse::traverse_expressions) != 0)
    {
      int t = traverse->expression(pexpr);
      if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
        return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
      else if (t == TRAVERSE_SKIP_COMPONENTS)
        return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
    }
  return expr->do_traverse(traverse);
}

// Traverse subexpressions of this expression.

int
Expression::traverse_subexpressions(Traverse* traverse)
{
  return this->do_traverse(traverse);
}

// Default implementation for do_traverse for child classes.

int
Expression::do_traverse(Traverse*)
{
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// This virtual function is called by the parser if the value of this
// expression is being discarded.  By default, we give an error.
// Expressions with side effects override.

void
Expression::do_discarding_value()
{
  this->unused_value_error();
}

// This virtual function is called to export expressions.  This will
// only be used by expressions which may be constant.

void
Expression::do_export(Export*) const
{
  go_unreachable();
}

// Give an error saying that the value of the expression is not used.

void
Expression::unused_value_error()
{
  error_at(this->location(), "value computed is not used");
}

// Note that this expression is an error.  This is called by children
// when they discover an error.

void
Expression::set_is_error()
{
  this->classification_ = EXPRESSION_ERROR;
}

// For children to call to report an error conveniently.

void
Expression::report_error(const char* msg)
{
  error_at(this->location_, "%s", msg);
  this->set_is_error();
}

// Set types of variables and constants.  This is implemented by the
// child class.

void
Expression::determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  this->do_determine_type(context);
}

// Set types when there is no context.

void
Expression::determine_type_no_context()
{
  Type_context context;
  this->do_determine_type(&context);
}

// Return a tree handling any conversions which must be done during
// assignment.

tree
Expression::convert_for_assignment(Translate_context* context, Type* lhs_type,
                                   Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
                                   Location location)
{
  if (lhs_type->is_error() || rhs_type->is_error())
    return error_mark_node;

  if (rhs_tree == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree) == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();

  tree lhs_type_tree = type_to_tree(lhs_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (lhs_type != rhs_type && lhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
    {
      if (rhs_type->interface_type() == NULL)
        return Expression::convert_type_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
                                                     rhs_type, rhs_tree,
                                                     location);
      else
        return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, lhs_type,
                                                          rhs_type, rhs_tree,
                                                          false, location);
    }
  else if (lhs_type != rhs_type && rhs_type->interface_type() != NULL)
    return Expression::convert_interface_to_type(context, lhs_type, rhs_type,
                                                 rhs_tree, location);
  else if (lhs_type->is_slice_type() && rhs_type->is_nil_type())
    {
      // Assigning nil to an open array.
      go_assert(TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);

      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);

      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
      tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
                        "__values") == 0);
      elt->index = field;
      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), null_pointer_node);

      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
                        "__count") == 0);
      elt->index = field;
      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);

      elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
                        "__capacity") == 0);
      elt->index = field;
      elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), integer_zero_node);

      tree val = build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
      TREE_CONSTANT(val) = 1;

      return val;
    }
  else if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
    {
      // The left hand side should be a pointer type at the tree
      // level.
      go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree));
      return fold_convert(lhs_type_tree, null_pointer_node);
    }
  else if (lhs_type_tree == TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree))
    {
      // No conversion is needed.
      return rhs_tree;
    }
  else if (POINTER_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
           || INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
           || SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree)
           || COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(lhs_type_tree))
    return fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), lhs_type_tree, rhs_tree);
  else if ((TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE
            && TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE)
           || (TREE_CODE(lhs_type_tree) == ARRAY_TYPE
               && TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)) == ARRAY_TYPE))
    {
      // Avoid confusion from zero sized variables which may be
      // represented as non-zero-sized.
      if (int_size_in_bytes(lhs_type_tree) == 0
          || int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)) == 0)
        return rhs_tree;

      // This conversion must be permitted by Go, or we wouldn't have
      // gotten here.
      go_assert(int_size_in_bytes(lhs_type_tree)
                == int_size_in_bytes(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
      return fold_build1_loc(location.gcc_location(), VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR,
                             lhs_type_tree, rhs_tree);
    }
  else
    {
      go_assert(useless_type_conversion_p(lhs_type_tree, TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)));
      return rhs_tree;
    }
}

// Return a tree for a conversion from a non-interface type to an
// interface type.

tree
Expression::convert_type_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
                                      Type* lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
                                      tree rhs_tree, Location location)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();

  // Since RHS_TYPE is a static type, we can create the interface
  // method table at compile time.

  // When setting an interface to nil, we just set both fields to
  // NULL.
  if (rhs_type->is_nil_type())
    {
      Btype* lhs_btype = lhs_type->get_backend(gogo);
      return expr_to_tree(gogo->backend()->zero_expression(lhs_btype));
    }

  // This should have been checked already.
  go_assert(lhs_interface_type->implements_interface(rhs_type, NULL));

  tree lhs_type_tree = type_to_tree(lhs_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  // An interface is a tuple.  If LHS_TYPE is an empty interface type,
  // then the first field is the type descriptor for RHS_TYPE.
  // Otherwise it is the interface method table for RHS_TYPE.
  tree first_field_value;
  if (lhs_is_empty)
    first_field_value = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo, location);
  else
    {
      // Build the interface method table for this interface and this
      // object type: a list of function pointers for each interface
      // method.
      Named_type* rhs_named_type = rhs_type->named_type();
      bool is_pointer = false;
      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
        {
          rhs_named_type = rhs_type->deref()->named_type();
          is_pointer = true;
        }
      tree method_table;
      if (rhs_named_type == NULL)
        method_table = null_pointer_node;
      else
        method_table =
          rhs_named_type->interface_method_table(gogo, lhs_interface_type,
                                                 is_pointer);
      first_field_value = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                           const_ptr_type_node, method_table);
    }
  if (first_field_value == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  // Start building a constructor for the value we will return.

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);

  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
                    (lhs_is_empty ? "__type_descriptor" : "__methods")) == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), TREE_TYPE(field),
                                first_field_value);

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
  elt->index = field;

  if (rhs_type->points_to() != NULL)
    {
      //  We are assigning a pointer to the interface; the interface
      // holds the pointer itself.
      elt->value = rhs_tree;
      return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
    }

  // We are assigning a non-pointer value to the interface; the
  // interface gets a copy of the value in the heap.

  tree object_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree));

  tree space = gogo->allocate_memory(rhs_type, object_size, location);
  space = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                           build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree)), space);
  space = save_expr(space);

  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location.gcc_location(), space);
  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
  tree set = fold_build2_loc(location.gcc_location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
                             void_type_node, ref, rhs_tree);

  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), TREE_TYPE(field),
                                space);

  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, set,
                build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init));
}

// Return a tree for the type descriptor of RHS_TREE, which has
// interface type RHS_TYPE.  If RHS_TREE is nil the result will be
// NULL.

tree
Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(Translate_context*,
                                          Type* rhs_type, tree rhs_tree,
                                          Location location)
{
  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
  tree rhs_field = TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree);
  tree v = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
                  NULL_TREE);
  if (rhs_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
    {
      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)),
                        "__type_descriptor") == 0);
      return v;
    }

  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__methods")
             == 0);
  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(v)));
  v = save_expr(v);
  tree v1 = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location.gcc_location(), v);
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(v1)) == RECORD_TYPE);
  tree f = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(v1));
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(f)), "__type_descriptor")
             == 0);
  v1 = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(f), v1, f, NULL_TREE);

  tree eq = fold_build2_loc(location.gcc_location(), EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                            v, fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                                TREE_TYPE(v),
                                                null_pointer_node));
  tree n = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), TREE_TYPE(v1),
                            null_pointer_node);
  return fold_build3_loc(location.gcc_location(), COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(v1),
                         eq, n, v1);
}

// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to an
// interface type.

tree
Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(Translate_context* context,
                                           Type *lhs_type, Type *rhs_type,
                                           tree rhs_tree, bool for_type_guard,
                                           Location location)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  Interface_type* lhs_interface_type = lhs_type->interface_type();
  bool lhs_is_empty = lhs_interface_type->is_empty();

  tree lhs_type_tree = type_to_tree(lhs_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  // In the general case this requires runtime examination of the type
  // method table to match it up with the interface methods.

  // FIXME: If all of the methods in the right hand side interface
  // also appear in the left hand side interface, then we don't need
  // to do a runtime check, although we still need to build a new
  // method table.

  // Get the type descriptor for the right hand side.  This will be
  // NULL for a nil interface.

  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);

  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
                                              location);

  // The result is going to be a two element constructor.

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);

  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(lhs_type_tree);
  elt->index = field;

  if (for_type_guard)
    {
      // A type assertion fails when converting a nil interface.
      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo,
                                                                   location);
      static tree assert_interface_decl;
      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&assert_interface_decl,
                                     location,
                                     "__go_assert_interface",
                                     2,
                                     ptr_type_node,
                                     TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
                                     lhs_type_descriptor,
                                     TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
                                     rhs_type_descriptor);
      if (call == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
      TREE_NOTHROW(assert_interface_decl) = 0;
      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), TREE_TYPE(field),
                                    call);
    }
  else if (lhs_is_empty)
    {
      // A convertion to an empty interface always succeeds, and the
      // first field is just the type descriptor of the object.
      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),
                        "__type_descriptor") == 0);
      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                    TREE_TYPE(field), rhs_type_descriptor);
    }
  else
    {
      // A conversion to a non-empty interface may fail, but unlike a
      // type assertion converting nil will always succeed.
      go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods")
                 == 0);
      tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo,
                                                                   location);
      static tree convert_interface_decl;
      tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&convert_interface_decl,
                                     location,
                                     "__go_convert_interface",
                                     2,
                                     ptr_type_node,
                                     TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
                                     lhs_type_descriptor,
                                     TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
                                     rhs_type_descriptor);
      if (call == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      // This will panic if the interface conversion fails.
      TREE_NOTHROW(convert_interface_decl) = 0;
      elt->value = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), TREE_TYPE(field),
                                    call);
    }

  // The second field is simply the object pointer.

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);
  elt->index = field;

  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
  elt->value = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
                      NULL_TREE);

  return build_constructor(lhs_type_tree, init);
}

// Return a tree for the conversion of an interface type to a
// non-interface type.

tree
Expression::convert_interface_to_type(Translate_context* context,
                                      Type *lhs_type, Type* rhs_type,
                                      tree rhs_tree, Location location)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  tree rhs_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(rhs_tree);

  tree lhs_type_tree = type_to_tree(lhs_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (lhs_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  // Call a function to check that the type is valid.  The function
  // will panic with an appropriate runtime type error if the type is
  // not valid.

  tree lhs_type_descriptor = lhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo, location);

  if (!DECL_P(rhs_tree))
    rhs_tree = save_expr(rhs_tree);

  tree rhs_type_descriptor =
    Expression::get_interface_type_descriptor(context, rhs_type, rhs_tree,
                                              location);

  tree rhs_inter_descriptor = rhs_type->type_descriptor_pointer(gogo,
                                                                location);

  static tree check_interface_type_decl;
  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&check_interface_type_decl,
                                 location,
                                 "__go_check_interface_type",
                                 3,
                                 void_type_node,
                                 TREE_TYPE(lhs_type_descriptor),
                                 lhs_type_descriptor,
                                 TREE_TYPE(rhs_type_descriptor),
                                 rhs_type_descriptor,
                                 TREE_TYPE(rhs_inter_descriptor),
                                 rhs_inter_descriptor);
  if (call == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  // This call will panic if the conversion is invalid.
  TREE_NOTHROW(check_interface_type_decl) = 0;

  // If the call succeeds, pull out the value.
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(rhs_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
  tree rhs_field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(rhs_type_tree));
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(rhs_field)), "__object") == 0);
  tree val = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(rhs_field), rhs_tree, rhs_field,
                    NULL_TREE);

  // If the value is a pointer, then it is the value we want.
  // Otherwise it points to the value.
  if (lhs_type->points_to() == NULL)
    {
      val = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                             build_pointer_type(lhs_type_tree), val);
      val = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(location.gcc_location(), val);
    }

  return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, lhs_type_tree, call,
                fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), lhs_type_tree, val));
}

// Convert an expression to a tree.  This is implemented by the child
// class.  Not that it is not in general safe to call this multiple
// times for a single expression, but that we don't catch such errors.

tree
Expression::get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  // The child may have marked this expression as having an error.
  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
    return error_mark_node;

  return this->do_get_tree(context);
}

// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.

tree
Expression::integer_constant_tree(mpz_t val, tree type)
{
  if (type == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
    return double_int_to_tree(type,
                              mpz_get_double_int(type, val, true));
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
    {
      mpfr_t fval;
      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
      tree ret = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, type);
      mpfr_clear(fval);
      return ret;
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
    {
      mpfr_t fval;
      mpfr_init_set_z(fval, val, GMP_RNDN);
      tree real = Expression::float_constant_tree(fval, TREE_TYPE(type));
      mpfr_clear(fval);
      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
                                          integer_zero_node);
      return build_complex(type, real, imag);
    }
  else
    go_unreachable();
}

// Return a tree for VAL in TYPE.

tree
Expression::float_constant_tree(mpfr_t val, tree type)
{
  if (type == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE)
    {
      mpz_t ival;
      mpz_init(ival);
      mpfr_get_z(ival, val, GMP_RNDN);
      tree ret = Expression::integer_constant_tree(ival, type);
      mpz_clear(ival);
      return ret;
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
    {
      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, type, GMP_RNDN);
      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(type), &r1);
      return build_real(type, r2);
    }
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
    {
      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
      real_from_mpfr(&r1, val, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);
      tree imag = build_real_from_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(type),
                                          integer_zero_node);
      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2), imag);
    }
  else
    go_unreachable();
}

// Return a tree for REAL/IMAG in TYPE.

tree
Expression::complex_constant_tree(mpfr_t real, mpfr_t imag, tree type)
{
  if (type == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == INTEGER_TYPE || TREE_CODE(type) == REAL_TYPE)
    return Expression::float_constant_tree(real, type);
  else if (TREE_CODE(type) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
    {
      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r1;
      real_from_mpfr(&r1, real, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r2;
      real_convert(&r2, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r1);

      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r3;
      real_from_mpfr(&r3, imag, TREE_TYPE(type), GMP_RNDN);
      REAL_VALUE_TYPE r4;
      real_convert(&r4, TYPE_MODE(TREE_TYPE(type)), &r3);

      return build_complex(type, build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r2),
                           build_real(TREE_TYPE(type), r4));
    }
  else
    go_unreachable();
}

// Return a tree which evaluates to true if VAL, of arbitrary integer
// type, is negative or is more than the maximum value of BOUND_TYPE.
// If SOFAR is not NULL, it is or'red into the result.  The return
// value may be NULL if SOFAR is NULL.

tree
Expression::check_bounds(tree val, tree bound_type, tree sofar,
                         Location loc)
{
  tree val_type = TREE_TYPE(val);
  tree ret = NULL_TREE;

  if (!TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type))
    {
      ret = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, val,
                            build_int_cst(val_type, 0));
      if (ret == boolean_false_node)
        ret = NULL_TREE;
    }

  HOST_WIDE_INT val_type_size = int_size_in_bytes(val_type);
  HOST_WIDE_INT bound_type_size = int_size_in_bytes(bound_type);
  go_assert(val_type_size != -1 && bound_type_size != -1);
  if (val_type_size > bound_type_size
      || (val_type_size == bound_type_size
          && TYPE_UNSIGNED(val_type)
          && !TYPE_UNSIGNED(bound_type)))
    {
      tree max = TYPE_MAX_VALUE(bound_type);
      tree big = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), GT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                                 val, fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(),
                                                       val_type, max));
      if (big == boolean_false_node)
        ;
      else if (ret == NULL_TREE)
        ret = big;
      else
        ret = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TRUTH_OR_EXPR,
                              boolean_type_node, ret, big);
    }

  if (ret == NULL_TREE)
    return sofar;
  else if (sofar == NULL_TREE)
    return ret;
  else
    return fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TRUTH_OR_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                           sofar, ret);
}

void
Expression::dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  this->do_dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
}

// Error expressions.  This are used to avoid cascading errors.

class Error_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Error_expression(Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ERROR, location)
  { }

 protected:
  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return true; }

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
  {
    nc->set_unsigned_long(NULL, 0);
    return true;
  }

  void
  do_discarding_value()
  { }

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::make_error_type(); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  bool
  do_is_addressable() const
  { return true; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
  { return error_mark_node; }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
};

// Dump the ast representation for an error expression to a dump context.

void
Error_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "_Error_" ;
}

Expression*
Expression::make_error(Location location)
{
  return new Error_expression(location);
}

// An expression which is really a type.  This is used during parsing.
// It is an error if these survive after lowering.

class
Type_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Type_expression(Type* type, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE, location),
      type_(type)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return this->type_; }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*)
  { this->report_error(_("invalid use of type")); }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
  { go_unreachable(); }

  void do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
 
 private:
  // The type which we are representing as an expression.
  Type* type_;
};

void
Type_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
}

Expression*
Expression::make_type(Type* type, Location location)
{
  return new Type_expression(type, location);
}

// Class Parser_expression.

Type*
Parser_expression::do_type()
{
  // We should never really ask for the type of a Parser_expression.
  // However, it can happen, at least when we have an invalid const
  // whose initializer refers to the const itself.  In that case we
  // may ask for the type when lowering the const itself.
  go_assert(saw_errors());
  return Type::make_error_type();
}

// Class Var_expression.

// Lower a variable expression.  Here we just make sure that the
// initialization expression of the variable has been lowered.  This
// ensures that we will be able to determine the type of the variable
// if necessary.

Expression*
Var_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
                         Statement_inserter* inserter, int)
{
  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
    {
      Variable* var = this->variable_->var_value();
      // This is either a local variable or a global variable.  A
      // reference to a variable which is local to an enclosing
      // function will be a reference to a field in a closure.
      if (var->is_global())
        {
          function = NULL;
          inserter = NULL;
        }
      var->lower_init_expression(gogo, function, inserter);
    }
  return this;
}

// Return the type of a reference to a variable.

Type*
Var_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
    return this->variable_->var_value()->type();
  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
    return this->variable_->result_var_value()->type();
  else
    go_unreachable();
}

// Determine the type of a reference to a variable.

void
Var_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
    this->variable_->var_value()->determine_type();
}

// Something takes the address of this variable.  This means that we
// may want to move the variable onto the heap.

void
Var_expression::do_address_taken(bool escapes)
{
  if (!escapes)
    {
      if (this->variable_->is_variable())
        this->variable_->var_value()->set_non_escaping_address_taken();
      else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
        this->variable_->result_var_value()->set_non_escaping_address_taken();
      else
        go_unreachable();
    }
  else
    {
      if (this->variable_->is_variable())
        this->variable_->var_value()->set_address_taken();
      else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
        this->variable_->result_var_value()->set_address_taken();
      else
        go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Get the tree for a reference to a variable.

tree
Var_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Bvariable* bvar = this->variable_->get_backend_variable(context->gogo(),
                                                          context->function());
  tree ret = var_to_tree(bvar);
  if (ret == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  bool is_in_heap;
  if (this->variable_->is_variable())
    is_in_heap = this->variable_->var_value()->is_in_heap();
  else if (this->variable_->is_result_variable())
    is_in_heap = this->variable_->result_var_value()->is_in_heap();
  else
    go_unreachable();
  if (is_in_heap)
    {
      ret = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location().gcc_location(), ret);
      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ret) = 1;
    }
  return ret;
}

// Ast dump for variable expression.

void
Var_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << this->variable_->name() ;
}

// Make a reference to a variable in an expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_var_reference(Named_object* var, Location location)
{
  if (var->is_sink())
    return Expression::make_sink(location);

  // FIXME: Creating a new object for each reference to a variable is
  // wasteful.
  return new Var_expression(var, location);
}

// Class Temporary_reference_expression.

// The type.

Type*
Temporary_reference_expression::do_type()
{
  return this->statement_->type();
}

// Called if something takes the address of this temporary variable.
// We never have to move temporary variables to the heap, but we do
// need to know that they must live in the stack rather than in a
// register.

void
Temporary_reference_expression::do_address_taken(bool)
{
  this->statement_->set_is_address_taken();
}

// Get a tree referring to the variable.

tree
Temporary_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Bvariable* bvar = this->statement_->get_backend_variable(context);

  // The gcc backend can't represent the same set of recursive types
  // that the Go frontend can.  In some cases this means that a
  // temporary variable won't have the right backend type.  Correct
  // that here by adding a type cast.  We need to use base() to push
  // the circularity down one level.
  tree ret = var_to_tree(bvar);
  if (!this->is_lvalue_
      && POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(ret))
      && VOID_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(ret))))
    {
      Btype* type_btype = this->type()->base()->get_backend(context->gogo());
      tree type_tree = type_to_tree(type_btype);
      ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location().gcc_location(), type_tree, ret);
    }
  return ret;
}

// Ast dump for temporary reference.

void
Temporary_reference_expression::do_dump_expression(
                                Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_temp_variable_name(this->statement_);
}

// Make a reference to a temporary variable.

Temporary_reference_expression*
Expression::make_temporary_reference(Temporary_statement* statement,
                                     Location location)
{
  return new Temporary_reference_expression(statement, location);
}

// Class Set_and_use_temporary_expression.

// Return the type.

Type*
Set_and_use_temporary_expression::do_type()
{
  return this->statement_->type();
}

// Take the address.

void
Set_and_use_temporary_expression::do_address_taken(bool)
{
  this->statement_->set_is_address_taken();
}

// Return the backend representation.

tree
Set_and_use_temporary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Bvariable* bvar = this->statement_->get_backend_variable(context);
  tree var_tree = var_to_tree(bvar);
  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
  if (var_tree == error_mark_node || expr_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  Location loc = this->location();
  return build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(var_tree),
                    build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
                               var_tree, expr_tree),
                    var_tree);
}

// Dump.

void
Set_and_use_temporary_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << '(';
  ast_dump_context->dump_temp_variable_name(this->statement_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << " = ";
  this->expr_->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ')';
}

// Make a set-and-use temporary.

Set_and_use_temporary_expression*
Expression::make_set_and_use_temporary(Temporary_statement* statement,
                                       Expression* expr, Location location)
{
  return new Set_and_use_temporary_expression(statement, expr, location);
}

// A sink expression--a use of the blank identifier _.

class Sink_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Sink_expression(Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_SINK, location),
      type_(NULL), var_(NULL_TREE)
  { }

 protected:
  void
  do_discarding_value()
  { }

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return new Sink_expression(this->location()); }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The type of this sink variable.
  Type* type_;
  // The temporary variable we generate.
  tree var_;
};

// Return the type of a sink expression.

Type*
Sink_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    return Type::make_sink_type();
  return this->type_;
}

// Determine the type of a sink expression.

void
Sink_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  if (context->type != NULL)
    this->type_ = context->type;
}

// Return a temporary variable for a sink expression.  This will
// presumably be a write-only variable which the middle-end will drop.

tree
Sink_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  if (this->var_ == NULL_TREE)
    {
      go_assert(this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_sink_type());
      Btype* bt = this->type_->get_backend(context->gogo());
      this->var_ = create_tmp_var(type_to_tree(bt), "blank");
    }
  return this->var_;
}

// Ast dump for sink expression.

void
Sink_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "_" ;
}

// Make a sink expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_sink(Location location)
{
  return new Sink_expression(location);
}

// Class Func_expression.

// FIXME: Can a function expression appear in a constant expression?
// The value is unchanging.  Initializing a constant to the address of
// a function seems like it could work, though there might be little
// point to it.

// Traversal.

int
Func_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  return (this->closure_ == NULL
          ? TRAVERSE_CONTINUE
          : Expression::traverse(&this->closure_, traverse));
}

// Return the type of a function expression.

Type*
Func_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->function_->is_function())
    return this->function_->func_value()->type();
  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
    return this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
  else
    go_unreachable();
}

// Get the tree for a function expression without evaluating the
// closure.

tree
Func_expression::get_tree_without_closure(Gogo* gogo)
{
  Function_type* fntype;
  if (this->function_->is_function())
    fntype = this->function_->func_value()->type();
  else if (this->function_->is_function_declaration())
    fntype = this->function_->func_declaration_value()->type();
  else
    go_unreachable();

  // Builtin functions are handled specially by Call_expression.  We
  // can't take their address.
  if (fntype->is_builtin())
    {
      error_at(this->location(),
               "invalid use of special builtin function %qs; must be called",
               this->function_->name().c_str());
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  Named_object* no = this->function_;

  tree id = no->get_id(gogo);
  if (id == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree fndecl;
  if (no->is_function())
    fndecl = no->func_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
  else if (no->is_function_declaration())
    fndecl = no->func_declaration_value()->get_or_make_decl(gogo, no, id);
  else
    go_unreachable();

  if (fndecl == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(this->location().gcc_location(), fndecl);
}

// Get the tree for a function expression.  This is used when we take
// the address of a function rather than simply calling it.  If the
// function has a closure, we must use a trampoline.

tree
Func_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();

  tree fnaddr = this->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
  if (fnaddr == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  go_assert(TREE_CODE(fnaddr) == ADDR_EXPR
             && TREE_CODE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) == FUNCTION_DECL);
  TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_OPERAND(fnaddr, 0)) = 1;

  // If there is no closure, that is all have to do.
  if (this->closure_ == NULL)
    return fnaddr;

  go_assert(this->function_->func_value()->enclosing() != NULL);

  // Get the value of the closure.  This will be a pointer to space
  // allocated on the heap.
  tree closure_tree = this->closure_->get_tree(context);
  if (closure_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(closure_tree)));

  // Now we need to build some code on the heap.  This code will load
  // the static chain pointer with the closure and then jump to the
  // body of the function.  The normal gcc approach is to build the
  // code on the stack.  Unfortunately we can not do that, as Go
  // permits us to return the function pointer.

  return gogo->make_trampoline(fnaddr, closure_tree, this->location());
}

// Ast dump for function.

void
Func_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << this->function_->name();
  if (this->closure_ != NULL)
    {
      ast_dump_context->ostream() << " {closure =  ";
      this->closure_->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
      ast_dump_context->ostream() << "}";
    }
}

// Make a reference to a function in an expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_func_reference(Named_object* function, Expression* closure,
                                Location location)
{
  return new Func_expression(function, closure, location);
}

// Class Unknown_expression.

// Return the name of an unknown expression.

const std::string&
Unknown_expression::name() const
{
  return this->named_object_->name();
}

// Lower a reference to an unknown name.

Expression*
Unknown_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  Named_object* no = this->named_object_;
  Named_object* real;
  if (!no->is_unknown())
    real = no;
  else
    {
      real = no->unknown_value()->real_named_object();
      if (real == NULL)
        {
          if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
            return this;
          if (!this->no_error_message_)
            error_at(location, "reference to undefined name %qs",
                     this->named_object_->message_name().c_str());
          return Expression::make_error(location);
        }
    }
  switch (real->classification())
    {
    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_CONST:
      return Expression::make_const_reference(real, location);
    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE:
      return Expression::make_type(real->type_value(), location);
    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_TYPE_DECLARATION:
      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
        return this;
      if (!this->no_error_message_)
        error_at(location, "reference to undefined type %qs",
                 real->message_name().c_str());
      return Expression::make_error(location);
    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_VAR:
      real->var_value()->set_is_used();
      return Expression::make_var_reference(real, location);
    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC:
    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_FUNC_DECLARATION:
      return Expression::make_func_reference(real, NULL, location);
    case Named_object::NAMED_OBJECT_PACKAGE:
      if (this->is_composite_literal_key_)
        return this;
      if (!this->no_error_message_)
        error_at(location, "unexpected reference to package");
      return Expression::make_error(location);
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Dump the ast representation for an unknown expression to a dump context.

void
Unknown_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "_Unknown_(" << this->named_object_->name()
                              << ")";
}

// Make a reference to an unknown name.

Unknown_expression*
Expression::make_unknown_reference(Named_object* no, Location location)
{
  return new Unknown_expression(no, location);
}

// A boolean expression.

class Boolean_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Boolean_expression(bool val, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_BOOLEAN, location),
      val_(val), type_(NULL)
  { }

  static Expression*
  do_import(Import*);

 protected:
  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return true; }

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
  { return this->val_ ? boolean_true_node : boolean_false_node; }

  void
  do_export(Export* exp) const
  { exp->write_c_string(this->val_ ? "true" : "false"); }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
  { ast_dump_context->ostream() << (this->val_ ? "true" : "false"); }
  
 private:
  // The constant.
  bool val_;
  // The type as determined by context.
  Type* type_;
};

// Get the type.

Type*
Boolean_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    this->type_ = Type::make_boolean_type();
  return this->type_;
}

// Set the type from the context.

void
Boolean_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    ;
  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_boolean_type())
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
    this->type_ = Type::lookup_bool_type();
}

// Import a boolean constant.

Expression*
Boolean_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
{
  if (imp->peek_char() == 't')
    {
      imp->require_c_string("true");
      return Expression::make_boolean(true, imp->location());
    }
  else
    {
      imp->require_c_string("false");
      return Expression::make_boolean(false, imp->location());
    }
}

// Make a boolean expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_boolean(bool val, Location location)
{
  return new Boolean_expression(val, location);
}

// Class String_expression.

// Get the type.

Type*
String_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    this->type_ = Type::make_string_type();
  return this->type_;
}

// Set the type from the context.

void
String_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    ;
  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_string_type())
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
    this->type_ = Type::lookup_string_type();
}

// Build a string constant.

tree
String_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  return context->gogo()->go_string_constant_tree(this->val_);
}

 // Write string literal to string dump.

void
String_expression::export_string(String_dump* exp,
                                 const String_expression* str)
{
  std::string s;
  s.reserve(str->val_.length() * 4 + 2);
  s += '"';
  for (std::string::const_iterator p = str->val_.begin();
       p != str->val_.end();
       ++p)
    {
      if (*p == '\\' || *p == '"')
        {
          s += '\\';
          s += *p;
        }
      else if (*p >= 0x20 && *p < 0x7f)
        s += *p;
      else if (*p == '\n')
        s += "\\n";
      else if (*p == '\t')
        s += "\\t";
      else
        {
          s += "\\x";
          unsigned char c = *p;
          unsigned int dig = c >> 4;
          s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
          dig = c & 0xf;
          s += dig < 10 ? '0' + dig : 'A' + dig - 10;
        }
    }
  s += '"';
  exp->write_string(s);
}

// Export a string expression.

void
String_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  String_expression::export_string(exp, this);
}

// Import a string expression.

Expression*
String_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
{
  imp->require_c_string("\"");
  std::string val;
  while (true)
    {
      int c = imp->get_char();
      if (c == '"' || c == -1)
        break;
      if (c != '\\')
        val += static_cast<char>(c);
      else
        {
          c = imp->get_char();
          if (c == '\\' || c == '"')
            val += static_cast<char>(c);
          else if (c == 'n')
            val += '\n';
          else if (c == 't')
            val += '\t';
          else if (c == 'x')
            {
              c = imp->get_char();
              unsigned int vh = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
              c = imp->get_char();
              unsigned int vl = c >= '0' && c <= '9' ? c - '0' : c - 'A' + 10;
              char v = (vh << 4) | vl;
              val += v;
            }
          else
            {
              error_at(imp->location(), "bad string constant");
              return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
            }
        }
    }
  return Expression::make_string(val, imp->location());
}

// Ast dump for string expression.

void
String_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  String_expression::export_string(ast_dump_context, this);
}

// Make a string expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_string(const std::string& val, Location location)
{
  return new String_expression(val, location);
}

// Make an integer expression.

class Integer_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Integer_expression(const mpz_t* val, Type* type, bool is_character_constant,
                     Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_INTEGER, location),
      type_(type), is_character_constant_(is_character_constant)
  { mpz_init_set(this->val_, *val); }

  static Expression*
  do_import(Import*);

  // Write VAL to string dump.
  static void
  export_integer(String_dump* exp, const mpz_t val);

  // Write VAL to dump context.
  static void
  dump_integer(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context, const mpz_t val);

 protected:
  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return true; }

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const;

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context* context);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    if (this->is_character_constant_)
      return Expression::make_character(&this->val_, this->type_,
                                        this->location());
    else
      return Expression::make_integer(&this->val_, this->type_,
                                      this->location());
  }

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The integer value.
  mpz_t val_;
  // The type so far.
  Type* type_;
  // Whether this is a character constant.
  bool is_character_constant_;
};

// Return a numeric constant for this expression.  We have to mark
// this as a character when appropriate.

bool
Integer_expression::do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
{
  if (this->is_character_constant_)
    nc->set_rune(this->type_, this->val_);
  else
    nc->set_int(this->type_, this->val_);
  return true;
}

// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
// an abstract integer type.

Type*
Integer_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    {
      if (this->is_character_constant_)
        this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_character_type();
      else
        this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
    }
  return this->type_;
}

// Set the type of the integer value.  Here we may switch from an
// abstract type to a real type.

void
Integer_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    ;
  else if (context->type != NULL && context->type->is_numeric_type())
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
    {
      if (this->is_character_constant_)
        this->type_ = Type::lookup_integer_type("int32");
      else
        this->type_ = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
    }
}

// Check the type of an integer constant.

void
Integer_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->type_;
  if (type == NULL)
    return;
  Numeric_constant nc;
  if (this->is_character_constant_)
    nc.set_rune(NULL, this->val_);
  else
    nc.set_int(NULL, this->val_);
  if (!nc.set_type(type, true, this->location()))
    this->set_is_error();
}

// Get a tree for an integer constant.

tree
Integer_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  tree type;
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    type = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->float_type() != NULL)
    {
      // We are converting to an abstract floating point type.
      Type* ftype = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
      type = type_to_tree(ftype->get_backend(gogo));
    }
  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->complex_type() != NULL)
    {
      // We are converting to an abstract complex type.
      Type* ctype = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
      type = type_to_tree(ctype->get_backend(gogo));
    }
  else
    {
      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced for
      // some reason.  Use a type which will fit the value.  We use <,
      // not <=, because we need an extra bit for the sign bit.
      int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(this->val_, 2);
      if (bits < INT_TYPE_SIZE)
        {
          Type* t = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
          type = type_to_tree(t->get_backend(gogo));
        }
      else if (bits < 64)
        {
          Type* t = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
          type = type_to_tree(t->get_backend(gogo));
        }
      else
        type = long_long_integer_type_node;
    }
  return Expression::integer_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
}

// Write VAL to export data.

void
Integer_expression::export_integer(String_dump* exp, const mpz_t val)
{
  char* s = mpz_get_str(NULL, 10, val);
  exp->write_c_string(s);
  free(s);
}

// Export an integer in a constant expression.

void
Integer_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, this->val_);
  if (this->is_character_constant_)
    exp->write_c_string("'");
  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
  exp->write_c_string(" ");
}

// Import an integer, floating point, or complex value.  This handles
// all these types because they all start with digits.

Expression*
Integer_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
{
  std::string num = imp->read_identifier();
  imp->require_c_string(" ");
  if (!num.empty() && num[num.length() - 1] == 'i')
    {
      mpfr_t real;
      size_t plus_pos = num.find('+', 1);
      size_t minus_pos = num.find('-', 1);
      size_t pos;
      if (plus_pos == std::string::npos)
        pos = minus_pos;
      else if (minus_pos == std::string::npos)
        pos = plus_pos;
      else
        {
          error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
                   num.c_str());
          return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
        }
      if (pos == std::string::npos)
        mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
      else
        {
          std::string real_str = num.substr(0, pos);
          if (mpfr_init_set_str(real, real_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
            {
              error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
                       real_str.c_str());
              return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
            }
        }

      std::string imag_str;
      if (pos == std::string::npos)
        imag_str = num;
      else
        imag_str = num.substr(pos);
      imag_str = imag_str.substr(0, imag_str.size() - 1);
      mpfr_t imag;
      if (mpfr_init_set_str(imag, imag_str.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
        {
          error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
                   imag_str.c_str());
          return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
        }
      Expression* ret = Expression::make_complex(&real, &imag, NULL,
                                                 imp->location());
      mpfr_clear(real);
      mpfr_clear(imag);
      return ret;
    }
  else if (num.find('.') == std::string::npos
           && num.find('E') == std::string::npos)
    {
      bool is_character_constant = (!num.empty()
                                    && num[num.length() - 1] == '\'');
      if (is_character_constant)
        num = num.substr(0, num.length() - 1);
      mpz_t val;
      if (mpz_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10) != 0)
        {
          error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
                   num.c_str());
          return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
        }
      Expression* ret;
      if (is_character_constant)
        ret = Expression::make_character(&val, NULL, imp->location());
      else
        ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL, imp->location());
      mpz_clear(val);
      return ret;
    }
  else
    {
      mpfr_t val;
      if (mpfr_init_set_str(val, num.c_str(), 10, GMP_RNDN) != 0)
        {
          error_at(imp->location(), "bad number in import data: %qs",
                   num.c_str());
          return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
        }
      Expression* ret = Expression::make_float(&val, NULL, imp->location());
      mpfr_clear(val);
      return ret;
    }
}
// Ast dump for integer expression.

void
Integer_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  if (this->is_character_constant_)
    ast_dump_context->ostream() << '\'';
  Integer_expression::export_integer(ast_dump_context, this->val_);
  if (this->is_character_constant_)
    ast_dump_context->ostream() << '\'';
}

// Build a new integer value.

Expression*
Expression::make_integer(const mpz_t* val, Type* type, Location location)
{
  return new Integer_expression(val, type, false, location);
}

// Build a new character constant value.

Expression*
Expression::make_character(const mpz_t* val, Type* type, Location location)
{
  return new Integer_expression(val, type, true, location);
}

// Floats.

class Float_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Float_expression(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_FLOAT, location),
      type_(type)
  {
    mpfr_init_set(this->val_, *val, GMP_RNDN);
  }

  // Write VAL to export data.
  static void
  export_float(String_dump* exp, const mpfr_t val);

  // Write VAL to dump file.
  static void
  dump_float(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context, const mpfr_t val);

 protected:
  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return true; }

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
  {
    nc->set_float(this->type_, this->val_);
    return true;
  }

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return Expression::make_float(&this->val_, this->type_,
                                  this->location()); }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The floating point value.
  mpfr_t val_;
  // The type so far.
  Type* type_;
};

// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
// an abstract float type.

Type*
Float_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_float_type();
  return this->type_;
}

// Set the type of the float value.  Here we may switch from an
// abstract type to a real type.

void
Float_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    ;
  else if (context->type != NULL
           && (context->type->integer_type() != NULL
               || context->type->float_type() != NULL
               || context->type->complex_type() != NULL))
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
    this->type_ = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
}

// Check the type of a float value.

void
Float_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->type_;
  if (type == NULL)
    return;
  Numeric_constant nc;
  nc.set_float(NULL, this->val_);
  if (!nc.set_type(this->type_, true, this->location()))
    this->set_is_error();
}

// Get a tree for a float constant.

tree
Float_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  tree type;
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    type = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
  else if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
    {
      // We have an abstract integer type.  We just hope for the best.
      type = type_to_tree(Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->get_backend(gogo));
    }
  else
    {
      // If we still have an abstract type here, then this is being
      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
      // just use float64 and hope for the best.
      Type* ft = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
      type = type_to_tree(ft->get_backend(gogo));
    }
  return Expression::float_constant_tree(this->val_, type);
}

// Write a floating point number to a string dump.

void
Float_expression::export_float(String_dump *exp, const mpfr_t val)
{
  mp_exp_t exponent;
  char* s = mpfr_get_str(NULL, &exponent, 10, 0, val, GMP_RNDN);
  if (*s == '-')
    exp->write_c_string("-");
  exp->write_c_string("0.");
  exp->write_c_string(*s == '-' ? s + 1 : s);
  mpfr_free_str(s);
  char buf[30];
  snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "E%ld", exponent);
  exp->write_c_string(buf);
}

// Export a floating point number in a constant expression.

void
Float_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  Float_expression::export_float(exp, this->val_);
  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
  exp->write_c_string(" ");
}

// Dump a floating point number to the dump file.

void
Float_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  Float_expression::export_float(ast_dump_context, this->val_);
}

// Make a float expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_float(const mpfr_t* val, Type* type, Location location)
{
  return new Float_expression(val, type, location);
}

// Complex numbers.

class Complex_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Complex_expression(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
                     Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_COMPLEX, location),
      type_(type)
  {
    mpfr_init_set(this->real_, *real, GMP_RNDN);
    mpfr_init_set(this->imag_, *imag, GMP_RNDN);
  }

  // Write REAL/IMAG to string dump.
  static void
  export_complex(String_dump* exp, const mpfr_t real, const mpfr_t val);

  // Write REAL/IMAG to dump context.
  static void
  dump_complex(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context, 
               const mpfr_t real, const mpfr_t val);
  
 protected:
  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return true; }

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
  {
    nc->set_complex(this->type_, this->real_, this->imag_);
    return true;
  }

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return Expression::make_complex(&this->real_, &this->imag_, this->type_,
                                    this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
  
 private:
  // The real part.
  mpfr_t real_;
  // The imaginary part;
  mpfr_t imag_;
  // The type if known.
  Type* type_;
};

// Return the current type.  If we haven't set the type yet, we return
// an abstract complex type.

Type*
Complex_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    this->type_ = Type::make_abstract_complex_type();
  return this->type_;
}

// Set the type of the complex value.  Here we may switch from an
// abstract type to a real type.

void
Complex_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    ;
  else if (context->type != NULL
           && context->type->complex_type() != NULL)
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
    this->type_ = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
}

// Check the type of a complex value.

void
Complex_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->type_;
  if (type == NULL)
    return;
  Numeric_constant nc;
  nc.set_complex(NULL, this->real_, this->imag_);
  if (!nc.set_type(this->type_, true, this->location()))
    this->set_is_error();
}

// Get a tree for a complex constant.

tree
Complex_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  tree type;
  if (this->type_ != NULL && !this->type_->is_abstract())
    type = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
  else
    {
      // If we still have an abstract type here, this this is being
      // used in a constant expression which didn't get reduced.  We
      // just use complex128 and hope for the best.
      Type* ct = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
      type = type_to_tree(ct->get_backend(gogo));
    }
  return Expression::complex_constant_tree(this->real_, this->imag_, type);
}

// Write REAL/IMAG to export data.

void
Complex_expression::export_complex(String_dump* exp, const mpfr_t real,
                                   const mpfr_t imag)
{
  if (!mpfr_zero_p(real))
    {
      Float_expression::export_float(exp, real);
      if (mpfr_sgn(imag) > 0)
        exp->write_c_string("+");
    }
  Float_expression::export_float(exp, imag);
  exp->write_c_string("i");
}

// Export a complex number in a constant expression.

void
Complex_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, this->real_, this->imag_);
  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
  exp->write_c_string(" ");
}

// Dump a complex expression to the dump file.

void
Complex_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  Complex_expression::export_complex(ast_dump_context,
                                      this->real_,
                                      this->imag_);
}

// Make a complex expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_complex(const mpfr_t* real, const mpfr_t* imag, Type* type,
                         Location location)
{
  return new Complex_expression(real, imag, type, location);
}

// Find a named object in an expression.

class Find_named_object : public Traverse
{
 public:
  Find_named_object(Named_object* no)
    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
      no_(no), found_(false)
  { }

  // Whether we found the object.
  bool
  found() const
  { return this->found_; }

 protected:
  int
  expression(Expression**);

 private:
  // The object we are looking for.
  Named_object* no_;
  // Whether we found it.
  bool found_;
};

// A reference to a const in an expression.

class Const_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Const_expression(Named_object* constant, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE, location),
      constant_(constant), type_(NULL), seen_(false)
  { }

  Named_object*
  named_object()
  { return this->constant_; }

  // Check that the initializer does not refer to the constant itself.
  void
  check_for_init_loop();

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse*);

  Expression*
  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int);

  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return true; }

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const;

  bool
  do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const;

  Type*
  do_type();

  // The type of a const is set by the declaration, not the use.
  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);

  // When exporting a reference to a const as part of a const
  // expression, we export the value.  We ignore the fact that it has
  // a name.
  void
  do_export(Export* exp) const
  { this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->export_expression(exp); }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The constant.
  Named_object* constant_;
  // The type of this reference.  This is used if the constant has an
  // abstract type.
  Type* type_;
  // Used to prevent infinite recursion when a constant incorrectly
  // refers to itself.
  mutable bool seen_;
};

// Traversal.

int
Const_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL)
    return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse);
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Lower a constant expression.  This is where we convert the
// predeclared constant iota into an integer value.

Expression*
Const_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*,
                           Statement_inserter*, int iota_value)
{
  if (this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->classification()
      == EXPRESSION_IOTA)
    {
      if (iota_value == -1)
        {
          error_at(this->location(),
                   "iota is only defined in const declarations");
          iota_value = 0;
        }
      mpz_t val;
      mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned long>(iota_value));
      Expression* ret = Expression::make_integer(&val, NULL,
                                                 this->location());
      mpz_clear(val);
      return ret;
    }

  // Make sure that the constant itself has been lowered.
  gogo->lower_constant(this->constant_);

  return this;
}

// Return a numeric constant value.

bool
Const_expression::do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
{
  if (this->seen_)
    return false;

  Expression* e = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
  
  this->seen_ = true;

  bool r = e->numeric_constant_value(nc);

  this->seen_ = false;

  Type* ctype;
  if (this->type_ != NULL)
    ctype = this->type_;
  else
    ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
  if (r && ctype != NULL)
    {
      if (!nc->set_type(ctype, false, this->location()))
        return false;
    }

  return r;
}

bool
Const_expression::do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
{
  if (this->seen_)
    return false;

  Expression* e = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();

  this->seen_ = true;
  bool ok = e->string_constant_value(val);
  this->seen_ = false;

  return ok;
}

// Return the type of the const reference.

Type*
Const_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL)
    return this->type_;

  Named_constant* nc = this->constant_->const_value();

  if (this->seen_ || nc->lowering())
    {
      this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
      this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
      return this->type_;
    }

  this->seen_ = true;

  Type* ret = nc->type();

  if (ret != NULL)
    {
      this->seen_ = false;
      return ret;
    }

  // During parsing, a named constant may have a NULL type, but we
  // must not return a NULL type here.
  ret = nc->expr()->type();

  this->seen_ = false;

  return ret;
}

// Set the type of the const reference.

void
Const_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  Type* ctype = this->constant_->const_value()->type();
  Type* cetype = (ctype != NULL
                  ? ctype
                  : this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->type());
  if (ctype != NULL && !ctype->is_abstract())
    ;
  else if (context->type != NULL
           && context->type->is_numeric_type()
           && cetype->is_numeric_type())
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (context->type != NULL
           && context->type->is_string_type()
           && cetype->is_string_type())
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (context->type != NULL
           && context->type->is_boolean_type()
           && cetype->is_boolean_type())
    this->type_ = context->type;
  else if (!context->may_be_abstract)
    {
      if (cetype->is_abstract())
        cetype = cetype->make_non_abstract_type();
      this->type_ = cetype;
    }
}

// Check for a loop in which the initializer of a constant refers to
// the constant itself.

void
Const_expression::check_for_init_loop()
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_error())
    return;

  if (this->seen_)
    {
      this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
      this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
      return;
    }

  Expression* init = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
  Find_named_object find_named_object(this->constant_);

  this->seen_ = true;
  Expression::traverse(&init, &find_named_object);
  this->seen_ = false;

  if (find_named_object.found())
    {
      if (this->type_ == NULL || !this->type_->is_error())
        {
          this->report_error(_("constant refers to itself"));
          this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
        }
      return;
    }
}

// Check types of a const reference.

void
Const_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_error())
    return;

  this->check_for_init_loop();

  // Check that numeric constant fits in type.
  if (this->type_ != NULL && this->type_->is_numeric_type())
    {
      Numeric_constant nc;
      if (this->constant_->const_value()->expr()->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
        {
          if (!nc.set_type(this->type_, true, this->location()))
            this->set_is_error();
        }
    }
}

// Return a tree for the const reference.

tree
Const_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  tree type_tree;
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    type_tree = NULL_TREE;
  else
    {
      type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
      if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
    }

  // If the type has been set for this expression, but the underlying
  // object is an abstract int or float, we try to get the abstract
  // value.  Otherwise we may lose something in the conversion.
  if (this->type_ != NULL
      && this->type_->is_numeric_type()
      && (this->constant_->const_value()->type() == NULL
          || this->constant_->const_value()->type()->is_abstract()))
    {
      Expression* expr = this->constant_->const_value()->expr();
      Numeric_constant nc;
      if (expr->numeric_constant_value(&nc)
          && nc.set_type(this->type_, false, this->location()))
        {
          Expression* e = nc.expression(this->location());
          return e->get_tree(context);
        }
    }

  tree const_tree = this->constant_->get_tree(gogo, context->function());
  if (this->type_ == NULL
      || const_tree == error_mark_node
      || TREE_TYPE(const_tree) == error_mark_node)
    return const_tree;

  tree ret;
  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(const_tree)))
    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, const_tree);
  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == INTEGER_TYPE)
    ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, const_tree));
  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == REAL_TYPE)
    ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, const_tree));
  else if (TREE_CODE(type_tree) == COMPLEX_TYPE)
    ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, const_tree));
  else
    go_unreachable();
  return ret;
}

// Dump ast representation for constant expression.

void
Const_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << this->constant_->name();
}

// Make a reference to a constant in an expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_const_reference(Named_object* constant,
                                 Location location)
{
  return new Const_expression(constant, location);
}

// Find a named object in an expression.

int
Find_named_object::expression(Expression** pexpr)
{
  switch ((*pexpr)->classification())
    {
    case Expression::EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE:
      {
        Const_expression* ce = static_cast<Const_expression*>(*pexpr);
        if (ce->named_object() == this->no_)
          break;

        // We need to check a constant initializer explicitly, as
        // loops here will not be caught by the loop checking for
        // variable initializers.
        ce->check_for_init_loop();

        return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
      }

    case Expression::EXPRESSION_VAR_REFERENCE:
      if ((*pexpr)->var_expression()->named_object() == this->no_)
        break;
      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
    case Expression::EXPRESSION_FUNC_REFERENCE:
      if ((*pexpr)->func_expression()->named_object() == this->no_)
        break;
      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
    default:
      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
    }
  this->found_ = true;
  return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
}

// The nil value.

class Nil_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Nil_expression(Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_NIL, location)
  { }

  static Expression*
  do_import(Import*);

 protected:
  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return true; }

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::make_nil_type(); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
  { return null_pointer_node; }

  void
  do_export(Export* exp) const
  { exp->write_c_string("nil"); }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
  { ast_dump_context->ostream() << "nil"; }
};

// Import a nil expression.

Expression*
Nil_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
{
  imp->require_c_string("nil");
  return Expression::make_nil(imp->location());
}

// Make a nil expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_nil(Location location)
{
  return new Nil_expression(location);
}

// The value of the predeclared constant iota.  This is little more
// than a marker.  This will be lowered to an integer in
// Const_expression::do_lower, which is where we know the value that
// it should have.

class Iota_expression : public Parser_expression
{
 public:
  Iota_expression(Location location)
    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_IOTA, location)
  { }

 protected:
  Expression*
  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int)
  { go_unreachable(); }

  // There should only ever be one of these.
  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { go_unreachable(); }
  
  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
  { ast_dump_context->ostream() << "iota"; } 
};

// Make an iota expression.  This is only called for one case: the
// value of the predeclared constant iota.

Expression*
Expression::make_iota()
{
  static Iota_expression iota_expression(Linemap::unknown_location());
  return &iota_expression;
}

// A type conversion expression.

class Type_conversion_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Type_conversion_expression(Type* type, Expression* expr,
                             Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CONVERSION, location),
      type_(type), expr_(expr), may_convert_function_types_(false)
  { }

  // Return the type to which we are converting.
  Type*
  type() const
  { return this->type_; }

  // Return the expression which we are converting.
  Expression*
  expr() const
  { return this->expr_; }

  // Permit converting from one function type to another.  This is
  // used internally for method expressions.
  void
  set_may_convert_function_types()
  {
    this->may_convert_function_types_ = true;
  }

  // Import a type conversion expression.
  static Expression*
  do_import(Import*);

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);

  Expression*
  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int);

  bool
  do_is_constant() const
  { return this->expr_->is_constant(); }

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant*) const;

  bool
  do_string_constant_value(std::string*) const;

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return this->type_; }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  {
    Type_context subcontext(this->type_, false);
    this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
  }

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Type_conversion_expression(this->type_, this->expr_->copy(),
                                          this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The type to convert to.
  Type* type_;
  // The expression to convert.
  Expression* expr_;
  // True if this is permitted to convert function types.  This is
  // used internally for method expressions.
  bool may_convert_function_types_;
};

// Traversal.

int
Type_conversion_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Convert to a constant at lowering time.

Expression*
Type_conversion_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*,
                                     Statement_inserter*, int)
{
  Type* type = this->type_;
  Expression* val = this->expr_;
  Location location = this->location();

  if (type->is_numeric_type())
    {
      Numeric_constant nc;
      if (val->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
        {
          if (!nc.set_type(type, true, location))
            return Expression::make_error(location);
          return nc.expression(location);
        }
    }

  if (type->is_slice_type())
    {
      Type* element_type = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
      bool is_byte = (element_type->integer_type() != NULL
                      && element_type->integer_type()->is_byte());
      bool is_rune = (element_type->integer_type() != NULL
                      && element_type->integer_type()->is_rune());
      if (is_byte || is_rune)
        {
          std::string s;
          if (val->string_constant_value(&s))
            {
              Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
              if (is_byte)
                {
                  for (std::string::const_iterator p = s.begin();
                       p != s.end();
                       p++)
                    {
                      mpz_t val;
                      mpz_init_set_ui(val, static_cast<unsigned char>(*p));
                      Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
                                                               element_type,
                                                               location);
                      vals->push_back(v);
                      mpz_clear(val);
                    }
                }
              else
                {
                  const char *p = s.data();
                  const char *pend = s.data() + s.length();
                  while (p < pend)
                    {
                      unsigned int c;
                      int adv = Lex::fetch_char(p, &c);
                      if (adv == 0)
                        {
                          warning_at(this->location(), 0,
                                     "invalid UTF-8 encoding");
                          adv = 1;
                        }
                      p += adv;
                      mpz_t val;
                      mpz_init_set_ui(val, c);
                      Expression* v = Expression::make_integer(&val,
                                                               element_type,
                                                               location);
                      vals->push_back(v);
                      mpz_clear(val);
                    }
                }

              return Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(type, vals,
                                                              location);
            }
        }
    }

  return this;
}

// Return the constant numeric value if there is one.

bool
Type_conversion_expression::do_numeric_constant_value(
    Numeric_constant* nc) const
{
  if (!this->type_->is_numeric_type())
    return false;
  if (!this->expr_->numeric_constant_value(nc))
    return false;
  return nc->set_type(this->type_, false, this->location());
}

// Return the constant string value if there is one.

bool
Type_conversion_expression::do_string_constant_value(std::string* val) const
{
  if (this->type_->is_string_type()
      && this->expr_->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
    {
      Numeric_constant nc;
      if (this->expr_->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
        {
          unsigned long ival;
          if (nc.to_unsigned_long(&ival) == Numeric_constant::NC_UL_VALID)
            {
              val->clear();
              Lex::append_char(ival, true, val, this->location());
              return true;
            }
        }
    }

  // FIXME: Could handle conversion from const []int here.

  return false;
}

// Check that types are convertible.

void
Type_conversion_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->type_;
  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
  std::string reason;

  if (type->is_error() || expr_type->is_error())
    {
      this->set_is_error();
      return;
    }

  if (this->may_convert_function_types_
      && type->function_type() != NULL
      && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
    return;

  if (Type::are_convertible(type, expr_type, &reason))
    return;

  error_at(this->location(), "%s", reason.c_str());
  this->set_is_error();
}

// Get a tree for a type conversion.

tree
Type_conversion_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);

  if (type_tree == error_mark_node
      || expr_tree == error_mark_node
      || TREE_TYPE(expr_tree) == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(type_tree) == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)))
    return fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);

  Type* type = this->type_;
  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
  tree ret;
  if (type->interface_type() != NULL || expr_type->interface_type() != NULL)
    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
                                             expr_tree, this->location());
  else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
    {
      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
          || expr_type->float_type() != NULL
          || expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
        ret = fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, expr_tree));
      else
        go_unreachable();
    }
  else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
    {
      if (expr_type->integer_type() != NULL
          || expr_type->float_type() != NULL)
        ret = fold(convert_to_real(type_tree, expr_tree));
      else
        go_unreachable();
    }
  else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
    {
      if (expr_type->complex_type() != NULL)
        ret = fold(convert_to_complex(type_tree, expr_tree));
      else
        go_unreachable();
    }
  else if (type->is_string_type()
           && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
    {
      expr_tree = fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree);
      if (host_integerp(expr_tree, 0))
        {
          HOST_WIDE_INT intval = tree_low_cst(expr_tree, 0);
          std::string s;
          Lex::append_char(intval, true, &s, this->location());
          Expression* se = Expression::make_string(s, this->location());
          return se->get_tree(context);
        }

      static tree int_to_string_fndecl;
      ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_to_string_fndecl,
                               this->location(),
                               "__go_int_to_string",
                               1,
                               type_tree,
                               integer_type_node,
                               fold_convert(integer_type_node, expr_tree));
    }
  else if (type->is_string_type() && expr_type->is_slice_type())
    {
      if (!DECL_P(expr_tree))
        expr_tree = save_expr(expr_tree);
      Array_type* a = expr_type->array_type();
      Type* e = a->element_type()->forwarded();
      go_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
      tree valptr = fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node,
                                 a->value_pointer_tree(gogo, expr_tree));
      tree len = a->length_tree(gogo, expr_tree);
      len = fold_convert_loc(this->location().gcc_location(), integer_type_node,
                             len);
      if (e->integer_type()->is_byte())
        {
          static tree byte_array_to_string_fndecl;
          ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&byte_array_to_string_fndecl,
                                   this->location(),
                                   "__go_byte_array_to_string",
                                   2,
                                   type_tree,
                                   const_ptr_type_node,
                                   valptr,
                                   integer_type_node,
                                   len);
        }
      else
        {
          go_assert(e->integer_type()->is_rune());
          static tree int_array_to_string_fndecl;
          ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&int_array_to_string_fndecl,
                                   this->location(),
                                   "__go_int_array_to_string",
                                   2,
                                   type_tree,
                                   const_ptr_type_node,
                                   valptr,
                                   integer_type_node,
                                   len);
        }
    }
  else if (type->is_slice_type() && expr_type->is_string_type())
    {
      Type* e = type->array_type()->element_type()->forwarded();
      go_assert(e->integer_type() != NULL);
      if (e->integer_type()->is_byte())
        {
          tree string_to_byte_array_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
          ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_byte_array_fndecl,
                                   this->location(),
                                   "__go_string_to_byte_array",
                                   1,
                                   type_tree,
                                   TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
                                   expr_tree);
        }
      else
        {
          go_assert(e->integer_type()->is_rune());
          tree string_to_int_array_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
          ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_to_int_array_fndecl,
                                   this->location(),
                                   "__go_string_to_int_array",
                                   1,
                                   type_tree,
                                   TREE_TYPE(expr_tree),
                                   expr_tree);
        }
    }
  else if ((type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
            && expr_type->points_to() != NULL)
           || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
               && type->points_to() != NULL))
    ret = fold_convert(type_tree, expr_tree);
  else if (type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
           && expr_type->integer_type() != NULL)
    ret = convert_to_pointer(type_tree, expr_tree);
  else if (this->may_convert_function_types_
           && type->function_type() != NULL
           && expr_type->function_type() != NULL)
    ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location().gcc_location(), type_tree,
                           expr_tree);
  else
    ret = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type, expr_type,
                                             expr_tree, this->location());

  return ret;
}

// Output a type conversion in a constant expression.

void
Type_conversion_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
  exp->write_type(this->type_);
  exp->write_c_string(", ");
  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
  exp->write_c_string(")");
}

// Import a type conversion or a struct construction.

Expression*
Type_conversion_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
{
  imp->require_c_string("convert(");
  Type* type = imp->read_type();
  imp->require_c_string(", ");
  Expression* val = Expression::import_expression(imp);
  imp->require_c_string(")");
  return Expression::make_cast(type, val, imp->location());
}

// Dump ast representation for a type conversion expression.

void
Type_conversion_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->expr_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ") ";
}

// Make a type cast expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_cast(Type* type, Expression* val, Location location)
{
  if (type->is_error_type() || val->is_error_expression())
    return Expression::make_error(location);
  return new Type_conversion_expression(type, val, location);
}

// An unsafe type conversion, used to pass values to builtin functions.

class Unsafe_type_conversion_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Unsafe_type_conversion_expression(Type* type, Expression* expr,
                                    Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_UNSAFE_CONVERSION, location),
      type_(type), expr_(expr)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return this->type_; }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Unsafe_type_conversion_expression(this->type_,
                                                 this->expr_->copy(),
                                                 this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The type to convert to.
  Type* type_;
  // The expression to convert.
  Expression* expr_;
};

// Traversal.

int
Unsafe_type_conversion_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Convert to backend representation.

tree
Unsafe_type_conversion_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  // We are only called for a limited number of cases.

  Type* t = this->type_;
  Type* et = this->expr_->type();

  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(context->gogo()));
  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node || expr_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  Location loc = this->location();

  bool use_view_convert = false;
  if (t->is_slice_type())
    {
      go_assert(et->is_slice_type());
      use_view_convert = true;
    }
  else if (t->map_type() != NULL)
    go_assert(et->map_type() != NULL);
  else if (t->channel_type() != NULL)
    go_assert(et->channel_type() != NULL);
  else if (t->points_to() != NULL)
    go_assert(et->points_to() != NULL || et->is_nil_type());
  else if (et->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
    go_assert(t->points_to() != NULL);
  else if (t->interface_type() != NULL && !t->interface_type()->is_empty())
    {
      go_assert(et->interface_type() != NULL
                 && !et->interface_type()->is_empty());
      use_view_convert = true;
    }
  else if (t->interface_type() != NULL && t->interface_type()->is_empty())
    {
      go_assert(et->interface_type() != NULL
                 && et->interface_type()->is_empty());
      use_view_convert = true;
    }
  else if (t->integer_type() != NULL)
    {
      go_assert(et->is_boolean_type()
                 || et->integer_type() != NULL
                 || et->function_type() != NULL
                 || et->points_to() != NULL
                 || et->map_type() != NULL
                 || et->channel_type() != NULL);
      return convert_to_integer(type_tree, expr_tree);
    }
  else
    go_unreachable();

  if (use_view_convert)
    return fold_build1_loc(loc.gcc_location(), VIEW_CONVERT_EXPR, type_tree,
                           expr_tree);
  else
    return fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), type_tree, expr_tree);
}

// Dump ast representation for an unsafe type conversion expression.

void
Unsafe_type_conversion_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->expr_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ") ";
}

// Make an unsafe type conversion expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_unsafe_cast(Type* type, Expression* expr,
                             Location location)
{
  return new Unsafe_type_conversion_expression(type, expr, location);
}

// Unary expressions.

class Unary_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Unary_expression(Operator op, Expression* expr, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_UNARY, location),
      op_(op), escapes_(true), create_temp_(false), expr_(expr)
  { }

  // Return the operator.
  Operator
  op() const
  { return this->op_; }

  // Return the operand.
  Expression*
  operand() const
  { return this->expr_; }

  // Record that an address expression does not escape.
  void
  set_does_not_escape()
  {
    go_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND);
    this->escapes_ = false;
  }

  // Record that this is an address expression which should create a
  // temporary variable if necessary.  This is used for method calls.
  void
  set_create_temp()
  {
    go_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND);
    this->create_temp_ = true;
  }

  // Apply unary opcode OP to UNC, setting NC.  Return true if this
  // could be done, false if not.  Issue errors for overflow.
  static bool
  eval_constant(Operator op, const Numeric_constant* unc,
                Location, Numeric_constant* nc);

  static Expression*
  do_import(Import*);

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }

  Expression*
  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int);

  bool
  do_is_constant() const;

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant*) const;

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return Expression::make_unary(this->op_, this->expr_->copy(),
                                  this->location());
  }

  bool
  do_must_eval_subexpressions_in_order(int*) const
  { return this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT; }

  bool
  do_is_addressable() const
  { return this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The unary operator to apply.
  Operator op_;
  // Normally true.  False if this is an address expression which does
  // not escape the current function.
  bool escapes_;
  // True if this is an address expression which should create a
  // temporary variable if necessary.
  bool create_temp_;
  // The operand.
  Expression* expr_;
};

// If we are taking the address of a composite literal, and the
// contents are not constant, then we want to make a heap composite
// instead.

Expression*
Unary_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int)
{
  Location loc = this->location();
  Operator op = this->op_;
  Expression* expr = this->expr_;

  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->is_type_expression())
    return Expression::make_type(Type::make_pointer_type(expr->type()), loc);

  // *&x simplifies to x.  *(*T)(unsafe.Pointer)(&x) does not require
  // moving x to the heap.  FIXME: Is it worth doing a real escape
  // analysis here?  This case is found in math/unsafe.go and is
  // therefore worth special casing.
  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT)
    {
      Expression* e = expr;
      while (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_CONVERSION)
        {
          Type_conversion_expression* te
            = static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(e);
          e = te->expr();
        }

      if (e->classification() == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
        {
          Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(e);
          if (ue->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
            {
              if (e == expr)
                {
                  // *&x == x.
                  return ue->expr_;
                }
              ue->set_does_not_escape();
            }
        }
    }

  // Catching an invalid indirection of unsafe.Pointer here avoid
  // having to deal with TYPE_VOID in other places.
  if (op == OPERATOR_MULT && expr->type()->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
    {
      error_at(this->location(), "invalid indirect of %<unsafe.Pointer%>");
      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
    }

  if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS || op == OPERATOR_MINUS || op == OPERATOR_XOR)
    {
      Numeric_constant nc;
      if (expr->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
        {
          Numeric_constant result;
          if (Unary_expression::eval_constant(op, &nc, loc, &result))
            return result.expression(loc);
        }
    }

  return this;
}

// Return whether a unary expression is a constant.

bool
Unary_expression::do_is_constant() const
{
  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_MULT)
    {
      // Indirecting through a pointer is only constant if the object
      // to which the expression points is constant, but we currently
      // have no way to determine that.
      return false;
    }
  else if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
    {
      // Taking the address of a variable is constant if it is a
      // global variable, not constant otherwise.  In other cases
      // taking the address is probably not a constant.
      Var_expression* ve = this->expr_->var_expression();
      if (ve != NULL)
        {
          Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
          return no->is_variable() && no->var_value()->is_global();
        }
      return false;
    }
  else
    return this->expr_->is_constant();
}

// Apply unary opcode OP to UNC, setting NC.  Return true if this
// could be done, false if not.  Issue errors for overflow.

bool
Unary_expression::eval_constant(Operator op, const Numeric_constant* unc,
                                Location location, Numeric_constant* nc)
{
  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      *nc = *unc;
      return true;

    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      if (unc->is_int() || unc->is_rune())
        break;
      else if (unc->is_float())
        {
          mpfr_t uval;
          unc->get_float(&uval);
          mpfr_t val;
          mpfr_init(val);
          mpfr_neg(val, uval, GMP_RNDN);
          nc->set_float(unc->type(), val);
          mpfr_clear(uval);
          mpfr_clear(val);
          return true;
        }
      else if (unc->is_complex())
        {
          mpfr_t ureal, uimag;
          unc->get_complex(&ureal, &uimag);
          mpfr_t real, imag;
          mpfr_init(real);
          mpfr_init(imag);
          mpfr_neg(real, ureal, GMP_RNDN);
          mpfr_neg(imag, uimag, GMP_RNDN);
          nc->set_complex(unc->type(), real, imag);
          mpfr_clear(ureal);
          mpfr_clear(uimag);
          mpfr_clear(real);
          mpfr_clear(imag);
          return true;
        }
      else
        go_unreachable();

    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      break;

    case OPERATOR_NOT:
    case OPERATOR_AND:
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      return false;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  if (!unc->is_int() && !unc->is_rune())
    return false;

  mpz_t uval;
  if (unc->is_rune())
    unc->get_rune(&uval);
  else
    unc->get_int(&uval);
  mpz_t val;
  mpz_init(val);

  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      mpz_neg(val, uval);
      break;

    case OPERATOR_NOT:
      mpz_set_ui(val, mpz_cmp_si(uval, 0) == 0 ? 1 : 0);
      break;

    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      {
        Type* utype = unc->type();
        if (utype->integer_type() == NULL
            || utype->integer_type()->is_abstract())
          mpz_com(val, uval);
        else
          {
            // The number of HOST_WIDE_INTs that it takes to represent
            // UVAL.
            size_t count = ((mpz_sizeinbase(uval, 2)
                             + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT
                             - 1)
                            / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);

            unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT* phwi = new unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT[count];
            memset(phwi, 0, count * sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT));

            size_t obits = utype->integer_type()->bits();

            if (!utype->integer_type()->is_unsigned() && mpz_sgn(uval) < 0)
              {
                mpz_t adj;
                mpz_init_set_ui(adj, 1);
                mpz_mul_2exp(adj, adj, obits);
                mpz_add(uval, uval, adj);
                mpz_clear(adj);
              }

            size_t ecount;
            mpz_export(phwi, &ecount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, uval);
            go_assert(ecount <= count);

            // Trim down to the number of words required by the type.
            size_t ocount = ((obits + HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - 1)
                             / HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT);
            go_assert(ocount <= count);

            for (size_t i = 0; i < ocount; ++i)
              phwi[i] = ~phwi[i];

            size_t clearbits = ocount * HOST_BITS_PER_WIDE_INT - obits;
            if (clearbits != 0)
              phwi[ocount - 1] &= (((unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) (HOST_WIDE_INT) -1)
                                   >> clearbits);

            mpz_import(val, ocount, -1, sizeof(HOST_WIDE_INT), 0, 0, phwi);

            if (!utype->integer_type()->is_unsigned()
                && mpz_tstbit(val, obits - 1))
              {
                mpz_t adj;
                mpz_init_set_ui(adj, 1);
                mpz_mul_2exp(adj, adj, obits);
                mpz_sub(val, val, adj);
                mpz_clear(adj);
              }

            delete[] phwi;
          }
      }
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  if (unc->is_rune())
    nc->set_rune(NULL, val);
  else
    nc->set_int(NULL, val);

  mpz_clear(uval);
  mpz_clear(val);

  return nc->set_type(unc->type(), true, location);
}

// Return the integral constant value of a unary expression, if it has one.

bool
Unary_expression::do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
{
  Numeric_constant unc;
  if (!this->expr_->numeric_constant_value(&unc))
    return false;
  return Unary_expression::eval_constant(this->op_, &unc, this->location(),
                                         nc);
}

// Return the type of a unary expression.

Type*
Unary_expression::do_type()
{
  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
    case OPERATOR_NOT:
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      return this->expr_->type();

    case OPERATOR_AND:
      return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type());

    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      {
        Type* subtype = this->expr_->type();
        Type* points_to = subtype->points_to();
        if (points_to == NULL)
          return Type::make_error_type();
        return points_to;
      }

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Determine abstract types for a unary expression.

void
Unary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
    case OPERATOR_NOT:
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      this->expr_->determine_type(context);
      break;

    case OPERATOR_AND:
      // Taking the address of something.
      {
        Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
                         ? NULL
                         : context->type->points_to());
        Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
        this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
      }
      break;

    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      // Indirecting through a pointer.
      {
        Type* subtype = (context->type == NULL
                         ? NULL
                         : Type::make_pointer_type(context->type));
        Type_context subcontext(subtype, false);
        this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
      }
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Check types for a unary expression.

void
Unary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
  if (type->is_error())
    {
      this->set_is_error();
      return;
    }

  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
          && type->float_type() == NULL
          && type->complex_type() == NULL)
        this->report_error(_("expected numeric type"));
      break;

    case OPERATOR_NOT:
      if (!type->is_boolean_type())
        this->report_error(_("expected boolean type"));
      break;

    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
          && !type->is_boolean_type())
        this->report_error(_("expected integer or boolean type"));
      break;

    case OPERATOR_AND:
      if (!this->expr_->is_addressable())
        {
          if (!this->create_temp_)
            this->report_error(_("invalid operand for unary %<&%>"));
        }
      else
        this->expr_->address_taken(this->escapes_);
      break;

    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      // Indirecting through a pointer.
      if (type->points_to() == NULL)
        this->report_error(_("expected pointer"));
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Get a tree for a unary expression.

tree
Unary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Location loc = this->location();

  // Taking the address of a set-and-use-temporary expression requires
  // setting the temporary and then taking the address.
  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_AND)
    {
      Set_and_use_temporary_expression* sut =
        this->expr_->set_and_use_temporary_expression();
      if (sut != NULL)
        {
          Temporary_statement* temp = sut->temporary();
          Bvariable* bvar = temp->get_backend_variable(context);
          tree var_tree = var_to_tree(bvar);
          Expression* val = sut->expression();
          tree val_tree = val->get_tree(context);
          if (var_tree == error_mark_node || val_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          tree addr_tree = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(loc.gcc_location(),
                                                    var_tree);
          return build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
                            TREE_TYPE(addr_tree),
                            build2_loc(sut->location().gcc_location(),
                                       MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node,
                                       var_tree, val_tree),
                            addr_tree);
        }
    }

  tree expr = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
  if (expr == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      return expr;

    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      {
        tree type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
        tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
        if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
          expr = ::convert(compute_type, expr);
        tree ret = fold_build1_loc(loc.gcc_location(), NEGATE_EXPR,
                                   (compute_type != NULL_TREE
                                    ? compute_type
                                    : type),
                                   expr);
        if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
          ret = ::convert(type, ret);
        return ret;
      }

    case OPERATOR_NOT:
      if (TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(expr)) == BOOLEAN_TYPE)
        return fold_build1_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TRUTH_NOT_EXPR,
                               TREE_TYPE(expr), expr);
      else
        return fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), NE_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                               expr, build_int_cst(TREE_TYPE(expr), 0));

    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      return fold_build1_loc(loc.gcc_location(), BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(expr),
                             expr);

    case OPERATOR_AND:
      if (!this->create_temp_)
        {
          // We should not see a non-constant constructor here; cases
          // where we would see one should have been moved onto the
          // heap at parse time.  Taking the address of a nonconstant
          // constructor will not do what the programmer expects.
          go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != CONSTRUCTOR || TREE_CONSTANT(expr));
          go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr) != ADDR_EXPR);
        }

      // Build a decl for a constant constructor.
      if (TREE_CODE(expr) == CONSTRUCTOR && TREE_CONSTANT(expr))
        {
          tree decl = build_decl(this->location().gcc_location(), VAR_DECL,
                                 create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(expr));
          DECL_EXTERNAL(decl) = 0;
          TREE_PUBLIC(decl) = 0;
          TREE_READONLY(decl) = 1;
          TREE_CONSTANT(decl) = 1;
          TREE_STATIC(decl) = 1;
          TREE_ADDRESSABLE(decl) = 1;
          DECL_ARTIFICIAL(decl) = 1;
          DECL_INITIAL(decl) = expr;
          rest_of_decl_compilation(decl, 1, 0);
          expr = decl;
        }

      if (this->create_temp_
          && !TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(expr))
          && (TREE_CODE(expr) == CONST_DECL || !DECL_P(expr))
          && TREE_CODE(expr) != INDIRECT_REF
          && TREE_CODE(expr) != COMPONENT_REF)
        {
          if (current_function_decl != NULL)
            {
              tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(expr), get_name(expr));
              DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 1;
              DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = expr;
              TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
              return build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
                                build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(expr)),
                                build1_loc(loc.gcc_location(), DECL_EXPR,
                                           void_type_node, tmp),
                                build_fold_addr_expr_loc(loc.gcc_location(),
                                                         tmp));
            }
          else
            {
              tree tmp = build_decl(loc.gcc_location(), VAR_DECL,
                                    create_tmp_var_name("A"), TREE_TYPE(expr));
              DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
              TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
              TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
              DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
              TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
              tree make_tmp;
              if (!TREE_CONSTANT(expr))
                make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), INIT_EXPR,
                                           void_type_node, tmp, expr);
              else
                {
                  TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
                  TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
                  DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = expr;
                  make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
                }
              rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
              tree addr = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(loc.gcc_location(), tmp);
              if (make_tmp == NULL_TREE)
                return addr;
              return build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
                                TREE_TYPE(addr), make_tmp, addr);
            }
        }

      return build_fold_addr_expr_loc(loc.gcc_location(), expr);

    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      {
        go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(expr)));

        // If we are dereferencing the pointer to a large struct, we
        // need to check for nil.  We don't bother to check for small
        // structs because we expect the system to crash on a nil
        // pointer dereference.
        tree target_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(expr));
        if (!VOID_TYPE_P(target_type_tree))
          {
            HOST_WIDE_INT s = int_size_in_bytes(target_type_tree);
            if (s == -1 || s >= 4096)
              {
                if (!DECL_P(expr))
                  expr = save_expr(expr);
                tree compare = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), EQ_EXPR,
                                               boolean_type_node,
                                               expr,
                                               fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(expr),
                                                            null_pointer_node));
                tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_NIL_DEREFERENCE,
                                                 loc);
                expr = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
                                       TREE_TYPE(expr), build3(COND_EXPR,
                                                               void_type_node,
                                                               compare, crash,
                                                               NULL_TREE),
                                       expr);
              }
          }

        // If the type of EXPR is a recursive pointer type, then we
        // need to insert a cast before indirecting.
        if (VOID_TYPE_P(target_type_tree))
          {
            Type* pt = this->expr_->type()->points_to();
            tree ind = type_to_tree(pt->get_backend(context->gogo()));
            expr = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(),
                                    build_pointer_type(ind), expr);
          }

        return build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc.gcc_location(), expr);
      }

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Export a unary expression.

void
Unary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      exp->write_c_string("+ ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      exp->write_c_string("- ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_NOT:
      exp->write_c_string("! ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      exp->write_c_string("^ ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_AND:
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
  this->expr_->export_expression(exp);
}

// Import a unary expression.

Expression*
Unary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
{
  Operator op;
  switch (imp->get_char())
    {
    case '+':
      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
      break;
    case '-':
      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
      break;
    case '!':
      op = OPERATOR_NOT;
      break;
    case '^':
      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
  imp->require_c_string(" ");
  Expression* expr = Expression::import_expression(imp);
  return Expression::make_unary(op, expr, imp->location());
}

// Dump ast representation of an unary expression.

void
Unary_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_operator(this->op_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->expr_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ") ";
}

// Make a unary expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_unary(Operator op, Expression* expr, Location location)
{
  return new Unary_expression(op, expr, location);
}

// If this is an indirection through a pointer, return the expression
// being pointed through.  Otherwise return this.

Expression*
Expression::deref()
{
  if (this->classification_ == EXPRESSION_UNARY)
    {
      Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(this);
      if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
        return ue->operand();
    }
  return this;
}

// Class Binary_expression.

// Traversal.

int
Binary_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  int t = Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse);
  if (t == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return Expression::traverse(&this->right_, traverse);
}

// Return the type to use for a binary operation on operands of
// LEFT_TYPE and RIGHT_TYPE.  These are the types of constants and as
// such may be NULL or abstract.

bool
Binary_expression::operation_type(Operator op, Type* left_type,
                                  Type* right_type, Type** result_type)
{
  if (left_type != right_type
      && !left_type->is_abstract()
      && !right_type->is_abstract()
      && left_type->base() != right_type->base()
      && op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
      && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
    {
      // May be a type error--let it be diagnosed elsewhere.
      return false;
    }

  if (op == OPERATOR_LSHIFT || op == OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
    {
      if (left_type->integer_type() != NULL)
        *result_type = left_type;
      else
        *result_type = Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
    }
  else if (!left_type->is_abstract() && left_type->named_type() != NULL)
    *result_type = left_type;
  else if (!right_type->is_abstract() && right_type->named_type() != NULL)
    *result_type = right_type;
  else if (!left_type->is_abstract())
    *result_type = left_type;
  else if (!right_type->is_abstract())
    *result_type = right_type;
  else if (left_type->complex_type() != NULL)
    *result_type = left_type;
  else if (right_type->complex_type() != NULL)
    *result_type = right_type;
  else if (left_type->float_type() != NULL)
    *result_type = left_type;
  else if (right_type->float_type() != NULL)
    *result_type = right_type;
  else if (left_type->integer_type() != NULL
           && left_type->integer_type()->is_rune())
    *result_type = left_type;
  else if (right_type->integer_type() != NULL
           && right_type->integer_type()->is_rune())
    *result_type = right_type;
  else
    *result_type = left_type;

  return true;
}

// Convert an integer comparison code and an operator to a boolean
// value.

bool
Binary_expression::cmp_to_bool(Operator op, int cmp)
{
  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
      return cmp == 0;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
      return cmp != 0;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LT:
      return cmp < 0;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LE:
      return cmp <= 0;
    case OPERATOR_GT:
      return cmp > 0;
    case OPERATOR_GE:
      return cmp >= 0;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Compare constants according to OP.

bool
Binary_expression::compare_constant(Operator op, Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                                    Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                                    Location location, bool* result)
{
  Type* left_type = left_nc->type();
  Type* right_type = right_nc->type();

  Type* type;
  if (!Binary_expression::operation_type(op, left_type, right_type, &type))
    return false;

  // When comparing an untyped operand to a typed operand, we are
  // effectively coercing the untyped operand to the other operand's
  // type, so make sure that is valid.
  if (!left_nc->set_type(type, true, location)
      || !right_nc->set_type(type, true, location))
    return false;

  bool ret;
  int cmp;
  if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
    {
      if (op != OPERATOR_EQEQ && op != OPERATOR_NOTEQ)
        return false;
      ret = Binary_expression::compare_complex(left_nc, right_nc, &cmp);
    }
  else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
    ret = Binary_expression::compare_float(left_nc, right_nc, &cmp);
  else
    ret = Binary_expression::compare_integer(left_nc, right_nc, &cmp);

  if (ret)
    *result = Binary_expression::cmp_to_bool(op, cmp);

  return ret;
}

// Compare integer constants.

bool
Binary_expression::compare_integer(const Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                                   const Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                                   int* cmp)
{
  mpz_t left_val;
  if (!left_nc->to_int(&left_val))
    return false;
  mpz_t right_val;
  if (!right_nc->to_int(&right_val))
    {
      mpz_clear(left_val);
      return false;
    }

  *cmp = mpz_cmp(left_val, right_val);

  mpz_clear(left_val);
  mpz_clear(right_val);

  return true;
}

// Compare floating point constants.

bool
Binary_expression::compare_float(const Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                                 const Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                                 int* cmp)
{
  mpfr_t left_val;
  if (!left_nc->to_float(&left_val))
    return false;
  mpfr_t right_val;
  if (!right_nc->to_float(&right_val))
    {
      mpfr_clear(left_val);
      return false;
    }

  // We already coerced both operands to the same type.  If that type
  // is not an abstract type, we need to round the values accordingly.
  Type* type = left_nc->type();
  if (!type->is_abstract() && type->float_type() != NULL)
    {
      int bits = type->float_type()->bits();
      mpfr_prec_round(left_val, bits, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_prec_round(right_val, bits, GMP_RNDN);
    }

  *cmp = mpfr_cmp(left_val, right_val);

  mpfr_clear(left_val);
  mpfr_clear(right_val);

  return true;
}

// Compare complex constants.  Complex numbers may only be compared
// for equality.

bool
Binary_expression::compare_complex(const Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                                   const Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                                   int* cmp)
{
  mpfr_t left_real, left_imag;
  if (!left_nc->to_complex(&left_real, &left_imag))
    return false;
  mpfr_t right_real, right_imag;
  if (!right_nc->to_complex(&right_real, &right_imag))
    {
      mpfr_clear(left_real);
      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
      return false;
    }

  // We already coerced both operands to the same type.  If that type
  // is not an abstract type, we need to round the values accordingly.
  Type* type = left_nc->type();
  if (!type->is_abstract() && type->complex_type() != NULL)
    {
      int bits = type->complex_type()->bits();
      mpfr_prec_round(left_real, bits / 2, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_prec_round(left_imag, bits / 2, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_prec_round(right_real, bits / 2, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_prec_round(right_imag, bits / 2, GMP_RNDN);
    }

  *cmp = (mpfr_cmp(left_real, right_real) != 0
          || mpfr_cmp(left_imag, right_imag) != 0);

  mpfr_clear(left_real);
  mpfr_clear(left_imag);
  mpfr_clear(right_real);
  mpfr_clear(right_imag);

  return true;
}

// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_NC and RIGHT_NC, setting NC.  Return
// true if this could be done, false if not.  Issue errors at LOCATION
// as appropriate.

bool
Binary_expression::eval_constant(Operator op, Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                                 Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                                 Location location, Numeric_constant* nc)
{
  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_OROR:
    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
    case OPERATOR_LT:
    case OPERATOR_LE:
    case OPERATOR_GT:
    case OPERATOR_GE:
      // These return boolean values, not numeric.
      return false;
    default:
      break;
    }

  Type* left_type = left_nc->type();
  Type* right_type = right_nc->type();

  Type* type;
  if (!Binary_expression::operation_type(op, left_type, right_type, &type))
    return false;

  bool is_shift = op == OPERATOR_LSHIFT || op == OPERATOR_RSHIFT;

  // When combining an untyped operand with a typed operand, we are
  // effectively coercing the untyped operand to the other operand's
  // type, so make sure that is valid.
  if (!left_nc->set_type(type, true, location))
    return false;
  if (!is_shift && !right_nc->set_type(type, true, location))
    return false;

  bool r;
  if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
    r = Binary_expression::eval_complex(op, left_nc, right_nc, location, nc);
  else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
    r = Binary_expression::eval_float(op, left_nc, right_nc, location, nc);
  else
    r = Binary_expression::eval_integer(op, left_nc, right_nc, location, nc);

  if (r)
    r = nc->set_type(type, true, location);

  return r;
}

// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_NC and RIGHT_NC, setting NC, using
// integer operations.  Return true if this could be done, false if
// not.

bool
Binary_expression::eval_integer(Operator op, const Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                                const Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                                Location location, Numeric_constant* nc)
{
  mpz_t left_val;
  if (!left_nc->to_int(&left_val))
    return false;
  mpz_t right_val;
  if (!right_nc->to_int(&right_val))
    {
      mpz_clear(left_val);
      return false;
    }

  mpz_t val;
  mpz_init(val);

  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      mpz_add(val, left_val, right_val);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      mpz_sub(val, left_val, right_val);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_OR:
      mpz_ior(val, left_val, right_val);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      mpz_xor(val, left_val, right_val);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      mpz_mul(val, left_val, right_val);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_DIV:
      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
        mpz_tdiv_q(val, left_val, right_val);
      else
        {
          error_at(location, "division by zero");
          mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
        }
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MOD:
      if (mpz_sgn(right_val) != 0)
        mpz_tdiv_r(val, left_val, right_val);
      else
        {
          error_at(location, "division by zero");
          mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
        }
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
      {
        unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
        if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) == 0 && shift <= 0x100000)
          mpz_mul_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
        else
          {
            error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
            mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
          }
        break;
      }
      break;
    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
      {
        unsigned long shift = mpz_get_ui(right_val);
        if (mpz_cmp_ui(right_val, shift) != 0)
          {
            error_at(location, "shift count overflow");
            mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
          }
        else
          {
            if (mpz_cmp_ui(left_val, 0) >= 0)
              mpz_tdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
            else
              mpz_fdiv_q_2exp(val, left_val, shift);
          }
        break;
      }
      break;
    case OPERATOR_AND:
      mpz_and(val, left_val, right_val);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
      {
        mpz_t tval;
        mpz_init(tval);
        mpz_com(tval, right_val);
        mpz_and(val, left_val, tval);
        mpz_clear(tval);
      }
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  mpz_clear(left_val);
  mpz_clear(right_val);

  if (left_nc->is_rune()
      || (op != OPERATOR_LSHIFT
          && op != OPERATOR_RSHIFT
          && right_nc->is_rune()))
    nc->set_rune(NULL, val);
  else
    nc->set_int(NULL, val);

  mpz_clear(val);

  return true;
}

// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_NC and RIGHT_NC, setting NC, using
// floating point operations.  Return true if this could be done,
// false if not.

bool
Binary_expression::eval_float(Operator op, const Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                              const Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                              Location location, Numeric_constant* nc)
{
  mpfr_t left_val;
  if (!left_nc->to_float(&left_val))
    return false;
  mpfr_t right_val;
  if (!right_nc->to_float(&right_val))
    {
      mpfr_clear(left_val);
      return false;
    }

  mpfr_t val;
  mpfr_init(val);

  bool ret = true;
  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      mpfr_add(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      mpfr_sub(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_OR:
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
    case OPERATOR_AND:
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
    case OPERATOR_MOD:
    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
      mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
      ret = false;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      mpfr_mul(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_DIV:
      if (!mpfr_zero_p(right_val))
        mpfr_div(val, left_val, right_val, GMP_RNDN);
      else
        {
          error_at(location, "division by zero");
          mpfr_set_ui(val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
        }
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  mpfr_clear(left_val);
  mpfr_clear(right_val);

  nc->set_float(NULL, val);
  mpfr_clear(val);

  return ret;
}

// Apply binary opcode OP to LEFT_NC and RIGHT_NC, setting NC, using
// complex operations.  Return true if this could be done, false if
// not.

bool
Binary_expression::eval_complex(Operator op, const Numeric_constant* left_nc,
                                const Numeric_constant* right_nc,
                                Location location, Numeric_constant* nc)
{
  mpfr_t left_real, left_imag;
  if (!left_nc->to_complex(&left_real, &left_imag))
    return false;
  mpfr_t right_real, right_imag;
  if (!right_nc->to_complex(&right_real, &right_imag))
    {
      mpfr_clear(left_real);
      mpfr_clear(left_imag);
      return false;
    }

  mpfr_t real, imag;
  mpfr_init(real);
  mpfr_init(imag);

  bool ret = true;
  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      mpfr_add(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_add(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      mpfr_sub(real, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_sub(imag, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    case OPERATOR_OR:
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
    case OPERATOR_AND:
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
    case OPERATOR_MOD:
    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
      mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
      ret = false;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      {
        // You might think that multiplying two complex numbers would
        // be simple, and you would be right, until you start to think
        // about getting the right answer for infinity.  If one
        // operand here is infinity and the other is anything other
        // than zero or NaN, then we are going to wind up subtracting
        // two infinity values.  That will give us a NaN, but the
        // correct answer is infinity.

        mpfr_t lrrr;
        mpfr_init(lrrr);
        mpfr_mul(lrrr, left_real, right_real, GMP_RNDN);

        mpfr_t lrri;
        mpfr_init(lrri);
        mpfr_mul(lrri, left_real, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);

        mpfr_t lirr;
        mpfr_init(lirr);
        mpfr_mul(lirr, left_imag, right_real, GMP_RNDN);

        mpfr_t liri;
        mpfr_init(liri);
        mpfr_mul(liri, left_imag, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);

        mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);

        // If we get NaN on both sides, check whether it should really
        // be infinity.  The rule is that if either side of the
        // complex number is infinity, then the whole value is
        // infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the only case
        // we have to fix is the one in which both sides are NaN.
        if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
            && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
            && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
          {
            bool is_infinity = false;

            mpfr_t lr;
            mpfr_t li;
            mpfr_init_set(lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
            mpfr_init_set(li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);

            mpfr_t rr;
            mpfr_t ri;
            mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
            mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);

            // If the left side is infinity, then the result is
            // infinity.
            if (mpfr_inf_p(lr) || mpfr_inf_p(li))
              {
                mpfr_set_ui(lr, mpfr_inf_p(lr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_ui(li, mpfr_inf_p(li) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
                if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                is_infinity = true;
              }

            // If the right side is infinity, then the result is
            // infinity.
            if (mpfr_inf_p(rr) || mpfr_inf_p(ri))
              {
                mpfr_set_ui(rr, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_ui(ri, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
                if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                is_infinity = true;
              }

            // If we got an overflow in the intermediate computations,
            // then the result is infinity.
            if (!is_infinity
                && (mpfr_inf_p(lrrr) || mpfr_inf_p(lrri)
                    || mpfr_inf_p(lirr) || mpfr_inf_p(liri)))
              {
                if (mpfr_nan_p(lr))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(lr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(lr, lr, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                if (mpfr_nan_p(li))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(li, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(li, li, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                if (mpfr_nan_p(rr))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(rr, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(rr, rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                if (mpfr_nan_p(ri))
                  {
                    mpfr_set_ui(ri, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                    mpfr_copysign(ri, ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
                  }
                is_infinity = true;
              }

            if (is_infinity)
              {
                mpfr_mul(lrrr, lr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_mul(lrri, lr, ri, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_mul(lirr, li, rr, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_mul(liri, li, ri, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_sub(real, lrrr, liri, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_add(imag, lrri, lirr, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(real));
                mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(imag));
              }

            mpfr_clear(lr);
            mpfr_clear(li);
            mpfr_clear(rr);
            mpfr_clear(ri);
          }

        mpfr_clear(lrrr);
        mpfr_clear(lrri);
        mpfr_clear(lirr);
        mpfr_clear(liri);                                 
      }
      break;
    case OPERATOR_DIV:
      {
        // For complex division we want to avoid having an
        // intermediate overflow turn the whole result in a NaN.  We
        // scale the values to try to avoid this.

        if (mpfr_zero_p(right_real) && mpfr_zero_p(right_imag))
          {
            error_at(location, "division by zero");
            mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
            mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
            break;
          }

        mpfr_t rra;
        mpfr_t ria;
        mpfr_init(rra);
        mpfr_init(ria);
        mpfr_abs(rra, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_abs(ria, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_t t;
        mpfr_init(t);
        mpfr_max(t, rra, ria, GMP_RNDN);

        mpfr_t rr;
        mpfr_t ri;
        mpfr_init_set(rr, right_real, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_init_set(ri, right_imag, GMP_RNDN);
        long ilogbw = 0;
        if (!mpfr_inf_p(t) && !mpfr_nan_p(t) && !mpfr_zero_p(t))
          {
            ilogbw = mpfr_get_exp(t);
            mpfr_mul_2si(rr, rr, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
            mpfr_mul_2si(ri, ri, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);
          }

        mpfr_t denom;
        mpfr_init(denom);
        mpfr_mul(denom, rr, rr, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_mul(t, ri, ri, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_add(denom, denom, t, GMP_RNDN);

        mpfr_mul(real, left_real, rr, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_mul(t, left_imag, ri, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_add(real, real, t, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_div(real, real, denom, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_mul_2si(real, real, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);

        mpfr_mul(imag, left_imag, rr, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_mul(t, left_real, ri, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_sub(imag, imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_div(imag, imag, denom, GMP_RNDN);
        mpfr_mul_2si(imag, imag, - ilogbw, GMP_RNDN);

        // If we wind up with NaN on both sides, check whether we
        // should really have infinity.  The rule is that if either
        // side of the complex number is infinity, then the whole
        // value is infinity, even if the other side is NaN.  So the
        // only case we have to fix is the one in which both sides are
        // NaN.
        if (mpfr_nan_p(real) && mpfr_nan_p(imag)
            && (!mpfr_nan_p(left_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(left_imag))
            && (!mpfr_nan_p(right_real) || !mpfr_nan_p(right_imag)))
          {
            if (mpfr_zero_p(denom))
              {
                mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(rr));
                mpfr_mul(real, real, left_real, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(rr));
                mpfr_mul(imag, imag, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);
              }
            else if ((mpfr_inf_p(left_real) || mpfr_inf_p(left_imag))
                     && mpfr_number_p(rr) && mpfr_number_p(ri))
              {
                mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(left_real) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(t, t, left_real, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_t t2;
                mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(left_imag) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, left_imag, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_t t3;
                mpfr_init(t3);
                mpfr_mul(t3, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_t t4;
                mpfr_init(t4);
                mpfr_mul(t4, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_inf(real, mpfr_sgn(t3));

                mpfr_mul(t3, t2, rr, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_mul(t4, t, ri, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_inf(imag, mpfr_sgn(t3));

                mpfr_clear(t2);
                mpfr_clear(t3);
                mpfr_clear(t4);
              }
            else if ((mpfr_inf_p(right_real) || mpfr_inf_p(right_imag))
                     && mpfr_number_p(left_real) && mpfr_number_p(left_imag))
              {
                mpfr_set_ui(t, mpfr_inf_p(rr) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(t, t, rr, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_t t2;
                mpfr_init_set_ui(t2, mpfr_inf_p(ri) ? 1 : 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_copysign(t2, t2, ri, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_t t3;
                mpfr_init(t3);
                mpfr_mul(t3, left_real, t, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_t t4;
                mpfr_init(t4);
                mpfr_mul(t4, left_imag, t2, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_add(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_ui(real, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_mul(real, real, t3, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_mul(t3, left_imag, t, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_mul(t4, left_real, t2, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_sub(t3, t3, t4, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_set_ui(imag, 0, GMP_RNDN);
                mpfr_mul(imag, imag, t3, GMP_RNDN);

                mpfr_clear(t2);
                mpfr_clear(t3);
                mpfr_clear(t4);
              }
          }

        mpfr_clear(denom);
        mpfr_clear(rr);
        mpfr_clear(ri);
        mpfr_clear(t);
        mpfr_clear(rra);
        mpfr_clear(ria);
      }
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  mpfr_clear(left_real);
  mpfr_clear(left_imag);
  mpfr_clear(right_real);
  mpfr_clear(right_imag);

  nc->set_complex(NULL, real, imag);
  mpfr_clear(real);
  mpfr_clear(imag);

  return ret;
}

// Lower a binary expression.  We have to evaluate constant
// expressions now, in order to implement Go's unlimited precision
// constants.

Expression*
Binary_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*,
                            Statement_inserter* inserter, int)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  Operator op = this->op_;
  Expression* left = this->left_;
  Expression* right = this->right_;

  const bool is_comparison = (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ
                              || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
                              || op == OPERATOR_LT
                              || op == OPERATOR_LE
                              || op == OPERATOR_GT
                              || op == OPERATOR_GE);

  // Numeric constant expressions.
  {
    Numeric_constant left_nc;
    Numeric_constant right_nc;
    if (left->numeric_constant_value(&left_nc)
        && right->numeric_constant_value(&right_nc))
      {
        if (is_comparison)
          {
            bool result;
            if (!Binary_expression::compare_constant(op, &left_nc,
                                                     &right_nc, location,
                                                     &result))
              return this;
            return Expression::make_cast(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
                                         Expression::make_boolean(result,
                                                                  location),
                                         location);
          }
        else
          {
            Numeric_constant nc;
            if (!Binary_expression::eval_constant(op, &left_nc, &right_nc,
                                                  location, &nc))
              return this;
            return nc.expression(location);
          }
      }
  }

  // String constant expressions.
  if (left->type()->is_string_type() && right->type()->is_string_type())
    {
      std::string left_string;
      std::string right_string;
      if (left->string_constant_value(&left_string)
          && right->string_constant_value(&right_string))
        {
          if (op == OPERATOR_PLUS)
            return Expression::make_string(left_string + right_string,
                                           location);
          else if (is_comparison)
            {
              int cmp = left_string.compare(right_string);
              bool r = Binary_expression::cmp_to_bool(op, cmp);
              return Expression::make_cast(Type::lookup_bool_type(),
                                           Expression::make_boolean(r,
                                                                    location),
                                           location);
            }
        }
    }

  // Lower struct and array comparisons.
  if (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ)
    {
      if (left->type()->struct_type() != NULL)
        return this->lower_struct_comparison(gogo, inserter);
      else if (left->type()->array_type() != NULL
               && !left->type()->is_slice_type())
        return this->lower_array_comparison(gogo, inserter);
    }

  return this;
}

// Lower a struct comparison.

Expression*
Binary_expression::lower_struct_comparison(Gogo* gogo,
                                           Statement_inserter* inserter)
{
  Struct_type* st = this->left_->type()->struct_type();
  Struct_type* st2 = this->right_->type()->struct_type();
  if (st2 == NULL)
    return this;
  if (st != st2 && !Type::are_identical(st, st2, false, NULL))
    return this;
  if (!Type::are_compatible_for_comparison(true, this->left_->type(),
                                           this->right_->type(), NULL))
    return this;

  // See if we can compare using memcmp.  As a heuristic, we use
  // memcmp rather than field references and comparisons if there are
  // more than two fields.
  if (st->compare_is_identity(gogo) && st->total_field_count() > 2)
    return this->lower_compare_to_memcmp(gogo, inserter);

  Location loc = this->location();

  Expression* left = this->left_;
  Temporary_statement* left_temp = NULL;
  if (left->var_expression() == NULL
      && left->temporary_reference_expression() == NULL)
    {
      left_temp = Statement::make_temporary(left->type(), NULL, loc);
      inserter->insert(left_temp);
      left = Expression::make_set_and_use_temporary(left_temp, left, loc);
    }

  Expression* right = this->right_;
  Temporary_statement* right_temp = NULL;
  if (right->var_expression() == NULL
      && right->temporary_reference_expression() == NULL)
    {
      right_temp = Statement::make_temporary(right->type(), NULL, loc);
      inserter->insert(right_temp);
      right = Expression::make_set_and_use_temporary(right_temp, right, loc);
    }

  Expression* ret = Expression::make_boolean(true, loc);
  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
  unsigned int field_index = 0;
  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
       pf != fields->end();
       ++pf, ++field_index)
    {
      if (field_index > 0)
        {
          if (left_temp == NULL)
            left = left->copy();
          else
            left = Expression::make_temporary_reference(left_temp, loc);
          if (right_temp == NULL)
            right = right->copy();
          else
            right = Expression::make_temporary_reference(right_temp, loc);
        }
      Expression* f1 = Expression::make_field_reference(left, field_index,
                                                        loc);
      Expression* f2 = Expression::make_field_reference(right, field_index,
                                                        loc);
      Expression* cond = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_EQEQ, f1, f2, loc);
      ret = Expression::make_binary(OPERATOR_ANDAND, ret, cond, loc);
    }

  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ)
    ret = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, ret, loc);

  return ret;
}

// Lower an array comparison.

Expression*
Binary_expression::lower_array_comparison(Gogo* gogo,
                                          Statement_inserter* inserter)
{
  Array_type* at = this->left_->type()->array_type();
  Array_type* at2 = this->right_->type()->array_type();
  if (at2 == NULL)
    return this;
  if (at != at2 && !Type::are_identical(at, at2, false, NULL))
    return this;
  if (!Type::are_compatible_for_comparison(true, this->left_->type(),
                                           this->right_->type(), NULL))
    return this;

  // Call memcmp directly if possible.  This may let the middle-end
  // optimize the call.
  if (at->compare_is_identity(gogo))
    return this->lower_compare_to_memcmp(gogo, inserter);

  // Call the array comparison function.
  Named_object* hash_fn;
  Named_object* equal_fn;
  at->type_functions(gogo, this->left_->type()->named_type(), NULL, NULL,
                     &hash_fn, &equal_fn);

  Location loc = this->location();

  Expression* func = Expression::make_func_reference(equal_fn, NULL, loc);

  Expression_list* args = new Expression_list();
  args->push_back(this->operand_address(inserter, this->left_));
  args->push_back(this->operand_address(inserter, this->right_));
  args->push_back(Expression::make_type_info(at, TYPE_INFO_SIZE));

  Expression* ret = Expression::make_call(func, args, false, loc);

  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ)
    ret = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_NOT, ret, loc);

  return ret;
}

// Lower a struct or array comparison to a call to memcmp.

Expression*
Binary_expression::lower_compare_to_memcmp(Gogo*, Statement_inserter* inserter)
{
  Location loc = this->location();

  Expression* a1 = this->operand_address(inserter, this->left_);
  Expression* a2 = this->operand_address(inserter, this->right_);
  Expression* len = Expression::make_type_info(this->left_->type(),
                                               TYPE_INFO_SIZE);

  Expression* call = Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MEMCMP, loc, 3, a1, a2, len);

  mpz_t zval;
  mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0);
  Expression* zero = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
  mpz_clear(zval);

  return Expression::make_binary(this->op_, call, zero, loc);
}

// Return the address of EXPR, cast to unsafe.Pointer.

Expression*
Binary_expression::operand_address(Statement_inserter* inserter,
                                   Expression* expr)
{
  Location loc = this->location();

  if (!expr->is_addressable())
    {
      Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary(expr->type(), NULL,
                                                            loc);
      inserter->insert(temp);
      expr = Expression::make_set_and_use_temporary(temp, expr, loc);
    }
  expr = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, expr, loc);
  static_cast<Unary_expression*>(expr)->set_does_not_escape();
  Type* void_type = Type::make_void_type();
  Type* unsafe_pointer_type = Type::make_pointer_type(void_type);
  return Expression::make_cast(unsafe_pointer_type, expr, loc);
}

// Return the numeric constant value, if it has one.

bool
Binary_expression::do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
{
  Numeric_constant left_nc;
  if (!this->left_->numeric_constant_value(&left_nc))
    return false;
  Numeric_constant right_nc;
  if (!this->right_->numeric_constant_value(&right_nc))
    return false;
  return Binary_expression::eval_constant(this->op_, &left_nc, &right_nc,
                                          this->location(), nc);
}

// Note that the value is being discarded.

void
Binary_expression::do_discarding_value()
{
  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_OROR || this->op_ == OPERATOR_ANDAND)
    this->right_->discarding_value();
  else
    this->unused_value_error();
}

// Get type.

Type*
Binary_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
    return Type::make_error_type();

  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_OROR:
    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
    case OPERATOR_LT:
    case OPERATOR_LE:
    case OPERATOR_GT:
    case OPERATOR_GE:
      return Type::lookup_bool_type();

    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
    case OPERATOR_OR:
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
    case OPERATOR_DIV:
    case OPERATOR_MOD:
    case OPERATOR_AND:
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
      {
        Type* type;
        if (!Binary_expression::operation_type(this->op_,
                                               this->left_->type(),
                                               this->right_->type(),
                                               &type))
          return Type::make_error_type();
        return type;
      }

    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
      return this->left_->type();

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Set type for a binary expression.

void
Binary_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  Type* tleft = this->left_->type();
  Type* tright = this->right_->type();

  // Both sides should have the same type, except for the shift
  // operations.  For a comparison, we should ignore the incoming
  // type.

  bool is_shift_op = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_LSHIFT
                      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT);

  bool is_comparison = (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
                        || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
                        || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
                        || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
                        || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
                        || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE);

  Type_context subcontext(*context);

  if (is_comparison)
    {
      // In a comparison, the context does not determine the types of
      // the operands.
      subcontext.type = NULL;
    }

  // Set the context for the left hand operand.
  if (is_shift_op)
    {
      // The right hand operand of a shift plays no role in
      // determining the type of the left hand operand.
    }
  else if (!tleft->is_abstract())
    subcontext.type = tleft;
  else if (!tright->is_abstract())
    subcontext.type = tright;
  else if (subcontext.type == NULL)
    {
      if ((tleft->integer_type() != NULL && tright->integer_type() != NULL)
          || (tleft->float_type() != NULL && tright->float_type() != NULL)
          || (tleft->complex_type() != NULL && tright->complex_type() != NULL))
        {
          // Both sides have an abstract integer, abstract float, or
          // abstract complex type.  Just let CONTEXT determine
          // whether they may remain abstract or not.
        }
      else if (tleft->complex_type() != NULL)
        subcontext.type = tleft;
      else if (tright->complex_type() != NULL)
        subcontext.type = tright;
      else if (tleft->float_type() != NULL)
        subcontext.type = tleft;
      else if (tright->float_type() != NULL)
        subcontext.type = tright;
      else
        subcontext.type = tleft;

      if (subcontext.type != NULL && !context->may_be_abstract)
        subcontext.type = subcontext.type->make_non_abstract_type();
    }

  this->left_->determine_type(&subcontext);

  if (is_shift_op)
    {
      // We may have inherited an unusable type for the shift operand.
      // Give a useful error if that happened.
      if (tleft->is_abstract()
          && subcontext.type != NULL
          && (this->left_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
              || (subcontext.type->integer_type() == NULL
                  && subcontext.type->float_type() == NULL
                  && subcontext.type->complex_type() == NULL)))
        this->report_error(("invalid context-determined non-integer type "
                            "for shift operand"));

      // The context for the right hand operand is the same as for the
      // left hand operand, except for a shift operator.
      subcontext.type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint");
      subcontext.may_be_abstract = false;
    }

  this->right_->determine_type(&subcontext);
}

// Report an error if the binary operator OP does not support TYPE.
// OTYPE is the type of the other operand.  Return whether the
// operation is OK.  This should not be used for shift.

bool
Binary_expression::check_operator_type(Operator op, Type* type, Type* otype,
                                       Location location)
{
  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_OROR:
    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
      if (!type->is_boolean_type())
        {
          error_at(location, "expected boolean type");
          return false;
        }
      break;

    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
      {
        std::string reason;
        if (!Type::are_compatible_for_comparison(true, type, otype, &reason))
          {
            error_at(location, "%s", reason.c_str());
            return false;
          }
      }
      break;

    case OPERATOR_LT:
    case OPERATOR_LE:
    case OPERATOR_GT:
    case OPERATOR_GE:
      {
        std::string reason;
        if (!Type::are_compatible_for_comparison(false, type, otype, &reason))
          {
            error_at(location, "%s", reason.c_str());
            return false;
          }
      }
      break;

    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
    case OPERATOR_PLUSEQ:
      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
          && type->float_type() == NULL
          && type->complex_type() == NULL
          && !type->is_string_type())
        {
          error_at(location,
                   "expected integer, floating, complex, or string type");
          return false;
        }
      break;

    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
    case OPERATOR_MINUSEQ:
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
    case OPERATOR_MULTEQ:
    case OPERATOR_DIV:
    case OPERATOR_DIVEQ:
      if (type->integer_type() == NULL
          && type->float_type() == NULL
          && type->complex_type() == NULL)
        {
          error_at(location, "expected integer, floating, or complex type");
          return false;
        }
      break;

    case OPERATOR_MOD:
    case OPERATOR_MODEQ:
    case OPERATOR_OR:
    case OPERATOR_OREQ:
    case OPERATOR_AND:
    case OPERATOR_ANDEQ:
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
    case OPERATOR_XOREQ:
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAREQ:
      if (type->integer_type() == NULL)
        {
          error_at(location, "expected integer type");
          return false;
        }
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  return true;
}

// Check types.

void
Binary_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
    return;

  Type* left_type = this->left_->type();
  Type* right_type = this->right_->type();
  if (left_type->is_error() || right_type->is_error())
    {
      this->set_is_error();
      return;
    }

  if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_EQEQ
      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_NOTEQ
      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LT
      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_LE
      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GT
      || this->op_ == OPERATOR_GE)
    {
      if (!Type::are_assignable(left_type, right_type, NULL)
          && !Type::are_assignable(right_type, left_type, NULL))
        {
          this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
          return;
        }
      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
                                                  right_type,
                                                  this->location())
          || !Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, right_type,
                                                     left_type,
                                                     this->location()))
        {
          this->set_is_error();
          return;
        }
    }
  else if (this->op_ != OPERATOR_LSHIFT && this->op_ != OPERATOR_RSHIFT)
    {
      if (!Type::are_compatible_for_binop(left_type, right_type))
        {
          this->report_error(_("incompatible types in binary expression"));
          return;
        }
      if (!Binary_expression::check_operator_type(this->op_, left_type,
                                                  right_type,
                                                  this->location()))
        {
          this->set_is_error();
          return;
        }
    }
  else
    {
      if (left_type->integer_type() == NULL)
        this->report_error(_("shift of non-integer operand"));

      if (!right_type->is_abstract()
          && (right_type->integer_type() == NULL
              || !right_type->integer_type()->is_unsigned()))
        this->report_error(_("shift count not unsigned integer"));
      else
        {
          Numeric_constant nc;
          if (this->right_->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
            {
              mpz_t val;
              if (!nc.to_int(&val))
                this->report_error(_("shift count not unsigned integer"));
              else
                {
                  if (mpz_sgn(val) < 0)
                    {
                      this->report_error(_("negative shift count"));
                      mpz_set_ui(val, 0);
                      Location rloc = this->right_->location();
                      this->right_ = Expression::make_integer(&val, right_type,
                                                              rloc);
                    }
                  mpz_clear(val);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// Get a tree for a binary expression.

tree
Binary_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  tree left = this->left_->get_tree(context);
  tree right = this->right_->get_tree(context);

  if (left == error_mark_node || right == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  enum tree_code code;
  bool use_left_type = true;
  bool is_shift_op = false;
  bool is_idiv_op = false;
  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
    case OPERATOR_LT:
    case OPERATOR_LE:
    case OPERATOR_GT:
    case OPERATOR_GE:
      return Expression::comparison_tree(context, this->op_,
                                         this->left_->type(), left,
                                         this->right_->type(), right,
                                         this->location());

    case OPERATOR_OROR:
      code = TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR;
      use_left_type = false;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
      code = TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR;
      use_left_type = false;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      code = PLUS_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      code = MINUS_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_OR:
      code = BIT_IOR_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      code = BIT_XOR_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      code = MULT_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_DIV:
      {
        Type *t = this->left_->type();
        if (t->float_type() != NULL || t->complex_type() != NULL)
          code = RDIV_EXPR;
        else
          {
            code = TRUNC_DIV_EXPR;
            is_idiv_op = true;
          }
      }
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MOD:
      code = TRUNC_MOD_EXPR;
      is_idiv_op = true;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
      code = LSHIFT_EXPR;
      is_shift_op = true;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
      code = RSHIFT_EXPR;
      is_shift_op = true;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_AND:
      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
      right = fold_build1(BIT_NOT_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(right), right);
      code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  location_t gccloc = this->location().gcc_location();
  tree type = use_left_type ? TREE_TYPE(left) : TREE_TYPE(right);

  if (this->left_->type()->is_string_type())
    {
      go_assert(this->op_ == OPERATOR_PLUS);
      Type* st = Type::make_string_type();
      tree string_type = type_to_tree(st->get_backend(context->gogo()));
      static tree string_plus_decl;
      return Gogo::call_builtin(&string_plus_decl,
                                this->location(),
                                "__go_string_plus",
                                2,
                                string_type,
                                string_type,
                                left,
                                string_type,
                                right);
    }

  tree compute_type = excess_precision_type(type);
  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
    {
      left = ::convert(compute_type, left);
      right = ::convert(compute_type, right);
    }

  tree eval_saved = NULL_TREE;
  if (is_shift_op
      || (is_idiv_op && (go_check_divide_zero || go_check_divide_overflow)))
    {
      // Make sure the values are evaluated.
      if (!DECL_P(left))
        {
          left = save_expr(left);
          eval_saved = left;
        }
      if (!DECL_P(right))
        {
          right = save_expr(right);
          if (eval_saved == NULL_TREE)
            eval_saved = right;
          else
            eval_saved = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, COMPOUND_EXPR,
                                         void_type_node, eval_saved, right);
        }
    }

  tree ret = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, code,
                             compute_type != NULL_TREE ? compute_type : type,
                             left, right);

  if (compute_type != NULL_TREE)
    ret = ::convert(type, ret);

  // In Go, a shift larger than the size of the type is well-defined.
  // This is not true in GENERIC, so we need to insert a conditional.
  if (is_shift_op)
    {
      go_assert(INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left)));
      go_assert(this->left_->type()->integer_type() != NULL);
      int bits = TYPE_PRECISION(TREE_TYPE(left));

      tree compare = fold_build2(LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node, right,
                                 build_int_cst_type(TREE_TYPE(right), bits));

      tree overflow_result = fold_convert_loc(gccloc, TREE_TYPE(left),
                                              integer_zero_node);
      if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_RSHIFT
          && !this->left_->type()->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
        {
          tree neg =
            fold_build2_loc(gccloc, LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                            left,
                            fold_convert_loc(gccloc, TREE_TYPE(left),
                                             integer_zero_node));
          tree neg_one =
            fold_build2_loc(gccloc, MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
                            fold_convert_loc(gccloc, TREE_TYPE(left),
                                             integer_zero_node),
                            fold_convert_loc(gccloc, TREE_TYPE(left),
                                             integer_one_node));
          overflow_result =
            fold_build3_loc(gccloc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
                            neg, neg_one, overflow_result);
        }

      ret = fold_build3_loc(gccloc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
                            compare, ret, overflow_result);

      if (eval_saved != NULL_TREE)
        ret = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                              eval_saved, ret);
    }

  // Add checks for division by zero and division overflow as needed.
  if (is_idiv_op)
    {
      if (go_check_divide_zero)
        {
          // right == 0
          tree check = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                                       right,
                                       fold_convert_loc(gccloc,
                                                        TREE_TYPE(right),
                                                        integer_zero_node));

          // __go_runtime_error(RUNTIME_ERROR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO), 0
          int errcode = RUNTIME_ERROR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO;
          tree panic = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                       Gogo::runtime_error(errcode,
                                                           this->location()),
                                       fold_convert_loc(gccloc, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                                        integer_zero_node));

          // right == 0 ? (__go_runtime_error(...), 0) : ret
          ret = fold_build3_loc(gccloc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                check, panic, ret);
        }

      if (go_check_divide_overflow)
        {
          // right == -1
          // FIXME: It would be nice to say that this test is expected
          // to return false.
          tree m1 = integer_minus_one_node;
          tree check = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                                       right,
                                       fold_convert_loc(gccloc,
                                                        TREE_TYPE(right),
                                                        m1));

          tree overflow;
          if (TYPE_UNSIGNED(TREE_TYPE(ret)))
            {
              // An unsigned -1 is the largest possible number, so
              // dividing is always 1 or 0.
              tree cmp = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                                         left, right);
              if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_DIV)
                overflow = fold_build3_loc(gccloc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                           cmp,
                                           fold_convert_loc(gccloc,
                                                            TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                                            integer_one_node),
                                           fold_convert_loc(gccloc,
                                                            TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                                            integer_zero_node));
              else
                overflow = fold_build3_loc(gccloc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                           cmp,
                                           fold_convert_loc(gccloc,
                                                            TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                                            integer_zero_node),
                                           left);
            }
          else
            {
              // Computing left / -1 is the same as computing - left,
              // which does not overflow since Go sets -fwrapv.
              if (this->op_ == OPERATOR_DIV)
                overflow = fold_build1_loc(gccloc, NEGATE_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left),
                                           left);
              else
                overflow = integer_zero_node;
            }
          overflow = fold_convert_loc(gccloc, TREE_TYPE(ret), overflow);

          // right == -1 ? - left : ret
          ret = fold_build3_loc(gccloc, COND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                                check, overflow, ret);
        }

      if (eval_saved != NULL_TREE)
        ret = fold_build2_loc(gccloc, COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                              eval_saved, ret);
    }

  return ret;
}

// Export a binary expression.

void
Binary_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  exp->write_c_string("(");
  this->left_->export_expression(exp);
  switch (this->op_)
    {
    case OPERATOR_OROR:
      exp->write_c_string(" || ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_ANDAND:
      exp->write_c_string(" && ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
      exp->write_c_string(" == ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
      exp->write_c_string(" != ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LT:
      exp->write_c_string(" < ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LE:
      exp->write_c_string(" <= ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_GT:
      exp->write_c_string(" > ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_GE:
      exp->write_c_string(" >= ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_PLUS:
      exp->write_c_string(" + ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MINUS:
      exp->write_c_string(" - ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_OR:
      exp->write_c_string(" | ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_XOR:
      exp->write_c_string(" ^ ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MULT:
      exp->write_c_string(" * ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_DIV:
      exp->write_c_string(" / ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_MOD:
      exp->write_c_string(" % ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LSHIFT:
      exp->write_c_string(" << ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_RSHIFT:
      exp->write_c_string(" >> ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_AND:
      exp->write_c_string(" & ");
      break;
    case OPERATOR_BITCLEAR:
      exp->write_c_string(" &^ ");
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
  this->right_->export_expression(exp);
  exp->write_c_string(")");
}

// Import a binary expression.

Expression*
Binary_expression::do_import(Import* imp)
{
  imp->require_c_string("(");

  Expression* left = Expression::import_expression(imp);

  Operator op;
  if (imp->match_c_string(" || "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_OROR;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" && "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_ANDAND;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" == "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_EQEQ;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" != "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_NOTEQ;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" < "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_LT;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" <= "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_LE;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" > "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_GT;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >= "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_GE;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" + "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_PLUS;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" - "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_MINUS;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" | "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_OR;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" ^ "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_XOR;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" * "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_MULT;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" / "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_DIV;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" % "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_MOD;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" << "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_LSHIFT;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" >> "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_RSHIFT;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" & "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_AND;
      imp->advance(3);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string(" &^ "))
    {
      op = OPERATOR_BITCLEAR;
      imp->advance(4);
    }
  else
    {
      error_at(imp->location(), "unrecognized binary operator");
      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
    }

  Expression* right = Expression::import_expression(imp);

  imp->require_c_string(")");

  return Expression::make_binary(op, left, right, imp->location());
}

// Dump ast representation of a binary expression.

void
Binary_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->left_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << " ";
  ast_dump_context->dump_operator(this->op_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << " ";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->right_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ") ";
}

// Make a binary expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_binary(Operator op, Expression* left, Expression* right,
                        Location location)
{
  return new Binary_expression(op, left, right, location);
}

// Implement a comparison.

tree
Expression::comparison_tree(Translate_context* context, Operator op,
                            Type* left_type, tree left_tree,
                            Type* right_type, tree right_tree,
                            Location location)
{
  enum tree_code code;
  switch (op)
    {
    case OPERATOR_EQEQ:
      code = EQ_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_NOTEQ:
      code = NE_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LT:
      code = LT_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_LE:
      code = LE_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_GT:
      code = GT_EXPR;
      break;
    case OPERATOR_GE:
      code = GE_EXPR;
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  if (left_type->is_string_type() && right_type->is_string_type())
    {
      Type* st = Type::make_string_type();
      tree string_type = type_to_tree(st->get_backend(context->gogo()));
      static tree string_compare_decl;
      left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&string_compare_decl,
                                     location,
                                     "__go_strcmp",
                                     2,
                                     integer_type_node,
                                     string_type,
                                     left_tree,
                                     string_type,
                                     right_tree);
      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
    }
  else if ((left_type->interface_type() != NULL
            && right_type->interface_type() == NULL
            && !right_type->is_nil_type())
           || (left_type->interface_type() == NULL
               && !left_type->is_nil_type()
               && right_type->interface_type() != NULL))
    {
      // Comparing an interface value to a non-interface value.
      if (left_type->interface_type() == NULL)
        {
          std::swap(left_type, right_type);
          std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
        }

      // The right operand is not an interface.  We need to take its
      // address if it is not a pointer.
      tree make_tmp;
      tree arg;
      if (right_type->points_to() != NULL)
        {
          make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
          arg = right_tree;
        }
      else if (TREE_ADDRESSABLE(TREE_TYPE(right_tree))
               || (TREE_CODE(right_tree) != CONST_DECL
                   && DECL_P(right_tree)))
        {
          make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
          arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location.gcc_location(), right_tree);
          if (DECL_P(right_tree))
            TREE_ADDRESSABLE(right_tree) = 1;
        }
      else
        {
          tree tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
                                    get_name(right_tree));
          DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
          DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = right_tree;
          TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
          make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
          SET_EXPR_LOCATION(make_tmp, location.gcc_location());
          arg = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location.gcc_location(), tmp);
        }
      arg = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), ptr_type_node, arg);

      tree descriptor = right_type->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo(),
                                                            location);

      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
        {
          static tree empty_interface_value_compare_decl;
          left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_value_compare_decl,
                                         location,
                                         "__go_empty_interface_value_compare",
                                         3,
                                         integer_type_node,
                                         TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
                                         left_tree,
                                         TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
                                         descriptor,
                                         ptr_type_node,
                                         arg);
          if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
          TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
        }
      else
        {
          static tree interface_value_compare_decl;
          left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_value_compare_decl,
                                         location,
                                         "__go_interface_value_compare",
                                         3,
                                         integer_type_node,
                                         TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
                                         left_tree,
                                         TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
                                         descriptor,
                                         ptr_type_node,
                                         arg);
          if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          // This can panic if the type is not comparable.
          TREE_NOTHROW(interface_value_compare_decl) = 0;
        }
      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);

      if (make_tmp != NULL_TREE)
        left_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(left_tree), make_tmp,
                           left_tree);
    }
  else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL
           && right_type->interface_type() != NULL)
    {
      if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty()
          && right_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
        {
          static tree empty_interface_compare_decl;
          left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&empty_interface_compare_decl,
                                         location,
                                         "__go_empty_interface_compare",
                                         2,
                                         integer_type_node,
                                         TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
                                         left_tree,
                                         TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
                                         right_tree);
          if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
          TREE_NOTHROW(empty_interface_compare_decl) = 0;
        }
      else if (!left_type->interface_type()->is_empty()
               && !right_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
        {
          static tree interface_compare_decl;
          left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_compare_decl,
                                         location,
                                         "__go_interface_compare",
                                         2,
                                         integer_type_node,
                                         TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
                                         left_tree,
                                         TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
                                         right_tree);
          if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
          TREE_NOTHROW(interface_compare_decl) = 0;
        }
      else
        {
          if (left_type->interface_type()->is_empty())
            {
              go_assert(op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ);
              std::swap(left_type, right_type);
              std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
            }
          go_assert(!left_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
          go_assert(right_type->interface_type()->is_empty());
          static tree interface_empty_compare_decl;
          left_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&interface_empty_compare_decl,
                                         location,
                                         "__go_interface_empty_compare",
                                         2,
                                         integer_type_node,
                                         TREE_TYPE(left_tree),
                                         left_tree,
                                         TREE_TYPE(right_tree),
                                         right_tree);
          if (left_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          // This can panic if the type is uncomparable.
          TREE_NOTHROW(interface_empty_compare_decl) = 0;
        }

      right_tree = build_int_cst_type(integer_type_node, 0);
    }

  if (left_type->is_nil_type()
      && (op == OPERATOR_EQEQ || op == OPERATOR_NOTEQ))
    {
      std::swap(left_type, right_type);
      std::swap(left_tree, right_tree);
    }

  if (right_type->is_nil_type())
    {
      if (left_type->array_type() != NULL
          && left_type->array_type()->length() == NULL)
        {
          Array_type* at = left_type->array_type();
          left_tree = at->value_pointer_tree(context->gogo(), left_tree);
          right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
        }
      else if (left_type->interface_type() != NULL)
        {
          // An interface is nil if the first field is nil.
          tree left_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(left_tree);
          go_assert(TREE_CODE(left_type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);
          tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(left_type_tree);
          left_tree = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), left_tree,
                             field, NULL_TREE);
          right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
        }
      else
        {
          go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(left_tree)));
          right_tree = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(left_tree), null_pointer_node);
        }
    }

  if (left_tree == error_mark_node || right_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree ret = fold_build2(code, boolean_type_node, left_tree, right_tree);
  if (CAN_HAVE_LOCATION_P(ret))
    SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location.gcc_location());
  return ret;
}

// Class Bound_method_expression.

// Traversal.

int
Bound_method_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
}

// Return the type of a bound method expression.  The type of this
// object is really the type of the method with no receiver.  We
// should be able to get away with just returning the type of the
// method.

Type*
Bound_method_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->method_->is_function())
    return this->method_->func_value()->type();
  else if (this->method_->is_function_declaration())
    return this->method_->func_declaration_value()->type();
  else
    return Type::make_error_type();
}

// Determine the types of a method expression.

void
Bound_method_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  Function_type* fntype = this->type()->function_type();
  if (fntype == NULL || !fntype->is_method())
    this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
  else
    {
      Type_context subcontext(fntype->receiver()->type(), false);
      this->expr_->determine_type(&subcontext);
    }
}

// Check the types of a method expression.

void
Bound_method_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (!this->method_->is_function()
      && !this->method_->is_function_declaration())
    this->report_error(_("object is not a method"));
  else
    {
      Type* rtype = this->type()->function_type()->receiver()->type()->deref();
      Type* etype = (this->expr_type_ != NULL
                     ? this->expr_type_
                     : this->expr_->type());
      etype = etype->deref();
      if (!Type::are_identical(rtype, etype, true, NULL))
        this->report_error(_("method type does not match object type"));
    }
}

// Get the tree for a method expression.  There is no standard tree
// representation for this.  The only places it may currently be used
// are in a Call_expression or a Go_statement, which will take it
// apart directly.  So this has nothing to do at present.

tree
Bound_method_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
{
  error_at(this->location(), "reference to method other than calling it");
  return error_mark_node;
}

// Dump ast representation of a bound method expression.

void
Bound_method_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context)
    const
{
  if (this->expr_type_ != NULL)
    ast_dump_context->ostream() << "(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->expr_); 
  if (this->expr_type_ != NULL) 
    {
      ast_dump_context->ostream() << ":";
      ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->expr_type_);
      ast_dump_context->ostream() << ")";
    }
    
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "." << this->method_->name();
}

// Make a method expression.

Bound_method_expression*
Expression::make_bound_method(Expression* expr, Named_object* method,
                              Location location)
{
  return new Bound_method_expression(expr, method, location);
}

// Class Builtin_call_expression.  This is used for a call to a
// builtin function.

class Builtin_call_expression : public Call_expression
{
 public:
  Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo, Expression* fn, Expression_list* args,
                          bool is_varargs, Location location);

 protected:
  // This overrides Call_expression::do_lower.
  Expression*
  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int);

  bool
  do_is_constant() const;

  bool
  do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant*) const;

  void
  do_discarding_value();

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Builtin_call_expression(this->gogo_, this->fn()->copy(),
                                       this->args()->copy(),
                                       this->is_varargs(),
                                       this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  virtual bool
  do_is_recover_call() const;

  virtual void
  do_set_recover_arg(Expression*);

 private:
  // The builtin functions.
  enum Builtin_function_code
    {
      BUILTIN_INVALID,

      // Predeclared builtin functions.
      BUILTIN_APPEND,
      BUILTIN_CAP,
      BUILTIN_CLOSE,
      BUILTIN_COMPLEX,
      BUILTIN_COPY,
      BUILTIN_DELETE,
      BUILTIN_IMAG,
      BUILTIN_LEN,
      BUILTIN_MAKE,
      BUILTIN_NEW,
      BUILTIN_PANIC,
      BUILTIN_PRINT,
      BUILTIN_PRINTLN,
      BUILTIN_REAL,
      BUILTIN_RECOVER,

      // Builtin functions from the unsafe package.
      BUILTIN_ALIGNOF,
      BUILTIN_OFFSETOF,
      BUILTIN_SIZEOF
    };

  Expression*
  one_arg() const;

  bool
  check_one_arg();

  static Type*
  real_imag_type(Type*);

  static Type*
  complex_type(Type*);

  Expression*
  lower_make();

  bool
  check_int_value(Expression*);

  // A pointer back to the general IR structure.  This avoids a global
  // variable, or passing it around everywhere.
  Gogo* gogo_;
  // The builtin function being called.
  Builtin_function_code code_;
  // Used to stop endless loops when the length of an array uses len
  // or cap of the array itself.
  mutable bool seen_;
};

Builtin_call_expression::Builtin_call_expression(Gogo* gogo,
                                                 Expression* fn,
                                                 Expression_list* args,
                                                 bool is_varargs,
                                                 Location location)
  : Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location),
    gogo_(gogo), code_(BUILTIN_INVALID), seen_(false)
{
  Func_expression* fnexp = this->fn()->func_expression();
  go_assert(fnexp != NULL);
  const std::string& name(fnexp->named_object()->name());
  if (name == "append")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_APPEND;
  else if (name == "cap")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CAP;
  else if (name == "close")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_CLOSE;
  else if (name == "complex")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_COMPLEX;
  else if (name == "copy")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_COPY;
  else if (name == "delete")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_DELETE;
  else if (name == "imag")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_IMAG;
  else if (name == "len")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_LEN;
  else if (name == "make")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_MAKE;
  else if (name == "new")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_NEW;
  else if (name == "panic")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PANIC;
  else if (name == "print")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINT;
  else if (name == "println")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
  else if (name == "real")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_REAL;
  else if (name == "recover")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_RECOVER;
  else if (name == "Alignof")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_ALIGNOF;
  else if (name == "Offsetof")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_OFFSETOF;
  else if (name == "Sizeof")
    this->code_ = BUILTIN_SIZEOF;
  else
    go_unreachable();
}

// Return whether this is a call to recover.  This is a virtual
// function called from the parent class.

bool
Builtin_call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
{
  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
    return false;
  return this->code_ == BUILTIN_RECOVER;
}

// Set the argument for a call to recover.

void
Builtin_call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
{
  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
  go_assert(args == NULL || args->empty());
  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
  new_args->push_back(arg);
  this->set_args(new_args);
}

// A traversal class which looks for a call expression.

class Find_call_expression : public Traverse
{
 public:
  Find_call_expression()
    : Traverse(traverse_expressions),
      found_(false)
  { }

  int
  expression(Expression**);

  bool
  found()
  { return this->found_; }

 private:
  bool found_;
};

int
Find_call_expression::expression(Expression** pexpr)
{
  if ((*pexpr)->call_expression() != NULL)
    {
      this->found_ = true;
      return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
    }
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Lower a builtin call expression.  This turns new and make into
// specific expressions.  We also convert to a constant if we can.

Expression*
Builtin_call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
                                  Statement_inserter* inserter, int)
{
  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
    return this;

  Location loc = this->location();

  if (this->is_varargs() && this->code_ != BUILTIN_APPEND)
    {
      this->report_error(_("invalid use of %<...%> with builtin function"));
      return Expression::make_error(loc);
    }

  if (this->is_constant())
    {
      // We can only lower len and cap if there are no function calls
      // in the arguments.  Otherwise we have to make the call.
      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
        {
          Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
          if (arg != NULL && !arg->is_constant())
            {
              Find_call_expression find_call;
              Expression::traverse(&arg, &find_call);
              if (find_call.found())
                return this;
            }
        }

      Numeric_constant nc;
      if (this->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
        return nc.expression(loc);
    }

  switch (this->code_)
    {
    default:
      break;

    case BUILTIN_NEW:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
          this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
        else if (args->size() > 1)
          this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
        else
          {
            Expression* arg = args->front();
            if (!arg->is_type_expression())
              {
                error_at(arg->location(), "expected type");
                this->set_is_error();
              }
            else
              return Expression::make_allocation(arg->type(), loc);
          }
      }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
      return this->lower_make();

    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
      if (function != NULL)
        function->func_value()->set_calls_recover();
      else
        {
          // Calling recover outside of a function always returns the
          // nil empty interface.
          Type* eface = Type::make_empty_interface_type(loc);
          return Expression::make_cast(eface, Expression::make_nil(loc), loc);
        }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
      {
        // Lower the varargs.
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->empty())
          return this;
        Type* slice_type = args->front()->type();
        if (!slice_type->is_slice_type())
          {
            error_at(args->front()->location(), "argument 1 must be a slice");
            this->set_is_error();
            return this;
          }
        Type* element_type = slice_type->array_type()->element_type();
        this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, inserter,
                            Type::make_array_type(element_type, NULL),
                            2);
      }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_DELETE:
      {
        // Lower to a runtime function call.
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
          this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
        else if (args->size() > 2)
          this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
        else if (args->front()->type()->map_type() == NULL)
          this->report_error(_("argument 1 must be a map"));
        else
          {
            // Since this function returns no value it must appear in
            // a statement by itself, so we don't have to worry about
            // order of evaluation of values around it.  Evaluate the
            // map first to get order of evaluation right.
            Map_type* mt = args->front()->type()->map_type();
            Temporary_statement* map_temp =
              Statement::make_temporary(mt, args->front(), loc);
            inserter->insert(map_temp);

            Temporary_statement* key_temp =
              Statement::make_temporary(mt->key_type(), args->back(), loc);
            inserter->insert(key_temp);

            Expression* e1 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(map_temp,
                                                                  loc);
            Expression* e2 = Expression::make_temporary_reference(key_temp,
                                                                  loc);
            e2 = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, e2, loc);
            return Runtime::make_call(Runtime::MAPDELETE, this->location(),
                                      2, e1, e2);
          }
      }
      break;
    }

  return this;
}

// Lower a make expression.

Expression*
Builtin_call_expression::lower_make()
{
  Location loc = this->location();

  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
  if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
    {
      this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
    }

  Expression_list::const_iterator parg = args->begin();

  Expression* first_arg = *parg;
  if (!first_arg->is_type_expression())
    {
      error_at(first_arg->location(), "expected type");
      this->set_is_error();
      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
    }
  Type* type = first_arg->type();

  bool is_slice = false;
  bool is_map = false;
  bool is_chan = false;
  if (type->is_slice_type())
    is_slice = true;
  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
    is_map = true;
  else if (type->channel_type() != NULL)
    is_chan = true;
  else
    {
      this->report_error(_("invalid type for make function"));
      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
    }

  bool have_big_args = false;
  Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
  int uintptr_bits = uintptr_type->integer_type()->bits();

  ++parg;
  Expression* len_arg;
  if (parg == args->end())
    {
      if (is_slice)
        {
          this->report_error(_("length required when allocating a slice"));
          return Expression::make_error(this->location());
        }

      mpz_t zval;
      mpz_init_set_ui(zval, 0);
      len_arg = Expression::make_integer(&zval, NULL, loc);
      mpz_clear(zval);
    }
  else
    {
      len_arg = *parg;
      if (!this->check_int_value(len_arg))
        {
          this->report_error(_("bad size for make"));
          return Expression::make_error(this->location());
        }
      if (len_arg->type()->integer_type() != NULL
          && len_arg->type()->integer_type()->bits() > uintptr_bits)
        have_big_args = true;
      ++parg;
    }

  Expression* cap_arg = NULL;
  if (is_slice && parg != args->end())
    {
      cap_arg = *parg;
      if (!this->check_int_value(cap_arg))
        {
          this->report_error(_("bad capacity when making slice"));
          return Expression::make_error(this->location());
        }
      if (cap_arg->type()->integer_type() != NULL
          && cap_arg->type()->integer_type()->bits() > uintptr_bits)
        have_big_args = true;
      ++parg;
    }

  if (parg != args->end())
    {
      this->report_error(_("too many arguments to make"));
      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
    }

  Location type_loc = first_arg->location();
  Expression* type_arg;
  if (is_slice || is_chan)
    type_arg = Expression::make_type_descriptor(type, type_loc);
  else if (is_map)
    type_arg = Expression::make_map_descriptor(type->map_type(), type_loc);
  else
    go_unreachable();

  Expression* call;
  if (is_slice)
    {
      if (cap_arg == NULL)
        call = Runtime::make_call((have_big_args
                                   ? Runtime::MAKESLICE1BIG
                                   : Runtime::MAKESLICE1),
                                  loc, 2, type_arg, len_arg);
      else
        call = Runtime::make_call((have_big_args
                                   ? Runtime::MAKESLICE2BIG
                                   : Runtime::MAKESLICE2),
                                  loc, 3, type_arg, len_arg, cap_arg);
    }
  else if (is_map)
    call = Runtime::make_call((have_big_args
                               ? Runtime::MAKEMAPBIG
                               : Runtime::MAKEMAP),
                              loc, 2, type_arg, len_arg);
  else if (is_chan)
    call = Runtime::make_call((have_big_args
                               ? Runtime::MAKECHANBIG
                               : Runtime::MAKECHAN),
                              loc, 2, type_arg, len_arg);
  else
    go_unreachable();

  return Expression::make_unsafe_cast(type, call, loc);
}

// Return whether an expression has an integer value.  Report an error
// if not.  This is used when handling calls to the predeclared make
// function.

bool
Builtin_call_expression::check_int_value(Expression* e)
{
  if (e->type()->integer_type() != NULL)
    return true;

  // Check for a floating point constant with integer value.
  Numeric_constant nc;
  mpz_t ival;
  if (e->numeric_constant_value(&nc) && nc.to_int(&ival))
    {
      mpz_clear(ival);
      return true;
    }

  return false;
}

// Return the type of the real or imag functions, given the type of
// the argument.  We need to map complex to float, complex64 to
// float32, and complex128 to float64, so it has to be done by name.
// This returns NULL if it can't figure out the type.

Type*
Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(Type* arg_type)
{
  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
    return NULL;
  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
  if (nt == NULL)
    return NULL;
  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
  if (nt->name() == "complex64")
    return Type::lookup_float_type("float32");
  else if (nt->name() == "complex128")
    return Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
  else
    return NULL;
}

// Return the type of the complex function, given the type of one of the
// argments.  Like real_imag_type, we have to map by name.

Type*
Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(Type* arg_type)
{
  if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
    return NULL;
  Named_type* nt = arg_type->named_type();
  if (nt == NULL)
    return NULL;
  while (nt->real_type()->named_type() != NULL)
    nt = nt->real_type()->named_type();
  if (nt->name() == "float32")
    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex64");
  else if (nt->name() == "float64")
    return Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
  else
    return NULL;
}

// Return a single argument, or NULL if there isn't one.

Expression*
Builtin_call_expression::one_arg() const
{
  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
  if (args == NULL || args->size() != 1)
    return NULL;
  return args->front();
}

// Return whether this is constant: len of a string, or len or cap of
// a fixed array, or unsafe.Sizeof, unsafe.Offsetof, unsafe.Alignof.

bool
Builtin_call_expression::do_is_constant() const
{
  switch (this->code_)
    {
    case BUILTIN_LEN:
    case BUILTIN_CAP:
      {
        if (this->seen_)
          return false;

        Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
        if (arg == NULL)
          return false;
        Type* arg_type = arg->type();

        if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
            && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
            && !arg_type->points_to()->is_slice_type())
          arg_type = arg_type->points_to();

        if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
            && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
          return true;

        if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
          {
            this->seen_ = true;
            bool ret = arg->is_constant();
            this->seen_ = false;
            return ret;
          }
      }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
      return this->one_arg() != NULL;

    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
      {
        Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
        if (arg == NULL)
          return false;
        return arg->field_reference_expression() != NULL;
      }

    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
          return args->front()->is_constant() && args->back()->is_constant();
      }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_REAL:
    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
      {
        Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
        return arg != NULL && arg->is_constant();
      }

    default:
      break;
    }

  return false;
}

// Return a numeric constant if possible.

bool
Builtin_call_expression::do_numeric_constant_value(Numeric_constant* nc) const
{
  if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN
      || this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
    {
      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
      if (arg == NULL)
        return false;
      Type* arg_type = arg->type();

      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN && arg_type->is_string_type())
        {
          std::string sval;
          if (arg->string_constant_value(&sval))
            {
              nc->set_unsigned_long(Type::lookup_integer_type("int"),
                                    sval.length());
              return true;
            }
        }

      if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
          && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
          && !arg_type->points_to()->is_slice_type())
        arg_type = arg_type->points_to();

      if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL
          && arg_type->array_type()->length() != NULL)
        {
          if (this->seen_)
            return false;
          Expression* e = arg_type->array_type()->length();
          this->seen_ = true;
          bool r = e->numeric_constant_value(nc);
          this->seen_ = false;
          if (r)
            {
              if (!nc->set_type(Type::lookup_integer_type("int"), false,
                                this->location()))
                r = false;
            }
          return r;
        }
    }
  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF
           || this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
    {
      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
      if (arg == NULL)
        return false;
      Type* arg_type = arg->type();
      if (arg_type->is_error())
        return false;
      if (arg_type->is_abstract())
        return false;
      if (arg_type->named_type() != NULL)
        arg_type->named_type()->convert(this->gogo_);

      unsigned int ret;
      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_SIZEOF)
        {
          if (!arg_type->backend_type_size(this->gogo_, &ret))
            return false;
        }
      else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_ALIGNOF)
        {
          if (arg->field_reference_expression() == NULL)
            {
              if (!arg_type->backend_type_align(this->gogo_, &ret))
                return false;
            }
          else
            {
              // Calling unsafe.Alignof(s.f) returns the alignment of
              // the type of f when it is used as a field in a struct.
              if (!arg_type->backend_type_field_align(this->gogo_, &ret))
                return false;
            }
        }
      else
        go_unreachable();

      nc->set_unsigned_long(Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"),
                            static_cast<unsigned long>(ret));
      return true;
    }
  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_OFFSETOF)
    {
      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
      if (arg == NULL)
        return false;
      Field_reference_expression* farg = arg->field_reference_expression();
      if (farg == NULL)
        return false;
      Expression* struct_expr = farg->expr();
      Type* st = struct_expr->type();
      if (st->struct_type() == NULL)
        return false;
      if (st->named_type() != NULL)
        st->named_type()->convert(this->gogo_);
      unsigned int offset;
      if (!st->struct_type()->backend_field_offset(this->gogo_,
                                                   farg->field_index(),
                                                   &offset))
        return false;
      nc->set_unsigned_long(Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"),
                            static_cast<unsigned long>(offset));
      return true;
    }
  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL || this->code_ == BUILTIN_IMAG)
    {
      Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
      if (arg == NULL)
        return false;

      Numeric_constant argnc;
      if (!arg->numeric_constant_value(&argnc))
        return false;

      mpfr_t real;
      mpfr_t imag;
      if (!argnc.to_complex(&real, &imag))
        return false;

      Type* type = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(argnc.type());
      if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
        nc->set_float(type, real);
      else
        nc->set_float(type, imag);
      return true;
    }
  else if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_COMPLEX)
    {
      const Expression_list* args = this->args();
      if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
        return false;

      Numeric_constant rnc;
      if (!args->front()->numeric_constant_value(&rnc))
        return false;
      Numeric_constant inc;
      if (!args->back()->numeric_constant_value(&inc))
        return false;

      if (rnc.type() != NULL
          && !rnc.type()->is_abstract()
          && inc.type() != NULL
          && !inc.type()->is_abstract()
          && !Type::are_identical(rnc.type(), inc.type(), false, NULL))
        return false;

      mpfr_t r;
      if (!rnc.to_float(&r))
        return false;
      mpfr_t i;
      if (!inc.to_float(&i))
        {
          mpfr_clear(r);
          return false;
        }

      Type* arg_type = rnc.type();
      if (arg_type == NULL || arg_type->is_abstract())
        arg_type = inc.type();

      Type* type = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(arg_type);
      nc->set_complex(type, r, i);

      mpfr_clear(r);
      mpfr_clear(i);

      return true;
    }

  return false;
}

// Give an error if we are discarding the value of an expression which
// should not normally be discarded.  We don't give an error for
// discarding the value of an ordinary function call, but we do for
// builtin functions, purely for consistency with the gc compiler.

void
Builtin_call_expression::do_discarding_value()
{
  switch (this->code_)
    {
    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
    default:
      go_unreachable();

    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
    case BUILTIN_CAP:
    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
    case BUILTIN_LEN:
    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
    case BUILTIN_NEW:
    case BUILTIN_REAL:
    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
      this->unused_value_error();
      break;

    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
    case BUILTIN_COPY:
    case BUILTIN_DELETE:
    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
      break;
    }
}

// Return the type.

Type*
Builtin_call_expression::do_type()
{
  switch (this->code_)
    {
    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
    default:
      go_unreachable();

    case BUILTIN_NEW:
    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->empty())
          return Type::make_error_type();
        return Type::make_pointer_type(args->front()->type());
      }

    case BUILTIN_CAP:
    case BUILTIN_COPY:
    case BUILTIN_LEN:
      return Type::lookup_integer_type("int");

    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");

    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
    case BUILTIN_DELETE:
    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
      return Type::make_void_type();

    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
      return Type::make_empty_interface_type(Linemap::predeclared_location());

    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->empty())
          return Type::make_error_type();
        return args->front()->type();
      }

    case BUILTIN_REAL:
    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
      {
        Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
        if (arg == NULL)
          return Type::make_error_type();
        Type* t = arg->type();
        if (t->is_abstract())
          t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
        t = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(t);
        if (t == NULL)
          t = Type::make_error_type();
        return t;
      }

    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->size() != 2)
          return Type::make_error_type();
        Type* t = args->front()->type();
        if (t->is_abstract())
          {
            t = args->back()->type();
            if (t->is_abstract())
              t = t->make_non_abstract_type();
          }
        t = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(t);
        if (t == NULL)
          t = Type::make_error_type();
        return t;
      }
    }
}

// Determine the type.

void
Builtin_call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context* context)
{
  if (!this->determining_types())
    return;

  this->fn()->determine_type_no_context();

  const Expression_list* args = this->args();

  bool is_print;
  Type* arg_type = NULL;
  switch (this->code_)
    {
    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
      // Do not force a large integer constant to "int".
      is_print = true;
      break;

    case BUILTIN_REAL:
    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
      arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::complex_type(context->type);
      is_print = false;
      break;

    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
      {
        // For the complex function the type of one operand can
        // determine the type of the other, as in a binary expression.
        arg_type = Builtin_call_expression::real_imag_type(context->type);
        if (args != NULL && args->size() == 2)
          {
            Type* t1 = args->front()->type();
            Type* t2 = args->front()->type();
            if (!t1->is_abstract())
              arg_type = t1;
            else if (!t2->is_abstract())
              arg_type = t2;
          }
        is_print = false;
      }
      break;

    default:
      is_print = false;
      break;
    }

  if (args != NULL)
    {
      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = args->begin();
           pa != args->end();
           ++pa)
        {
          Type_context subcontext;
          subcontext.type = arg_type;

          if (is_print)
            {
              // We want to print large constants, we so can't just
              // use the appropriate nonabstract type.  Use uint64 for
              // an integer if we know it is nonnegative, otherwise
              // use int64 for a integer, otherwise use float64 for a
              // float or complex128 for a complex.
              Type* want_type = NULL;
              Type* atype = (*pa)->type();
              if (atype->is_abstract())
                {
                  if (atype->integer_type() != NULL)
                    {
                      Numeric_constant nc;
                      if (this->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
                        {
                          mpz_t val;
                          if (nc.to_int(&val))
                            {
                              if (mpz_sgn(val) >= 0)
                                want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
                              mpz_clear(val);
                            }
                        }
                      if (want_type == NULL)
                        want_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
                    }
                  else if (atype->float_type() != NULL)
                    want_type = Type::lookup_float_type("float64");
                  else if (atype->complex_type() != NULL)
                    want_type = Type::lookup_complex_type("complex128");
                  else if (atype->is_abstract_string_type())
                    want_type = Type::lookup_string_type();
                  else if (atype->is_abstract_boolean_type())
                    want_type = Type::lookup_bool_type();
                  else
                    go_unreachable();
                  subcontext.type = want_type;
                }
            }

          (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
        }
    }
}

// If there is exactly one argument, return true.  Otherwise give an
// error message and return false.

bool
Builtin_call_expression::check_one_arg()
{
  const Expression_list* args = this->args();
  if (args == NULL || args->size() < 1)
    {
      this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
      return false;
    }
  else if (args->size() > 1)
    {
      this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
      return false;
    }
  if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
      || args->front()->type()->is_error())
    {
      this->set_is_error();
      return false;
    }
  return true;
}

// Check argument types for a builtin function.

void
Builtin_call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->is_error_expression())
    return;
  switch (this->code_)
    {
    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
    case BUILTIN_NEW:
    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
    case BUILTIN_DELETE:
      return;

    case BUILTIN_LEN:
    case BUILTIN_CAP:
      {
        // The single argument may be either a string or an array or a
        // map or a channel, or a pointer to a closed array.
        if (this->check_one_arg())
          {
            Type* arg_type = this->one_arg()->type();
            if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL
                && arg_type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
                && !arg_type->points_to()->is_slice_type())
              arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
            if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_CAP)
              {
                if (!arg_type->is_error()
                    && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
                    && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
                  this->report_error(_("argument must be array or slice "
                                       "or channel"));
              }
            else
              {
                if (!arg_type->is_error()
                    && !arg_type->is_string_type()
                    && arg_type->array_type() == NULL
                    && arg_type->map_type() == NULL
                    && arg_type->channel_type() == NULL)
                  this->report_error(_("argument must be string or "
                                       "array or slice or map or channel"));
              }
          }
      }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL)
          {
            if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT)
              warning_at(this->location(), 0,
                         "no arguments for builtin function %<%s%>",
                         (this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINT
                          ? "print"
                          : "println"));
          }
        else
          {
            for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = args->begin();
                 p != args->end();
                 ++p)
              {
                Type* type = (*p)->type();
                if (type->is_error()
                    || type->is_string_type()
                    || type->integer_type() != NULL
                    || type->float_type() != NULL
                    || type->complex_type() != NULL
                    || type->is_boolean_type()
                    || type->points_to() != NULL
                    || type->interface_type() != NULL
                    || type->channel_type() != NULL
                    || type->map_type() != NULL
                    || type->function_type() != NULL
                    || type->is_slice_type())
                  ;
                else if ((*p)->is_type_expression())
                  {
                    // If this is a type expression it's going to give
                    // an error anyhow, so we don't need one here.
                  }
                else
                  this->report_error(_("unsupported argument type to "
                                       "builtin function"));
              }
          }
      }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
      if (this->check_one_arg())
        {
          if (this->one_arg()->type()->channel_type() == NULL)
            this->report_error(_("argument must be channel"));
          else if (!this->one_arg()->type()->channel_type()->may_send())
            this->report_error(_("cannot close receive-only channel"));
        }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
      this->check_one_arg();
      break;

    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
      if (this->args() != NULL && !this->args()->empty())
        this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
      break;

    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
      if (this->check_one_arg())
        {
          Expression* arg = this->one_arg();
          if (arg->field_reference_expression() == NULL)
            this->report_error(_("argument must be a field reference"));
        }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_COPY:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
          {
            this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
            break;
          }
        else if (args->size() > 2)
          {
            this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
            break;
          }
        Type* arg1_type = args->front()->type();
        Type* arg2_type = args->back()->type();
        if (arg1_type->is_error() || arg2_type->is_error())
          break;

        Type* e1;
        if (arg1_type->is_slice_type())
          e1 = arg1_type->array_type()->element_type();
        else
          {
            this->report_error(_("left argument must be a slice"));
            break;
          }

        if (arg2_type->is_slice_type())
          {
            Type* e2 = arg2_type->array_type()->element_type();
            if (!Type::are_identical(e1, e2, true, NULL))
              this->report_error(_("element types must be the same"));
          }
        else if (arg2_type->is_string_type())
          {
            if (e1->integer_type() == NULL || !e1->integer_type()->is_byte())
              this->report_error(_("first argument must be []byte"));
          }
        else
            this->report_error(_("second argument must be slice or string"));
      }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
          {
            this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
            break;
          }
        if (args->size() > 2)
          {
            this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
            break;
          }
        if (args->front()->type()->is_error()
            || args->back()->type()->is_error())
          break;

        Array_type* at = args->front()->type()->array_type();
        Type* e = at->element_type();

        // The language permits appending a string to a []byte, as a
        // special case.
        if (args->back()->type()->is_string_type())
          {
            if (e->integer_type() != NULL && e->integer_type()->is_byte())
              break;
          }

        // The language says that the second argument must be
        // assignable to a slice of the element type of the first
        // argument.  We already know the first argument is a slice
        // type.
        Type* arg2_type = Type::make_array_type(e, NULL);
        std::string reason;
        if (!Type::are_assignable(arg2_type, args->back()->type(), &reason))
          {
            if (reason.empty())
              this->report_error(_("argument 2 has invalid type"));
            else
              {
                error_at(this->location(), "argument 2 has invalid type (%s)",
                         reason.c_str());
                this->set_is_error();
              }
          }
        break;
      }

    case BUILTIN_REAL:
    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
      if (this->check_one_arg())
        {
          if (this->one_arg()->type()->complex_type() == NULL)
            this->report_error(_("argument must have complex type"));
        }
      break;

    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        if (args == NULL || args->size() < 2)
          this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
        else if (args->size() > 2)
          this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
        else if (args->front()->is_error_expression()
                 || args->front()->type()->is_error()
                 || args->back()->is_error_expression()
                 || args->back()->type()->is_error())
          this->set_is_error();
        else if (!Type::are_identical(args->front()->type(),
                                      args->back()->type(), true, NULL))
          this->report_error(_("complex arguments must have identical types"));
        else if (args->front()->type()->float_type() == NULL)
          this->report_error(_("complex arguments must have "
                               "floating-point type"));
      }
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Return the tree for a builtin function.

tree
Builtin_call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  Location location = this->location();
  switch (this->code_)
    {
    case BUILTIN_INVALID:
    case BUILTIN_NEW:
    case BUILTIN_MAKE:
      go_unreachable();

    case BUILTIN_LEN:
    case BUILTIN_CAP:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
        Expression* arg = *args->begin();
        Type* arg_type = arg->type();

        if (this->seen_)
          {
            go_assert(saw_errors());
            return error_mark_node;
          }
        this->seen_ = true;

        tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);

        this->seen_ = false;

        if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        if (arg_type->points_to() != NULL)
          {
            arg_type = arg_type->points_to();
            go_assert(arg_type->array_type() != NULL
                       && !arg_type->is_slice_type());
            go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
            arg_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(arg_tree);
          }

        tree val_tree;
        if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_LEN)
          {
            if (arg_type->is_string_type())
              val_tree = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
            else if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
              {
                if (this->seen_)
                  {
                    go_assert(saw_errors());
                    return error_mark_node;
                  }
                this->seen_ = true;
                val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->length_tree(gogo, arg_tree);
                this->seen_ = false;
              }
            else if (arg_type->map_type() != NULL)
              {
                tree arg_type_tree = type_to_tree(arg_type->get_backend(gogo));
                static tree map_len_fndecl;
                val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_len_fndecl,
                                              location,
                                              "__go_map_len",
                                              1,
                                              integer_type_node,
                                              arg_type_tree,
                                              arg_tree);
              }
            else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
              {
                tree arg_type_tree = type_to_tree(arg_type->get_backend(gogo));
                static tree chan_len_fndecl;
                val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_len_fndecl,
                                              location,
                                              "__go_chan_len",
                                              1,
                                              integer_type_node,
                                              arg_type_tree,
                                              arg_tree);
              }
            else
              go_unreachable();
          }
        else
          {
            if (arg_type->array_type() != NULL)
              {
                if (this->seen_)
                  {
                    go_assert(saw_errors());
                    return error_mark_node;
                  }
                this->seen_ = true;
                val_tree = arg_type->array_type()->capacity_tree(gogo,
                                                                 arg_tree);
                this->seen_ = false;
              }
            else if (arg_type->channel_type() != NULL)
              {
                tree arg_type_tree = type_to_tree(arg_type->get_backend(gogo));
                static tree chan_cap_fndecl;
                val_tree = Gogo::call_builtin(&chan_cap_fndecl,
                                              location,
                                              "__go_chan_cap",
                                              1,
                                              integer_type_node,
                                              arg_type_tree,
                                              arg_tree);
              }
            else
              go_unreachable();
          }

        if (val_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        Type* int_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
        tree type_tree = type_to_tree(int_type->get_backend(gogo));
        if (type_tree == TREE_TYPE(val_tree))
          return val_tree;
        else
          return fold(convert_to_integer(type_tree, val_tree));
      }

    case BUILTIN_PRINT:
    case BUILTIN_PRINTLN:
      {
        const bool is_ln = this->code_ == BUILTIN_PRINTLN;
        tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;

        const Expression_list* call_args = this->args();
        if (call_args != NULL)
          {
            for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = call_args->begin();
                 p != call_args->end();
                 ++p)
              {
                if (is_ln && p != call_args->begin())
                  {
                    static tree print_space_fndecl;
                    tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_space_fndecl,
                                                   location,
                                                   "__go_print_space",
                                                   0,
                                                   void_type_node);
                    if (call == error_mark_node)
                      return error_mark_node;
                    append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
                  }

                Type* type = (*p)->type();

                tree arg = (*p)->get_tree(context);
                if (arg == error_mark_node)
                  return error_mark_node;

                tree* pfndecl;
                const char* fnname;
                if (type->is_string_type())
                  {
                    static tree print_string_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_string_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_string";
                  }
                else if (type->integer_type() != NULL
                         && type->integer_type()->is_unsigned())
                  {
                    static tree print_uint64_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_uint64_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_uint64";
                    Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("uint64");
                    Btype* bitype = itype->get_backend(gogo);
                    arg = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                           type_to_tree(bitype), arg);
                  }
                else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
                  {
                    static tree print_int64_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_int64_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_int64";
                    Type* itype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int64");
                    Btype* bitype = itype->get_backend(gogo);
                    arg = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                           type_to_tree(bitype), arg);
                  }
                else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
                  {
                    static tree print_double_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_double_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_double";
                    arg = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                           double_type_node, arg);
                  }
                else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
                  {
                    static tree print_complex_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_complex_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_complex";
                    arg = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                           complex_double_type_node, arg);
                  }
                else if (type->is_boolean_type())
                  {
                    static tree print_bool_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_bool_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_bool";
                  }
                else if (type->points_to() != NULL
                         || type->channel_type() != NULL
                         || type->map_type() != NULL
                         || type->function_type() != NULL)
                  {
                    static tree print_pointer_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_pointer_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_pointer";
                    arg = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                           ptr_type_node, arg);
                  }
                else if (type->interface_type() != NULL)
                  {
                    if (type->interface_type()->is_empty())
                      {
                        static tree print_empty_interface_fndecl;
                        pfndecl = &print_empty_interface_fndecl;
                        fnname = "__go_print_empty_interface";
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        static tree print_interface_fndecl;
                        pfndecl = &print_interface_fndecl;
                        fnname = "__go_print_interface";
                      }
                  }
                else if (type->is_slice_type())
                  {
                    static tree print_slice_fndecl;
                    pfndecl = &print_slice_fndecl;
                    fnname = "__go_print_slice";
                  }
                else
                  {
                    go_assert(saw_errors());
                    return error_mark_node;
                  }

                tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(pfndecl,
                                               location,
                                               fnname,
                                               1,
                                               void_type_node,
                                               TREE_TYPE(arg),
                                               arg);
                if (call == error_mark_node)
                  return error_mark_node;
                append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
              }
          }

        if (is_ln)
          {
            static tree print_nl_fndecl;
            tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&print_nl_fndecl,
                                           location,
                                           "__go_print_nl",
                                           0,
                                           void_type_node);
            if (call == error_mark_node)
              return error_mark_node;
            append_to_statement_list(call, &stmt_list);
          }

        return stmt_list;
      }

    case BUILTIN_PANIC:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
        Expression* arg = args->front();
        tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
        if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
        Type *empty =
          Type::make_empty_interface_type(Linemap::predeclared_location());
        arg_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, empty,
                                                      arg->type(),
                                                      arg_tree, location);
        static tree panic_fndecl;
        tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&panic_fndecl,
                                       location,
                                       "__go_panic",
                                       1,
                                       void_type_node,
                                       TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
                                       arg_tree);
        if (call == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
        // This function will throw an exception.
        TREE_NOTHROW(panic_fndecl) = 0;
        // This function will not return.
        TREE_THIS_VOLATILE(panic_fndecl) = 1;
        return call;
      }

    case BUILTIN_RECOVER:
      {
        // The argument is set when building recover thunks.  It's a
        // boolean value which is true if we can recover a value now.
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
        Expression* arg = args->front();
        tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
        if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        Type *empty =
          Type::make_empty_interface_type(Linemap::predeclared_location());
        tree empty_tree = type_to_tree(empty->get_backend(context->gogo()));

        Type* nil_type = Type::make_nil_type();
        Expression* nil = Expression::make_nil(location);
        tree nil_tree = nil->get_tree(context);
        tree empty_nil_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
                                                                 empty,
                                                                 nil_type,
                                                                 nil_tree,
                                                                 location);

        // We need to handle a deferred call to recover specially,
        // because it changes whether it can recover a panic or not.
        // See test7 in test/recover1.go.
        tree call;
        if (this->is_deferred())
          {
            static tree deferred_recover_fndecl;
            call = Gogo::call_builtin(&deferred_recover_fndecl,
                                      location,
                                      "__go_deferred_recover",
                                      0,
                                      empty_tree);
          }
        else
          {
            static tree recover_fndecl;
            call = Gogo::call_builtin(&recover_fndecl,
                                      location,
                                      "__go_recover",
                                      0,
                                      empty_tree);
          }
        if (call == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
        return fold_build3_loc(location.gcc_location(), COND_EXPR, empty_tree,
                               arg_tree, call, empty_nil_tree);
      }

    case BUILTIN_CLOSE:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
        Expression* arg = args->front();
        tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
        if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
        static tree close_fndecl;
        return Gogo::call_builtin(&close_fndecl,
                                  location,
                                  "__go_builtin_close",
                                  1,
                                  void_type_node,
                                  TREE_TYPE(arg_tree),
                                  arg_tree);
      }

    case BUILTIN_SIZEOF:
    case BUILTIN_OFFSETOF:
    case BUILTIN_ALIGNOF:
      {
        Numeric_constant nc;
        unsigned long val;
        if (!this->numeric_constant_value(&nc)
            || nc.to_unsigned_long(&val) != Numeric_constant::NC_UL_VALID)
          {
            go_assert(saw_errors());
            return error_mark_node;
          }
        Type* uintptr_type = Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
        tree type = type_to_tree(uintptr_type->get_backend(gogo));
        return build_int_cst(type, val);
      }

    case BUILTIN_COPY:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
        Expression* arg1 = args->front();
        Expression* arg2 = args->back();

        tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
        tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
        if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        Type* arg1_type = arg1->type();
        Array_type* at = arg1_type->array_type();
        arg1_tree = save_expr(arg1_tree);
        tree arg1_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
        tree arg1_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg1_tree);
        if (arg1_val == error_mark_node || arg1_len == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        Type* arg2_type = arg2->type();
        tree arg2_val;
        tree arg2_len;
        if (arg2_type->is_slice_type())
          {
            at = arg2_type->array_type();
            arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
            arg2_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
            arg2_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
          }
        else
          {
            arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
            arg2_val = String_type::bytes_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
            arg2_len = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
          }
        if (arg2_val == error_mark_node || arg2_len == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        arg1_len = save_expr(arg1_len);
        arg2_len = save_expr(arg2_len);
        tree len = fold_build3_loc(location.gcc_location(), COND_EXPR,
                                   TREE_TYPE(arg1_len),
                                   fold_build2_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                                   LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                                                   arg1_len, arg2_len),
                                   arg1_len, arg2_len);
        len = save_expr(len);

        Type* element_type = at->element_type();
        Btype* element_btype = element_type->get_backend(gogo);
        tree element_type_tree = type_to_tree(element_btype);
        if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
        tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
        tree bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                          TREE_TYPE(element_size), len);
        bytecount = fold_build2_loc(location.gcc_location(), MULT_EXPR,
                                    TREE_TYPE(element_size),
                                    bytecount, element_size);
        bytecount = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), size_type_node,
                                     bytecount);

        arg1_val = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), ptr_type_node,
                                    arg1_val);
        arg2_val = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), ptr_type_node,
                                    arg2_val);

        static tree copy_fndecl;
        tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&copy_fndecl,
                                       location,
                                       "__go_copy",
                                       3,
                                       void_type_node,
                                       ptr_type_node,
                                       arg1_val,
                                       ptr_type_node,
                                       arg2_val,
                                       size_type_node,
                                       bytecount);
        if (call == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        return fold_build2_loc(location.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
                               TREE_TYPE(len), call, len);
      }

    case BUILTIN_APPEND:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
        Expression* arg1 = args->front();
        Expression* arg2 = args->back();

        tree arg1_tree = arg1->get_tree(context);
        tree arg2_tree = arg2->get_tree(context);
        if (arg1_tree == error_mark_node || arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        Array_type* at = arg1->type()->array_type();
        Type* element_type = at->element_type()->forwarded();

        tree arg2_val;
        tree arg2_len;
        tree element_size;
        if (arg2->type()->is_string_type()
            && element_type->integer_type() != NULL
            && element_type->integer_type()->is_byte())
          {
            arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);
            arg2_val = String_type::bytes_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
            arg2_len = String_type::length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
            element_size = size_int(1);
          }
        else
          {
            arg2_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, at,
                                                           arg2->type(),
                                                           arg2_tree,
                                                           location);
            if (arg2_tree == error_mark_node)
              return error_mark_node;

            arg2_tree = save_expr(arg2_tree);

             arg2_val = at->value_pointer_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);
             arg2_len = at->length_tree(gogo, arg2_tree);

             Btype* element_btype = element_type->get_backend(gogo);
             tree element_type_tree = type_to_tree(element_btype);
             if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
               return error_mark_node;
             element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
          }

        arg2_val = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), ptr_type_node,
                                    arg2_val);
        arg2_len = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), size_type_node,
                                    arg2_len);
        element_size = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), size_type_node,
                                        element_size);

        if (arg2_val == error_mark_node
            || arg2_len == error_mark_node
            || element_size == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;

        // We rebuild the decl each time since the slice types may
        // change.
        tree append_fndecl = NULL_TREE;
        return Gogo::call_builtin(&append_fndecl,
                                  location,
                                  "__go_append",
                                  4,
                                  TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
                                  TREE_TYPE(arg1_tree),
                                  arg1_tree,
                                  ptr_type_node,
                                  arg2_val,
                                  size_type_node,
                                  arg2_len,
                                  size_type_node,
                                  element_size);
      }

    case BUILTIN_REAL:
    case BUILTIN_IMAG:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 1);
        Expression* arg = args->front();
        tree arg_tree = arg->get_tree(context);
        if (arg_tree == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
        go_assert(COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)));
        if (this->code_ == BUILTIN_REAL)
          return fold_build1_loc(location.gcc_location(), REALPART_EXPR,
                                 TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
                                 arg_tree);
        else
          return fold_build1_loc(location.gcc_location(), IMAGPART_EXPR,
                                 TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(arg_tree)),
                                 arg_tree);
      }

    case BUILTIN_COMPLEX:
      {
        const Expression_list* args = this->args();
        go_assert(args != NULL && args->size() == 2);
        tree r = args->front()->get_tree(context);
        tree i = args->back()->get_tree(context);
        if (r == error_mark_node || i == error_mark_node)
          return error_mark_node;
        go_assert(TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(r))
                   == TYPE_MAIN_VARIANT(TREE_TYPE(i)));
        go_assert(SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(r)));
        return fold_build2_loc(location.gcc_location(), COMPLEX_EXPR,
                               build_complex_type(TREE_TYPE(r)),
                               r, i);
      }

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// We have to support exporting a builtin call expression, because
// code can set a constant to the result of a builtin expression.

void
Builtin_call_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  Numeric_constant nc;
  if (!this->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
    {
      error_at(this->location(), "value is not constant");
      return;
    }

  if (nc.is_int())
    {
      mpz_t val;
      nc.get_int(&val);
      Integer_expression::export_integer(exp, val);
      mpz_clear(val);
    }
  else if (nc.is_float())
    {
      mpfr_t fval;
      nc.get_float(&fval);
      Float_expression::export_float(exp, fval);
      mpfr_clear(fval);
    }
  else if (nc.is_complex())
    {
      mpfr_t real;
      mpfr_t imag;
      Complex_expression::export_complex(exp, real, imag);
      mpfr_clear(real);
      mpfr_clear(imag);
    }
  else
    go_unreachable();

  // A trailing space lets us reliably identify the end of the number.
  exp->write_c_string(" ");
}

// Class Call_expression.

// Traversal.

int
Call_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->fn_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  if (this->args_ != NULL)
    {
      if (this->args_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
        return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
    }
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Lower a call statement.

Expression*
Call_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
                          Statement_inserter* inserter, int)
{
  Location loc = this->location();

  // A type cast can look like a function call.
  if (this->fn_->is_type_expression()
      && this->args_ != NULL
      && this->args_->size() == 1)
    return Expression::make_cast(this->fn_->type(), this->args_->front(),
                                 loc);

  // Recognize a call to a builtin function.
  Func_expression* fne = this->fn_->func_expression();
  if (fne != NULL
      && fne->named_object()->is_function_declaration()
      && fne->named_object()->func_declaration_value()->type()->is_builtin())
    return new Builtin_call_expression(gogo, this->fn_, this->args_,
                                       this->is_varargs_, loc);

  // Handle an argument which is a call to a function which returns
  // multiple results.
  if (this->args_ != NULL
      && this->args_->size() == 1
      && this->args_->front()->call_expression() != NULL
      && this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL)
    {
      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
      size_t rc = this->args_->front()->call_expression()->result_count();
      if (rc > 1
          && fntype->parameters() != NULL
          && (fntype->parameters()->size() == rc
              || (fntype->is_varargs()
                  && fntype->parameters()->size() - 1 <= rc)))
        {
          Call_expression* call = this->args_->front()->call_expression();
          Expression_list* args = new Expression_list;
          for (size_t i = 0; i < rc; ++i)
            args->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
          // We can't return a new call expression here, because this
          // one may be referenced by Call_result expressions.  We
          // also can't delete the old arguments, because we may still
          // traverse them somewhere up the call stack.  FIXME.
          this->args_ = args;
        }
    }

  // If this call returns multiple results, create a temporary
  // variable for each result.
  size_t rc = this->result_count();
  if (rc > 1 && this->results_ == NULL)
    {
      std::vector<Temporary_statement*>* temps =
        new std::vector<Temporary_statement*>;
      temps->reserve(rc);
      const Typed_identifier_list* results =
        this->fn_->type()->function_type()->results();
      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = results->begin();
           p != results->end();
           ++p)
        {
          Temporary_statement* temp = Statement::make_temporary(p->type(),
                                                                NULL, loc);
          inserter->insert(temp);
          temps->push_back(temp);
        }
      this->results_ = temps;
    }

  // Handle a call to a varargs function by packaging up the extra
  // parameters.
  if (this->fn_->type()->function_type() != NULL
      && this->fn_->type()->function_type()->is_varargs())
    {
      Function_type* fntype = this->fn_->type()->function_type();
      const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
      go_assert(parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty());
      Type* varargs_type = parameters->back().type();
      this->lower_varargs(gogo, function, inserter, varargs_type,
                          parameters->size());
    }

  // If this is call to a method, call the method directly passing the
  // object as the first parameter.
  Bound_method_expression* bme = this->fn_->bound_method_expression();
  if (bme != NULL)
    {
      Named_object* method = bme->method();
      Expression* first_arg = bme->first_argument();

      // We always pass a pointer when calling a method.
      if (first_arg->type()->points_to() == NULL
          && !first_arg->type()->is_error())
        {
          first_arg = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_AND, first_arg, loc);
          // We may need to create a temporary variable so that we can
          // take the address.  We can't do that here because it will
          // mess up the order of evaluation.
          Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(first_arg);
          ue->set_create_temp();
        }

      // If we are calling a method which was inherited from an
      // embedded struct, and the method did not get a stub, then the
      // first type may be wrong.
      Type* fatype = bme->first_argument_type();
      if (fatype != NULL)
        {
          if (fatype->points_to() == NULL)
            fatype = Type::make_pointer_type(fatype);
          first_arg = Expression::make_unsafe_cast(fatype, first_arg, loc);
        }

      Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
      new_args->push_back(first_arg);
      if (this->args_ != NULL)
        {
          for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->args_->begin();
               p != this->args_->end();
               ++p)
            new_args->push_back(*p);
        }

      // We have to change in place because this structure may be
      // referenced by Call_result_expressions.  We can't delete the
      // old arguments, because we may be traversing them up in some
      // caller.  FIXME.
      this->args_ = new_args;
      this->fn_ = Expression::make_func_reference(method, NULL,
                                                  bme->location());
    }

  return this;
}

// Lower a call to a varargs function.  FUNCTION is the function in
// which the call occurs--it's not the function we are calling.
// VARARGS_TYPE is the type of the varargs parameter, a slice type.
// PARAM_COUNT is the number of parameters of the function we are
// calling; the last of these parameters will be the varargs
// parameter.

void
Call_expression::lower_varargs(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
                               Statement_inserter* inserter,
                               Type* varargs_type, size_t param_count)
{
  if (this->varargs_are_lowered_)
    return;

  Location loc = this->location();

  go_assert(param_count > 0);
  go_assert(varargs_type->is_slice_type());

  size_t arg_count = this->args_ == NULL ? 0 : this->args_->size();
  if (arg_count < param_count - 1)
    {
      // Not enough arguments; will be caught in check_types.
      return;
    }

  Expression_list* old_args = this->args_;
  Expression_list* new_args = new Expression_list();
  bool push_empty_arg = false;
  if (old_args == NULL || old_args->empty())
    {
      go_assert(param_count == 1);
      push_empty_arg = true;
    }
  else
    {
      Expression_list::const_iterator pa;
      int i = 1;
      for (pa = old_args->begin(); pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
        {
          if (static_cast<size_t>(i) == param_count)
            break;
          new_args->push_back(*pa);
        }

      // We have reached the varargs parameter.

      bool issued_error = false;
      if (pa == old_args->end())
        push_empty_arg = true;
      else if (pa + 1 == old_args->end() && this->is_varargs_)
        new_args->push_back(*pa);
      else if (this->is_varargs_)
        {
          if ((*pa)->type()->is_slice_type())
            this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
          else
            {
              error_at(this->location(),
                       _("invalid use of %<...%> with non-slice"));
              this->set_is_error();
            }
          return;
        }
      else
        {
          Type* element_type = varargs_type->array_type()->element_type();
          Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list;
          for (; pa != old_args->end(); ++pa, ++i)
            {
              // Check types here so that we get a better message.
              Type* patype = (*pa)->type();
              Location paloc = (*pa)->location();
              if (!this->check_argument_type(i, element_type, patype,
                                             paloc, issued_error))
                continue;
              vals->push_back(*pa);
            }
          Expression* val =
            Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(varargs_type, vals, loc);
          gogo->lower_expression(function, inserter, &val);
          new_args->push_back(val);
        }
    }

  if (push_empty_arg)
    new_args->push_back(Expression::make_nil(loc));

  // We can't return a new call expression here, because this one may
  // be referenced by Call_result expressions.  FIXME.  We can't
  // delete OLD_ARGS because we may have both a Call_expression and a
  // Builtin_call_expression which refer to them.  FIXME.
  this->args_ = new_args;
  this->varargs_are_lowered_ = true;
}

// Get the function type.  This can return NULL in error cases.

Function_type*
Call_expression::get_function_type() const
{
  return this->fn_->type()->function_type();
}

// Return the number of values which this call will return.

size_t
Call_expression::result_count() const
{
  const Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
  if (fntype == NULL)
    return 0;
  if (fntype->results() == NULL)
    return 0;
  return fntype->results()->size();
}

// Return the temporary which holds a result.

Temporary_statement*
Call_expression::result(size_t i) const
{
  if (this->results_ == NULL || this->results_->size() <= i)
    {
      go_assert(saw_errors());
      return NULL;
    }
  return (*this->results_)[i];
}

// Return whether this is a call to the predeclared function recover.

bool
Call_expression::is_recover_call() const
{
  return this->do_is_recover_call();
}

// Set the argument to the recover function.

void
Call_expression::set_recover_arg(Expression* arg)
{
  this->do_set_recover_arg(arg);
}

// Virtual functions also implemented by Builtin_call_expression.

bool
Call_expression::do_is_recover_call() const
{
  return false;
}

void
Call_expression::do_set_recover_arg(Expression*)
{
  go_unreachable();
}

// We have found an error with this call expression; return true if
// we should report it.

bool
Call_expression::issue_error()
{
  if (this->issued_error_)
    return false;
  else
    {
      this->issued_error_ = true;
      return true;
    }
}

// Get the type.

Type*
Call_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL)
    return this->type_;

  Type* ret;
  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
  if (fntype == NULL)
    return Type::make_error_type();

  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
  if (results == NULL)
    ret = Type::make_void_type();
  else if (results->size() == 1)
    ret = results->begin()->type();
  else
    ret = Type::make_call_multiple_result_type(this);

  this->type_ = ret;

  return this->type_;
}

// Determine types for a call expression.  We can use the function
// parameter types to set the types of the arguments.

void
Call_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  if (!this->determining_types())
    return;

  this->fn_->determine_type_no_context();
  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = NULL;
  if (fntype != NULL)
    parameters = fntype->parameters();
  if (this->args_ != NULL)
    {
      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt;
      if (parameters != NULL)
        pt = parameters->begin();
      bool first = true;
      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
           pa != this->args_->end();
           ++pa)
        {
          if (first)
            {
              first = false;
              // If this is a method, the first argument is the
              // receiver.
              if (fntype != NULL && fntype->is_method())
                {
                  Type* rtype = fntype->receiver()->type();
                  // The receiver is always passed as a pointer.
                  if (rtype->points_to() == NULL)
                    rtype = Type::make_pointer_type(rtype);
                  Type_context subcontext(rtype, false);
                  (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
                  continue;
                }
            }

          if (parameters != NULL && pt != parameters->end())
            {
              Type_context subcontext(pt->type(), false);
              (*pa)->determine_type(&subcontext);
              ++pt;
            }
          else
            (*pa)->determine_type_no_context();
        }
    }
}

// Called when determining types for a Call_expression.  Return true
// if we should go ahead, false if they have already been determined.

bool
Call_expression::determining_types()
{
  if (this->types_are_determined_)
    return false;
  else
    {
      this->types_are_determined_ = true;
      return true;
    }
}

// Check types for parameter I.

bool
Call_expression::check_argument_type(int i, const Type* parameter_type,
                                     const Type* argument_type,
                                     Location argument_location,
                                     bool issued_error)
{
  std::string reason;
  bool ok;
  if (this->are_hidden_fields_ok_)
    ok = Type::are_assignable_hidden_ok(parameter_type, argument_type,
                                        &reason);
  else
    ok = Type::are_assignable(parameter_type, argument_type, &reason);
  if (!ok)
    {
      if (!issued_error)
        {
          if (reason.empty())
            error_at(argument_location, "argument %d has incompatible type", i);
          else
            error_at(argument_location,
                     "argument %d has incompatible type (%s)",
                     i, reason.c_str());
        }
      this->set_is_error();
      return false;
    }
  return true;
}

// Check types.

void
Call_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
    return;

  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
  if (fntype == NULL)
    {
      if (!this->fn_->type()->is_error())
        this->report_error(_("expected function"));
      return;
    }

  bool is_method = fntype->is_method();
  if (is_method)
    {
      go_assert(this->args_ != NULL && !this->args_->empty());
      Type* rtype = fntype->receiver()->type();
      Expression* first_arg = this->args_->front();
      // The language permits copying hidden fields for a method
      // receiver.  We dereference the values since receivers are
      // always passed as pointers.
      std::string reason;
      if (!Type::are_assignable_hidden_ok(rtype->deref(),
                                          first_arg->type()->deref(),
                                          &reason))
        {
          if (reason.empty())
            this->report_error(_("incompatible type for receiver"));
          else
            {
              error_at(this->location(),
                       "incompatible type for receiver (%s)",
                       reason.c_str());
              this->set_is_error();
            }
        }
    }

  // Note that varargs was handled by the lower_varargs() method, so
  // we don't have to worry about it here unless something is wrong.
  if (this->is_varargs_ && !this->varargs_are_lowered_)
    {
      if (!fntype->is_varargs())
        {
          error_at(this->location(),
                   _("invalid use of %<...%> calling non-variadic function"));
          this->set_is_error();
          return;
        }
    }

  const Typed_identifier_list* parameters = fntype->parameters();
  if (this->args_ == NULL)
    {
      if (parameters != NULL && !parameters->empty())
        this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
    }
  else if (parameters == NULL)
    {
      if (!is_method || this->args_->size() > 1)
        this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
    }
  else
    {
      int i = 0;
      Expression_list::const_iterator pa = this->args_->begin();
      if (is_method)
        ++pa;
      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pt = parameters->begin();
           pt != parameters->end();
           ++pt, ++pa, ++i)
        {
          if (pa == this->args_->end())
            {
              this->report_error(_("not enough arguments"));
              return;
            }
          this->check_argument_type(i + 1, pt->type(), (*pa)->type(),
                                    (*pa)->location(), false);
        }
      if (pa != this->args_->end())
        this->report_error(_("too many arguments"));
    }
}

// Return whether we have to use a temporary variable to ensure that
// we evaluate this call expression in order.  If the call returns no
// results then it will inevitably be executed last.

bool
Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order() const
{
  return this->result_count() > 0;
}

// Get the function and the first argument to use when calling an
// interface method.

tree
Call_expression::interface_method_function(
    Translate_context* context,
    Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method,
    tree* first_arg_ptr)
{
  tree expr = interface_method->expr()->get_tree(context);
  if (expr == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  expr = save_expr(expr);
  tree first_arg = interface_method->get_underlying_object_tree(context, expr);
  if (first_arg == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  *first_arg_ptr = first_arg;
  return interface_method->get_function_tree(context, expr);
}

// Build the call expression.

tree
Call_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  if (this->tree_ != NULL_TREE)
    return this->tree_;

  Function_type* fntype = this->get_function_type();
  if (fntype == NULL)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (this->fn_->is_error_expression())
    return error_mark_node;

  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  Location location = this->location();

  Func_expression* func = this->fn_->func_expression();
  Interface_field_reference_expression* interface_method =
    this->fn_->interface_field_reference_expression();
  const bool has_closure = func != NULL && func->closure() != NULL;
  const bool is_interface_method = interface_method != NULL;

  int nargs;
  tree* args;
  if (this->args_ == NULL || this->args_->empty())
    {
      nargs = is_interface_method ? 1 : 0;
      args = nargs == 0 ? NULL : new tree[nargs];
    }
  else if (fntype->parameters() == NULL || fntype->parameters()->empty())
    {
      // Passing a receiver parameter.
      go_assert(!is_interface_method
                && fntype->is_method()
                && this->args_->size() == 1);
      nargs = 1;
      args = new tree[nargs];
      args[0] = this->args_->front()->get_tree(context);
    }
  else
    {
      const Typed_identifier_list* params = fntype->parameters();

      nargs = this->args_->size();
      int i = is_interface_method ? 1 : 0;
      nargs += i;
      args = new tree[nargs];

      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pp = params->begin();
      Expression_list::const_iterator pe = this->args_->begin();
      if (!is_interface_method && fntype->is_method())
        {
          args[i] = (*pe)->get_tree(context);
          ++pe;
          ++i;
        }
      for (; pe != this->args_->end(); ++pe, ++pp, ++i)
        {
          go_assert(pp != params->end());
          tree arg_val = (*pe)->get_tree(context);
          args[i] = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
                                                       pp->type(),
                                                       (*pe)->type(),
                                                       arg_val,
                                                       location);
          if (args[i] == error_mark_node)
            {
              delete[] args;
              return error_mark_node;
            }
        }
      go_assert(pp == params->end());
      go_assert(i == nargs);
    }

  tree rettype = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(type_to_tree(fntype->get_backend(gogo))));
  if (rettype == error_mark_node)
    {
      delete[] args;
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  tree fn;
  if (has_closure)
    fn = func->get_tree_without_closure(gogo);
  else if (!is_interface_method)
    fn = this->fn_->get_tree(context);
  else
    fn = this->interface_method_function(context, interface_method, &args[0]);

  if (fn == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(fn) == error_mark_node)
    {
      delete[] args;
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  tree fndecl = fn;
  if (TREE_CODE(fndecl) == ADDR_EXPR)
    fndecl = TREE_OPERAND(fndecl, 0);

  // Add a type cast in case the type of the function is a recursive
  // type which refers to itself.
  if (!DECL_P(fndecl) || !DECL_IS_BUILTIN(fndecl))
    {
      tree fnt = type_to_tree(fntype->get_backend(gogo));
      if (fnt == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      fn = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), fnt, fn);
    }

  // This is to support builtin math functions when using 80387 math.
  tree excess_type = NULL_TREE;
  if (optimize
      && TREE_CODE(fndecl) == FUNCTION_DECL
      && DECL_IS_BUILTIN(fndecl)
      && DECL_BUILT_IN_CLASS(fndecl) == BUILT_IN_NORMAL
      && nargs > 0
      && ((SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
           && SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))
          || (COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(rettype)
              && COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[0])))))
    {
      excess_type = excess_precision_type(TREE_TYPE(args[0]));
      if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
        {
          tree excess_fndecl = mathfn_built_in(excess_type,
                                               DECL_FUNCTION_CODE(fndecl));
          if (excess_fndecl == NULL_TREE)
            excess_type = NULL_TREE;
          else
            {
              fn = build_fold_addr_expr_loc(location.gcc_location(),
                                            excess_fndecl);
              for (int i = 0; i < nargs; ++i)
                {
                  if (SCALAR_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[i]))
                      || COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(args[i])))
                    args[i] = ::convert(excess_type, args[i]);
                }
            }
        }
    }

  tree ret = build_call_array(excess_type != NULL_TREE ? excess_type : rettype,
                              fn, nargs, args);
  delete[] args;

  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, location.gcc_location());

  if (has_closure)
    {
      tree closure_tree = func->closure()->get_tree(context);
      if (closure_tree != error_mark_node)
        CALL_EXPR_STATIC_CHAIN(ret) = closure_tree;
    }

  // If this is a recursive function type which returns itself, as in
  //   type F func() F
  // we have used ptr_type_node for the return type.  Add a cast here
  // to the correct type.
  if (TREE_TYPE(ret) == ptr_type_node)
    {
      tree t = type_to_tree(this->type()->base()->get_backend(gogo));
      ret = fold_convert_loc(location.gcc_location(), t, ret);
    }

  if (excess_type != NULL_TREE)
    {
      // Calling convert here can undo our excess precision change.
      // That may or may not be a bug in convert_to_real.
      ret = build1(NOP_EXPR, rettype, ret);
    }

  if (this->results_ != NULL)
    ret = this->set_results(context, ret);

  this->tree_ = ret;

  return ret;
}

// Set the result variables if this call returns multiple results.

tree
Call_expression::set_results(Translate_context* context, tree call_tree)
{
  tree stmt_list = NULL_TREE;

  call_tree = save_expr(call_tree);

  if (TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(call_tree)) != RECORD_TYPE)
    {
      go_assert(saw_errors());
      return call_tree;
    }

  Location loc = this->location();
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(call_tree));
  size_t rc = this->result_count();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < rc; ++i, field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
    {
      go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);

      Temporary_statement* temp = this->result(i);
      if (temp == NULL)
        {
          go_assert(saw_errors());
          return error_mark_node;
        }
      Temporary_reference_expression* ref =
        Expression::make_temporary_reference(temp, loc);
      ref->set_is_lvalue();
      tree temp_tree = ref->get_tree(context);
      if (temp_tree == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;

      tree val_tree = build3_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPONENT_REF,
                                 TREE_TYPE(field), call_tree, field, NULL_TREE);
      tree set_tree = build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), MODIFY_EXPR,
                                 void_type_node, temp_tree, val_tree);

      append_to_statement_list(set_tree, &stmt_list);
    }
  go_assert(field == NULL_TREE);

  return save_expr(stmt_list);
}

// Dump ast representation for a call expressin.

void
Call_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  this->fn_->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "(";
  if (args_ != NULL)
    ast_dump_context->dump_expression_list(this->args_);

  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ") ";
}

// Make a call expression.

Call_expression*
Expression::make_call(Expression* fn, Expression_list* args, bool is_varargs,
                      Location location)
{
  return new Call_expression(fn, args, is_varargs, location);
}

// A single result from a call which returns multiple results.

class Call_result_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Call_result_expression(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_CALL_RESULT, call->location()),
      call_(call), index_(index)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse*);

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Call_result_expression(this->call_->call_expression(),
                                      this->index_);
  }

  bool
  do_must_eval_in_order() const
  { return true; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The underlying call expression.
  Expression* call_;
  // Which result we want.
  unsigned int index_;
};

// Traverse a call result.

int
Call_result_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (traverse->remember_expression(this->call_))
    {
      // We have already traversed the call expression.
      return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
    }
  return Expression::traverse(&this->call_, traverse);
}

// Get the type.

Type*
Call_result_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->classification() == EXPRESSION_ERROR)
    return Type::make_error_type();

  // THIS->CALL_ can be replaced with a temporary reference due to
  // Call_expression::do_must_eval_in_order when there is an error.
  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
  if (ce == NULL)
    {
      this->set_is_error();
      return Type::make_error_type();
    }
  Function_type* fntype = ce->get_function_type();
  if (fntype == NULL)
    {
      if (ce->issue_error())
        {
          if (!ce->fn()->type()->is_error())
            this->report_error(_("expected function"));
        }
      this->set_is_error();
      return Type::make_error_type();
    }
  const Typed_identifier_list* results = fntype->results();
  if (results == NULL || results->size() < 2)
    {
      if (ce->issue_error())
        this->report_error(_("number of results does not match "
                             "number of values"));
      return Type::make_error_type();
    }
  Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator pr = results->begin();
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->index_; ++i)
    {
      if (pr == results->end())
        break;
      ++pr;
    }
  if (pr == results->end())
    {
      if (ce->issue_error())
        this->report_error(_("number of results does not match "
                             "number of values"));
      return Type::make_error_type();
    }
  return pr->type();
}

// Check the type.  Just make sure that we trigger the warning in
// do_type.

void
Call_result_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  this->type();
}

// Determine the type.  We have nothing to do here, but the 0 result
// needs to pass down to the caller.

void
Call_result_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  this->call_->determine_type_no_context();
}

// Return the tree.  We just refer to the temporary set by the call
// expression.  We don't do this at lowering time because it makes it
// hard to evaluate the call at the right time.

tree
Call_result_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Call_expression* ce = this->call_->call_expression();
  if (ce == NULL)
    {
      go_assert(this->call_->is_error_expression());
      return error_mark_node;
    }
  Temporary_statement* ts = ce->result(this->index_);
  if (ts == NULL)
    {
      go_assert(saw_errors());
      return error_mark_node;
    }
  Expression* ref = Expression::make_temporary_reference(ts, this->location());
  return ref->get_tree(context);
}

// Dump ast representation for a call result expression.

void
Call_result_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context)
    const
{
  // FIXME: Wouldn't it be better if the call is assigned to a temporary 
  // (struct) and the fields are referenced instead.
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << this->index_ << "@(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->call_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ")";
}

// Make a reference to a single result of a call which returns
// multiple results.

Expression*
Expression::make_call_result(Call_expression* call, unsigned int index)
{
  return new Call_result_expression(call, index);
}

// Class Index_expression.

// Traversal.

int
Index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
      || Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
      || (this->end_ != NULL
          && Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT))
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Lower an index expression.  This converts the generic index
// expression into an array index, a string index, or a map index.

Expression*
Index_expression::do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  Expression* left = this->left_;
  Expression* start = this->start_;
  Expression* end = this->end_;

  Type* type = left->type();
  if (type->is_error())
    return Expression::make_error(location);
  else if (left->is_type_expression())
    {
      error_at(location, "attempt to index type expression");
      return Expression::make_error(location);
    }
  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
    return Expression::make_array_index(left, start, end, location);
  else if (type->points_to() != NULL
           && type->points_to()->array_type() != NULL
           && !type->points_to()->is_slice_type())
    {
      Expression* deref = Expression::make_unary(OPERATOR_MULT, left,
                                                 location);
      return Expression::make_array_index(deref, start, end, location);
    }
  else if (type->is_string_type())
    return Expression::make_string_index(left, start, end, location);
  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
    {
      if (end != NULL)
        {
          error_at(location, "invalid slice of map");
          return Expression::make_error(location);
        }
      Map_index_expression* ret = Expression::make_map_index(left, start,
                                                             location);
      if (this->is_lvalue_)
        ret->set_is_lvalue();
      return ret;
    }
  else
    {
      error_at(location,
               "attempt to index object which is not array, string, or map");
      return Expression::make_error(location);
    }
}

// Write an indexed expression (expr[expr:expr] or expr[expr]) to a
// dump context

void
Index_expression::dump_index_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context, 
                                        const Expression* expr, 
                                        const Expression* start,
                                        const Expression* end)
{
  expr->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "[";
  start->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
  if (end != NULL)
    {
      ast_dump_context->ostream() << ":";
      end->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
    }
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "]";
}

// Dump ast representation for an index expression.

void
Index_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) 
    const
{
  Index_expression::dump_index_expression(ast_dump_context, this->left_, 
                                          this->start_, this->end_);
}

// Make an index expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_index(Expression* left, Expression* start, Expression* end,
                       Location location)
{
  return new Index_expression(left, start, end, location);
}

// An array index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.

class Array_index_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Array_index_expression(Expression* array, Expression* start,
                         Expression* end, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ARRAY_INDEX, location),
      array_(array), start_(start), end_(end), type_(NULL)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse*);

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return Expression::make_array_index(this->array_->copy(),
                                        this->start_->copy(),
                                        (this->end_ == NULL
                                         ? NULL
                                         : this->end_->copy()),
                                        this->location());
  }

  bool
  do_must_eval_subexpressions_in_order(int* skip) const
  {
    *skip = 1;
    return true;
  }

  bool
  do_is_addressable() const;

  void
  do_address_taken(bool escapes)
  { this->array_->address_taken(escapes); }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
  
 private:
  // The array we are getting a value from.
  Expression* array_;
  // The start or only index.
  Expression* start_;
  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a simple array
  // index, or it may be a nil expression for the length of the array.
  Expression* end_;
  // The type of the expression.
  Type* type_;
};

// Array index traversal.

int
Array_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->array_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  if (this->end_ != NULL)
    {
      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
        return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
    }
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Return the type of an array index.

Type*
Array_index_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->type_ == NULL)
    {
     Array_type* type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
      if (type == NULL)
        this->type_ = Type::make_error_type();
      else if (this->end_ == NULL)
        this->type_ = type->element_type();
      else if (type->is_slice_type())
        {
          // A slice of a slice has the same type as the original
          // slice.
          this->type_ = this->array_->type()->deref();
        }
      else
        {
          // A slice of an array is a slice.
          this->type_ = Type::make_array_type(type->element_type(), NULL);
        }
    }
  return this->type_;
}

// Set the type of an array index.

void
Array_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  this->array_->determine_type_no_context();
  this->start_->determine_type_no_context();
  if (this->end_ != NULL)
    this->end_->determine_type_no_context();
}

// Check types of an array index.

void
Array_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
  if (this->end_ != NULL
      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
      && !this->end_->type()->is_error()
      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression()
      && !this->end_->is_error_expression())
    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));

  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
  if (array_type == NULL)
    {
      go_assert(this->array_->type()->is_error());
      return;
    }

  unsigned int int_bits =
    Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->integer_type()->bits();

  Numeric_constant lvalnc;
  mpz_t lval;
  bool lval_valid = (array_type->length() != NULL
                     && array_type->length()->numeric_constant_value(&lvalnc)
                     && lvalnc.to_int(&lval));
  Numeric_constant inc;
  mpz_t ival;
  if (this->start_->numeric_constant_value(&inc) && inc.to_int(&ival))
    {
      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
          || mpz_sizeinbase(ival, 2) >= int_bits
          || (lval_valid
              && (this->end_ == NULL
                  ? mpz_cmp(ival, lval) >= 0
                  : mpz_cmp(ival, lval) > 0)))
        {
          error_at(this->start_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
          this->set_is_error();
        }
      mpz_clear(ival);
    }
  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
    {
      Numeric_constant enc;
      mpz_t eval;
      if (this->end_->numeric_constant_value(&enc) && enc.to_int(&eval))
        {
          if (mpz_sgn(eval) < 0
              || mpz_sizeinbase(eval, 2) >= int_bits
              || (lval_valid && mpz_cmp(eval, lval) > 0))
            {
              error_at(this->end_->location(), "array index out of bounds");
              this->set_is_error();
            }
          mpz_clear(eval);
        }
    }
  if (lval_valid)
    mpz_clear(lval);

  // A slice of an array requires an addressable array.  A slice of a
  // slice is always possible.
  if (this->end_ != NULL && !array_type->is_slice_type())
    {
      if (!this->array_->is_addressable())
        this->report_error(_("slice of unaddressable value"));
      else
        this->array_->address_taken(true);
    }
}

// Return whether this expression is addressable.

bool
Array_index_expression::do_is_addressable() const
{
  // A slice expression is not addressable.
  if (this->end_ != NULL)
    return false;

  // An index into a slice is addressable.
  if (this->array_->type()->is_slice_type())
    return true;

  // An index into an array is addressable if the array is
  // addressable.
  return this->array_->is_addressable();
}

// Get a tree for an array index.

tree
Array_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  Location loc = this->location();

  Array_type* array_type = this->array_->type()->array_type();
  if (array_type == NULL)
    {
      go_assert(this->array_->type()->is_error());
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(array_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree array_tree = this->array_->get_tree(context);
  if (array_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (array_type->length() == NULL && !DECL_P(array_tree))
    array_tree = save_expr(array_tree);

  tree length_tree = NULL_TREE;
  if (this->end_ == NULL || this->end_->is_nil_expression())
    {
      length_tree = array_type->length_tree(gogo, array_tree);
      if (length_tree == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
    }

  tree capacity_tree = NULL_TREE;
  if (this->end_ != NULL)
    {
      capacity_tree = array_type->capacity_tree(gogo, array_tree);
      if (capacity_tree == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      capacity_tree = save_expr(capacity_tree);
    }

  tree length_type = (length_tree != NULL_TREE
                      ? TREE_TYPE(length_tree)
                      : TREE_TYPE(capacity_tree));

  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;

  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);

  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
                                       loc);

  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), length_type, start_tree);
  bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TRUTH_OR_EXPR,
                              boolean_type_node, bad_index,
                              fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(),
                                              (this->end_ == NULL
                                               ? GE_EXPR
                                               : GT_EXPR),
                                              boolean_type_node, start_tree,
                                              (this->end_ == NULL
                                               ? length_tree
                                               : capacity_tree)));

  int code = (array_type->length() != NULL
              ? (this->end_ == NULL
                 ? RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
                 : RUNTIME_ERROR_ARRAY_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS)
              : (this->end_ == NULL
                 ? RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
                 : RUNTIME_ERROR_SLICE_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS));
  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);

  if (this->end_ == NULL)
    {
      // Simple array indexing.  This has to return an l-value, so
      // wrap the index check into START_TREE.
      start_tree = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(start_tree),
                          build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
                                 bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
                          start_tree);
      start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), sizetype, start_tree);

      if (array_type->length() != NULL)
        {
          // Fixed array.
          return build4(ARRAY_REF, TREE_TYPE(type_tree), array_tree,
                        start_tree, NULL_TREE, NULL_TREE);
        }
      else
        {
          // Open array.
          tree values = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
          Type* element_type = array_type->element_type();
          Btype* belement_type = element_type->get_backend(gogo);
          tree element_type_tree = type_to_tree(belement_type);
          if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);
          tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
                                        start_tree, element_size);
          tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
                                     TREE_TYPE(values), values, offset);
          return build_fold_indirect_ref(ptr);
        }
    }

  // Array slice.

  tree end_tree;
  if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
    end_tree = length_tree;
  else
    {
      end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
      if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
        end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
      if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
        end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);

      bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type, bad_index,
                                           loc);

      end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), length_type, end_tree);

      tree bad_end = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TRUTH_OR_EXPR,
                                     boolean_type_node,
                                     fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(),
                                                     LT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                                                     end_tree, start_tree),
                                     fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(),
                                                     GT_EXPR, boolean_type_node,
                                                     end_tree, capacity_tree));
      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TRUTH_OR_EXPR,
                                  boolean_type_node, bad_index, bad_end);
    }

  Type* element_type = array_type->element_type();
  tree element_type_tree = type_to_tree(element_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  tree element_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(element_type_tree);

  tree offset = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), MULT_EXPR, sizetype,
                                fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), sizetype,
                                                 start_tree),
                                element_size);

  tree value_pointer = array_type->value_pointer_tree(gogo, array_tree);
  if (value_pointer == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  value_pointer = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
                                  TREE_TYPE(value_pointer),
                                  value_pointer, offset);

  tree result_length_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), MINUS_EXPR,
                                            length_type, end_tree, start_tree);

  tree result_capacity_tree = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), MINUS_EXPR,
                                              length_type, capacity_tree,
                                              start_tree);

  tree struct_tree = type_to_tree(this->type()->get_backend(gogo));
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(struct_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);

  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(struct_tree);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = value_pointer;

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TREE_TYPE(field),
                                result_length_tree);

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__capacity") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TREE_TYPE(field),
                                result_capacity_tree);

  tree constructor = build_constructor(struct_tree, init);

  if (TREE_CONSTANT(value_pointer)
      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_length_tree)
      && TREE_CONSTANT(result_capacity_tree))
    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;

  return fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR,
                         TREE_TYPE(constructor),
                         build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
                                bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
                         constructor);
}

// Dump ast representation for an array index expression.

void
Array_index_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) 
    const
{
  Index_expression::dump_index_expression(ast_dump_context, this->array_, 
                                          this->start_, this->end_);
}

// Make an array index expression.  END may be NULL.

Expression*
Expression::make_array_index(Expression* array, Expression* start,
                             Expression* end, Location location)
{
  return new Array_index_expression(array, start, end, location);
}

// A string index.  This is used for both indexing and slicing.

class String_index_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  String_index_expression(Expression* string, Expression* start,
                          Expression* end, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRING_INDEX, location),
      string_(string), start_(start), end_(end)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse*);

  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return Expression::make_string_index(this->string_->copy(),
                                         this->start_->copy(),
                                         (this->end_ == NULL
                                          ? NULL
                                          : this->end_->copy()),
                                         this->location());
  }

  bool
  do_must_eval_subexpressions_in_order(int* skip) const
  {
    *skip = 1;
    return true;
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The string we are getting a value from.
  Expression* string_;
  // The start or only index.
  Expression* start_;
  // The end index of a slice.  This may be NULL for a single index,
  // or it may be a nil expression for the length of the string.
  Expression* end_;
};

// String index traversal.

int
String_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->string_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->start_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  if (this->end_ != NULL)
    {
      if (Expression::traverse(&this->end_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
        return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
    }
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Return the type of a string index.

Type*
String_index_expression::do_type()
{
  if (this->end_ == NULL)
    return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
  else
    return this->string_->type();
}

// Determine the type of a string index.

void
String_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  this->string_->determine_type_no_context();
  this->start_->determine_type_no_context();
  if (this->end_ != NULL)
    this->end_->determine_type_no_context();
}

// Check types of a string index.

void
String_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->start_->type()->integer_type() == NULL)
    this->report_error(_("index must be integer"));
  if (this->end_ != NULL
      && this->end_->type()->integer_type() == NULL
      && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
    this->report_error(_("slice end must be integer"));

  std::string sval;
  bool sval_valid = this->string_->string_constant_value(&sval);

  Numeric_constant inc;
  mpz_t ival;
  if (this->start_->numeric_constant_value(&inc) && inc.to_int(&ival))
    {
      if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0
          || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(ival, sval.length()) >= 0))
        {
          error_at(this->start_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
          this->set_is_error();
        }
      mpz_clear(ival);
    }
  if (this->end_ != NULL && !this->end_->is_nil_expression())
    {
      Numeric_constant enc;
      mpz_t eval;
      if (this->end_->numeric_constant_value(&enc) && enc.to_int(&eval))
        {
          if (mpz_sgn(eval) < 0
              || (sval_valid && mpz_cmp_ui(eval, sval.length()) > 0))
            {
              error_at(this->end_->location(), "string index out of bounds");
              this->set_is_error();
            }
          mpz_clear(eval);
        }
    }
}

// Get a tree for a string index.

tree
String_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Location loc = this->location();

  tree string_tree = this->string_->get_tree(context);
  if (string_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (this->string_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
    string_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(string_tree);
  if (!DECL_P(string_tree))
    string_tree = save_expr(string_tree);
  tree string_type = TREE_TYPE(string_tree);

  tree length_tree = String_type::length_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
  length_tree = save_expr(length_tree);
  tree length_type = TREE_TYPE(length_tree);

  tree bad_index = boolean_false_node;

  tree start_tree = this->start_->get_tree(context);
  if (start_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  if (!DECL_P(start_tree))
    start_tree = save_expr(start_tree);
  if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(start_tree)))
    start_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, start_tree);

  bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(start_tree, length_type, bad_index,
                                       loc);

  start_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), length_type, start_tree);

  int code = (this->end_ == NULL
              ? RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_INDEX_OUT_OF_BOUNDS
              : RUNTIME_ERROR_STRING_SLICE_OUT_OF_BOUNDS);
  tree crash = Gogo::runtime_error(code, loc);

  if (this->end_ == NULL)
    {
      bad_index = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), TRUTH_OR_EXPR,
                                  boolean_type_node, bad_index,
                                  fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), GE_EXPR,
                                                  boolean_type_node,
                                                  start_tree, length_tree));

      tree bytes_tree = String_type::bytes_tree(context->gogo(), string_tree);
      tree ptr = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
                                 TREE_TYPE(bytes_tree),
                                 bytes_tree,
                                 fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), sizetype,
                                                  start_tree));
      tree index = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(loc.gcc_location(), ptr);

      return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(index),
                    build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
                           bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
                    index);
    }
  else
    {
      tree end_tree;
      if (this->end_->is_nil_expression())
        end_tree = build_int_cst(length_type, -1);
      else
        {
          end_tree = this->end_->get_tree(context);
          if (end_tree == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          if (!DECL_P(end_tree))
            end_tree = save_expr(end_tree);
          if (!INTEGRAL_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(end_tree)))
            end_tree = convert_to_integer(length_type, end_tree);

          bad_index = Expression::check_bounds(end_tree, length_type,
                                               bad_index, loc);

          end_tree = fold_convert_loc(loc.gcc_location(), length_type,
                                      end_tree);
        }

      static tree strslice_fndecl;
      tree ret = Gogo::call_builtin(&strslice_fndecl,
                                    loc,
                                    "__go_string_slice",
                                    3,
                                    string_type,
                                    string_type,
                                    string_tree,
                                    length_type,
                                    start_tree,
                                    length_type,
                                    end_tree);
      if (ret == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      // This will panic if the bounds are out of range for the
      // string.
      TREE_NOTHROW(strslice_fndecl) = 0;

      if (bad_index == boolean_false_node)
        return ret;
      else
        return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(ret),
                      build3(COND_EXPR, void_type_node,
                             bad_index, crash, NULL_TREE),
                      ret);
    }
}

// Dump ast representation for a string index expression.

void
String_index_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context)
    const
{
  Index_expression::dump_index_expression(ast_dump_context, this->string_, 
                                          this->start_, this->end_);
}

// Make a string index expression.  END may be NULL.

Expression*
Expression::make_string_index(Expression* string, Expression* start,
                              Expression* end, Location location)
{
  return new String_index_expression(string, start, end, location);
}

// Class Map_index.

// Get the type of the map.

Map_type*
Map_index_expression::get_map_type() const
{
  Map_type* mt = this->map_->type()->deref()->map_type();
  if (mt == NULL)
    go_assert(saw_errors());
  return mt;
}

// Map index traversal.

int
Map_index_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->map_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return Expression::traverse(&this->index_, traverse);
}

// Return the type of a map index.

Type*
Map_index_expression::do_type()
{
  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
  if (mt == NULL)
    return Type::make_error_type();
  Type* type = mt->val_type();
  // If this map index is in a tuple assignment, we actually return a
  // pointer to the value type.  Tuple_map_assignment_statement is
  // responsible for handling this correctly.  We need to get the type
  // right in case this gets assigned to a temporary variable.
  if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
    type = Type::make_pointer_type(type);
  return type;
}

// Fix the type of a map index.

void
Map_index_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  this->map_->determine_type_no_context();
  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
  Type* key_type = mt == NULL ? NULL : mt->key_type();
  Type_context subcontext(key_type, false);
  this->index_->determine_type(&subcontext);
}

// Check types of a map index.

void
Map_index_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  std::string reason;
  Map_type* mt = this->get_map_type();
  if (mt == NULL)
    return;
  if (!Type::are_assignable(mt->key_type(), this->index_->type(), &reason))
    {
      if (reason.empty())
        this->report_error(_("incompatible type for map index"));
      else
        {
          error_at(this->location(), "incompatible type for map index (%s)",
                   reason.c_str());
          this->set_is_error();
        }
    }
}

// Get a tree for a map index.

tree
Map_index_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
  if (type == NULL)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree valptr = this->get_value_pointer(context, this->is_lvalue_);
  if (valptr == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  valptr = save_expr(valptr);

  tree val_type_tree = TREE_TYPE(TREE_TYPE(valptr));

  if (this->is_lvalue_)
    return build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr);
  else if (this->is_in_tuple_assignment_)
    {
      // Tuple_map_assignment_statement is responsible for using this
      // appropriately.
      return valptr;
    }
  else
    {
      Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
      Btype* val_btype = type->val_type()->get_backend(gogo);
      Bexpression* val_zero = gogo->backend()->zero_expression(val_btype);
      return fold_build3(COND_EXPR, val_type_tree,
                         fold_build2(EQ_EXPR, boolean_type_node, valptr,
                                     fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(valptr),
                                                  null_pointer_node)),
                         expr_to_tree(val_zero),
                         build_fold_indirect_ref(valptr));
    }
}

// Get a tree for the map index.  This returns a tree which evaluates
// to a pointer to a value.  The pointer will be NULL if the key is
// not in the map.

tree
Map_index_expression::get_value_pointer(Translate_context* context,
                                        bool insert)
{
  Map_type* type = this->get_map_type();
  if (type == NULL)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree map_tree = this->map_->get_tree(context);
  tree index_tree = this->index_->get_tree(context);
  index_tree = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, type->key_type(),
                                                  this->index_->type(),
                                                  index_tree,
                                                  this->location());
  if (map_tree == error_mark_node || index_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  if (this->map_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
    map_tree = build_fold_indirect_ref(map_tree);

  // We need to pass in a pointer to the key, so stuff it into a
  // variable.
  tree tmp;
  tree make_tmp;
  if (current_function_decl != NULL)
    {
      tmp = create_tmp_var(TREE_TYPE(index_tree), get_name(index_tree));
      DECL_IGNORED_P(tmp) = 0;
      DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = index_tree;
      make_tmp = build1(DECL_EXPR, void_type_node, tmp);
      TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      tmp = build_decl(this->location().gcc_location(), VAR_DECL,
                       create_tmp_var_name("M"),
                       TREE_TYPE(index_tree));
      DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
      TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
      TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
      if (!TREE_CONSTANT(index_tree))
        make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(this->location().gcc_location(),
                                   INIT_EXPR, void_type_node,
                                   tmp, index_tree);
      else
        {
          TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
          TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
          DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = index_tree;
          make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
        }
      rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
    }
  tree tmpref =
    fold_convert_loc(this->location().gcc_location(), const_ptr_type_node,
                     build_fold_addr_expr_loc(this->location().gcc_location(),
                                              tmp));

  static tree map_index_fndecl;
  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&map_index_fndecl,
                                 this->location(),
                                 "__go_map_index",
                                 3,
                                 const_ptr_type_node,
                                 TREE_TYPE(map_tree),
                                 map_tree,
                                 const_ptr_type_node,
                                 tmpref,
                                 boolean_type_node,
                                 (insert
                                  ? boolean_true_node
                                  : boolean_false_node));
  if (call == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  // This can panic on a map of interface type if the interface holds
  // an uncomparable or unhashable type.
  TREE_NOTHROW(map_index_fndecl) = 0;

  Type* val_type = type->val_type();
  tree val_type_tree = type_to_tree(val_type->get_backend(context->gogo()));
  if (val_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  tree ptr_val_type_tree = build_pointer_type(val_type_tree);

  tree ret = fold_convert_loc(this->location().gcc_location(),
                              ptr_val_type_tree, call);
  if (make_tmp != NULL_TREE)
    ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, ptr_val_type_tree, make_tmp, ret);
  return ret;
}

// Dump ast representation for a map index expression

void
Map_index_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) 
    const
{
  Index_expression::dump_index_expression(ast_dump_context, 
                                          this->map_, this->index_, NULL);
}

// Make a map index expression.

Map_index_expression*
Expression::make_map_index(Expression* map, Expression* index,
                           Location location)
{
  return new Map_index_expression(map, index, location);
}

// Class Field_reference_expression.

// Return the type of a field reference.

Type*
Field_reference_expression::do_type()
{
  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
  if (type->is_error())
    return type;
  Struct_type* struct_type = type->struct_type();
  go_assert(struct_type != NULL);
  return struct_type->field(this->field_index_)->type();
}

// Check the types for a field reference.

void
Field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->expr_->type();
  if (type->is_error())
    return;
  Struct_type* struct_type = type->struct_type();
  go_assert(struct_type != NULL);
  go_assert(struct_type->field(this->field_index_) != NULL);
}

// Get a tree for a field reference.

tree
Field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  tree struct_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
  if (struct_tree == error_mark_node
      || TREE_TYPE(struct_tree) == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree)) == RECORD_TYPE);
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(struct_tree));
  if (field == NULL_TREE)
    {
      // This can happen for a type which refers to itself indirectly
      // and then turns out to be erroneous.
      go_assert(saw_errors());
      return error_mark_node;
    }
  for (unsigned int i = this->field_index_; i > 0; --i)
    {
      field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
      go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);
    }
  if (TREE_TYPE(field) == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), struct_tree, field,
                NULL_TREE);
}

// Dump ast representation for a field reference expression.

void
Field_reference_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  this->expr_->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "." <<  this->field_index_;
}

// Make a reference to a qualified identifier in an expression.

Field_reference_expression*
Expression::make_field_reference(Expression* expr, unsigned int field_index,
                                 Location location)
{
  return new Field_reference_expression(expr, field_index, location);
}

// Class Interface_field_reference_expression.

// Return a tree for the pointer to the function to call.

tree
Interface_field_reference_expression::get_function_tree(Translate_context*,
                                                        tree expr)
{
  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);

  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);

  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__methods") == 0);

  tree table = build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
  go_assert(POINTER_TYPE_P(TREE_TYPE(table)));

  table = build_fold_indirect_ref(table);
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(TREE_TYPE(table)) == RECORD_TYPE);

  std::string name = Gogo::unpack_hidden_name(this->name_);
  for (field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(TREE_TYPE(table)));
       field != NULL_TREE;
       field = DECL_CHAIN(field))
    {
      if (name == IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)))
        break;
    }
  go_assert(field != NULL_TREE);

  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), table, field, NULL_TREE);
}

// Return a tree for the first argument to pass to the interface
// function.

tree
Interface_field_reference_expression::get_underlying_object_tree(
    Translate_context*,
    tree expr)
{
  if (this->expr_->type()->points_to() != NULL)
    expr = build_fold_indirect_ref(expr);

  tree expr_type = TREE_TYPE(expr);
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_type) == RECORD_TYPE);

  tree field = DECL_CHAIN(TYPE_FIELDS(expr_type));
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__object") == 0);

  return build3(COMPONENT_REF, TREE_TYPE(field), expr, field, NULL_TREE);
}

// Traversal.

int
Interface_field_reference_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse);
}

// Return the type of an interface field reference.

Type*
Interface_field_reference_expression::do_type()
{
  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();

  Type* points_to = expr_type->points_to();
  if (points_to != NULL)
    expr_type = points_to;

  Interface_type* interface_type = expr_type->interface_type();
  if (interface_type == NULL)
    return Type::make_error_type();

  const Typed_identifier* method = interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
  if (method == NULL)
    return Type::make_error_type();

  return method->type();
}

// Determine types.

void
Interface_field_reference_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  this->expr_->determine_type_no_context();
}

// Check the types for an interface field reference.

void
Interface_field_reference_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->expr_->type();

  Type* points_to = type->points_to();
  if (points_to != NULL)
    type = points_to;

  Interface_type* interface_type = type->interface_type();
  if (interface_type == NULL)
    {
      if (!type->is_error_type())
        this->report_error(_("expected interface or pointer to interface"));
    }
  else
    {
      const Typed_identifier* method =
        interface_type->find_method(this->name_);
      if (method == NULL)
        {
          error_at(this->location(), "method %qs not in interface",
                   Gogo::message_name(this->name_).c_str());
          this->set_is_error();
        }
    }
}

// Get a tree for a reference to a field in an interface.  There is no
// standard tree type representation for this: it's a function
// attached to its first argument, like a Bound_method_expression.
// The only places it may currently be used are in a Call_expression
// or a Go_statement, which will take it apart directly.  So this has
// nothing to do at present.

tree
Interface_field_reference_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context*)
{
  error_at(this->location(), "reference to method other than calling it");
  return error_mark_node;
}

// Dump ast representation for an interface field reference.

void
Interface_field_reference_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  this->expr_->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "." << this->name_;
}

// Make a reference to a field in an interface.

Expression*
Expression::make_interface_field_reference(Expression* expr,
                                           const std::string& field,
                                           Location location)
{
  return new Interface_field_reference_expression(expr, field, location);
}

// A general selector.  This is a Parser_expression for LEFT.NAME.  It
// is lowered after we know the type of the left hand side.

class Selector_expression : public Parser_expression
{
 public:
  Selector_expression(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
                      Location location)
    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_SELECTOR, location),
      left_(left), name_(name)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
  { return Expression::traverse(&this->left_, traverse); }

  Expression*
  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Selector_expression(this->left_->copy(), this->name_,
                                   this->location());
  }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const;

 private:
  Expression*
  lower_method_expression(Gogo*);

  // The expression on the left hand side.
  Expression* left_;
  // The name on the right hand side.
  std::string name_;
};

// Lower a selector expression once we know the real type of the left
// hand side.

Expression*
Selector_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*,
                              int)
{
  Expression* left = this->left_;
  if (left->is_type_expression())
    return this->lower_method_expression(gogo);
  return Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, left->type(), left, this->name_,
                                    this->location());
}

// Lower a method expression T.M or (*T).M.  We turn this into a
// function literal.

Expression*
Selector_expression::lower_method_expression(Gogo* gogo)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  Type* type = this->left_->type();
  const std::string& name(this->name_);

  bool is_pointer;
  if (type->points_to() == NULL)
    is_pointer = false;
  else
    {
      is_pointer = true;
      type = type->points_to();
    }
  Named_type* nt = type->named_type();
  if (nt == NULL)
    {
      error_at(location,
               ("method expression requires named type or "
                "pointer to named type"));
      return Expression::make_error(location);
    }

  bool is_ambiguous;
  Method* method = nt->method_function(name, &is_ambiguous);
  const Typed_identifier* imethod = NULL;
  if (method == NULL && !is_pointer)
    {
      Interface_type* it = nt->interface_type();
      if (it != NULL)
        imethod = it->find_method(name);
    }

  if (method == NULL && imethod == NULL)
    {
      if (!is_ambiguous)
        error_at(location, "type %<%s%s%> has no method %<%s%>",
                 is_pointer ? "*" : "",
                 nt->message_name().c_str(),
                 Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
      else
        error_at(location, "method %<%s%s%> is ambiguous in type %<%s%>",
                 Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
                 is_pointer ? "*" : "",
                 nt->message_name().c_str());
      return Expression::make_error(location);
    }

  if (method != NULL && !is_pointer && !method->is_value_method())
    {
      error_at(location, "method requires pointer (use %<(*%s).%s)%>",
               nt->message_name().c_str(),
               Gogo::message_name(name).c_str());
      return Expression::make_error(location);
    }

  // Build a new function type in which the receiver becomes the first
  // argument.
  Function_type* method_type;
  if (method != NULL)
    {
      method_type = method->type();
      go_assert(method_type->is_method());
    }
  else
    {
      method_type = imethod->type()->function_type();
      go_assert(method_type != NULL && !method_type->is_method());
    }

  const char* const receiver_name = "$this";
  Typed_identifier_list* parameters = new Typed_identifier_list();
  parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(receiver_name, this->left_->type(),
                                         location));

  const Typed_identifier_list* method_parameters = method_type->parameters();
  if (method_parameters != NULL)
    {
      int i = 0;
      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_parameters->begin();
           p != method_parameters->end();
           ++p, ++i)
        {
          if (!p->name().empty())
            parameters->push_back(*p);
          else
            {
              char buf[20];
              snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "$param%d", i);
              parameters->push_back(Typed_identifier(buf, p->type(),
                                                     p->location()));
            }
        }
    }

  const Typed_identifier_list* method_results = method_type->results();
  Typed_identifier_list* results;
  if (method_results == NULL)
    results = NULL;
  else
    {
      results = new Typed_identifier_list();
      for (Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = method_results->begin();
           p != method_results->end();
           ++p)
        results->push_back(*p);
    }
  
  Function_type* fntype = Type::make_function_type(NULL, parameters, results,
                                                   location);
  if (method_type->is_varargs())
    fntype->set_is_varargs();

  // We generate methods which always takes a pointer to the receiver
  // as their first argument.  If this is for a pointer type, we can
  // simply reuse the existing function.  We use an internal hack to
  // get the right type.

  if (method != NULL && is_pointer)
    {
      Named_object* mno = (method->needs_stub_method()
                           ? method->stub_object()
                           : method->named_object());
      Expression* f = Expression::make_func_reference(mno, NULL, location);
      f = Expression::make_cast(fntype, f, location);
      Type_conversion_expression* tce =
        static_cast<Type_conversion_expression*>(f);
      tce->set_may_convert_function_types();
      return f;
    }

  Named_object* no = gogo->start_function(Gogo::thunk_name(), fntype, false,
                                          location);

  Named_object* vno = gogo->lookup(receiver_name, NULL);
  go_assert(vno != NULL);
  Expression* ve = Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location);
  Expression* bm;
  if (method != NULL)
    bm = Type::bind_field_or_method(gogo, nt, ve, name, location);
  else
    bm = Expression::make_interface_field_reference(ve, name, location);

  // Even though we found the method above, if it has an error type we
  // may see an error here.
  if (bm->is_error_expression())
    {
      gogo->finish_function(location);
      return bm;
    }

  Expression_list* args;
  if (parameters->size() <= 1)
    args = NULL;
  else
    {
      args = new Expression_list();
      Typed_identifier_list::const_iterator p = parameters->begin();
      ++p;
      for (; p != parameters->end(); ++p)
        {
          vno = gogo->lookup(p->name(), NULL);
          go_assert(vno != NULL);
          args->push_back(Expression::make_var_reference(vno, location));
        }
    }

  gogo->start_block(location);

  Call_expression* call = Expression::make_call(bm, args,
                                                method_type->is_varargs(),
                                                location);

  size_t count = call->result_count();
  Statement* s;
  if (count == 0)
    s = Statement::make_statement(call, true);
  else
    {
      Expression_list* retvals = new Expression_list();
      if (count <= 1)
        retvals->push_back(call);
      else
        {
          for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i)
            retvals->push_back(Expression::make_call_result(call, i));
        }
      s = Statement::make_return_statement(retvals, location);
    }
  gogo->add_statement(s);

  Block* b = gogo->finish_block(location);

  gogo->add_block(b, location);

  // Lower the call in case there are multiple results.
  gogo->lower_block(no, b);

  gogo->finish_function(location);

  return Expression::make_func_reference(no, NULL, location);
}

// Dump the ast for a selector expression.

void
Selector_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) 
    const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->left_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ".";
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << this->name_;
}
                      
// Make a selector expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_selector(Expression* left, const std::string& name,
                          Location location)
{
  return new Selector_expression(left, name, location);
}

// Implement the builtin function new.

class Allocation_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Allocation_expression(Type* type, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_ALLOCATION, location),
      type_(type)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
  { return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse); }

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->type_); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return new Allocation_expression(this->type_, this->location()); }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
  
 private:
  // The type we are allocating.
  Type* type_;
};

// Return a tree for an allocation expression.

tree
Allocation_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(context->gogo()));
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  tree size_tree = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(type_tree);
  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->type_, size_tree,
                                                this->location());
  if (space == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  return fold_convert(build_pointer_type(type_tree), space);
}

// Dump ast representation for an allocation expression.

void
Allocation_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) 
    const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "new(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ")";
}

// Make an allocation expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_allocation(Type* type, Location location)
{
  return new Allocation_expression(type, location);
}

// Construct a struct.

class Struct_construction_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Struct_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
                                 Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION, location),
      type_(type), vals_(vals), traverse_order_(NULL)
  { }

  // Set the traversal order, used to ensure that we implement the
  // order of evaluation rules.  Takes ownership of the argument.
  void
  set_traverse_order(std::vector<int>* traverse_order)
  { this->traverse_order_ = traverse_order; }

  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
  bool
  is_constant_struct() const;

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return this->type_; }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    Struct_construction_expression* ret =
      new Struct_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
                                         this->location());
    if (this->traverse_order_ != NULL)
      ret->set_traverse_order(this->traverse_order_);
    return ret;
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The type of the struct to construct.
  Type* type_;
  // The list of values, in order of the fields in the struct.  A NULL
  // entry means that the field should be zero-initialized.
  Expression_list* vals_;
  // If not NULL, the order in which to traverse vals_.  This is used
  // so that we implement the order of evaluation rules correctly.
  std::vector<int>* traverse_order_;
};

// Traversal.

int
Struct_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
    {
      if (this->traverse_order_ == NULL)
        {
          if (this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
            return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
        }
      else
        {
          for (std::vector<int>::const_iterator p =
                 this->traverse_order_->begin();
               p != this->traverse_order_->end();
               ++p)
            {
              if (Expression::traverse(&this->vals_->at(*p), traverse)
                  == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
                return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
            }
        }
    }
  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Return whether this is a constant initializer.

bool
Struct_construction_expression::is_constant_struct() const
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return true;
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv)
    {
      if (*pv != NULL
          && !(*pv)->is_constant()
          && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
              || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
        return false;
    }

  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
       pf != fields->end();
       ++pf)
    {
      // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
      if (pf->type()->interface_type() != NULL)
        return false;
    }

  return true;
}

// Final type determination.

void
Struct_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return;
  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
       pf != fields->end();
       ++pf, ++pv)
    {
      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
        return;
      if (*pv != NULL)
        {
          Type_context subcontext(pf->type(), false);
          (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
        }
    }
  // Extra values are an error we will report elsewhere; we still want
  // to determine the type to avoid knockon errors.
  for (; pv != this->vals_->end(); ++pv)
    (*pv)->determine_type_no_context();
}

// Check types.

void
Struct_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return;

  Struct_type* st = this->type_->struct_type();
  if (this->vals_->size() > st->field_count())
    {
      this->report_error(_("too many expressions for struct"));
      return;
    }

  const Struct_field_list* fields = st->fields();
  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
  int i = 0;
  for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
       pf != fields->end();
       ++pf, ++pv, ++i)
    {
      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
        {
          this->report_error(_("too few expressions for struct"));
          break;
        }

      if (*pv == NULL)
        continue;

      std::string reason;
      if (!Type::are_assignable(pf->type(), (*pv)->type(), &reason))
        {
          if (reason.empty())
            error_at((*pv)->location(),
                     "incompatible type for field %d in struct construction",
                     i + 1);
          else
            error_at((*pv)->location(),
                     ("incompatible type for field %d in "
                      "struct construction (%s)"),
                     i + 1, reason.c_str());
          this->set_is_error();
        }
    }
  go_assert(pv == this->vals_->end());
}

// Return a tree for constructing a struct.

tree
Struct_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();

  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    {
      Btype* btype = this->type_->get_backend(gogo);
      return expr_to_tree(gogo->backend()->zero_expression(btype));
    }

  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);

  bool is_constant = true;
  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->struct_type()->fields();
  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* elts = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
                                            fields->size());
  Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = fields->begin();
  Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
  for (tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
       field != NULL_TREE;
       field = DECL_CHAIN(field), ++pf)
    {
      go_assert(pf != fields->end());

      Btype* fbtype = pf->type()->get_backend(gogo);

      tree val;
      if (pv == this->vals_->end())
        val = expr_to_tree(gogo->backend()->zero_expression(fbtype));
      else if (*pv == NULL)
        {
          val = expr_to_tree(gogo->backend()->zero_expression(fbtype));
          ++pv;
        }
      else
        {
          val = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, pf->type(),
                                                   (*pv)->type(),
                                                   (*pv)->get_tree(context),
                                                   this->location());
          ++pv;
        }

      if (val == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(val) == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;

      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, elts, NULL);
      elt->index = field;
      elt->value = val;
      if (!TREE_CONSTANT(val))
        is_constant = false;
    }
  go_assert(pf == fields->end());

  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, elts);
  if (is_constant)
    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
  return ret;
}

// Export a struct construction.

void
Struct_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
  exp->write_type(this->type_);
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv)
    {
      exp->write_c_string(", ");
      if (*pv != NULL)
        (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
    }
  exp->write_c_string(")");
}

// Dump ast representation of a struct construction expression.

void
Struct_construction_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "{";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression_list(this->vals_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "}";
}

// Make a struct composite literal.  This used by the thunk code.

Expression*
Expression::make_struct_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
                                          Location location)
{
  go_assert(type->struct_type() != NULL);
  return new Struct_construction_expression(type, vals, location);
}

// Construct an array.  This class is not used directly; instead we
// use the child classes, Fixed_array_construction_expression and
// Open_array_construction_expression.

class Array_construction_expression : public Expression
{
 protected:
  Array_construction_expression(Expression_classification classification,
                                Type* type,
                                const std::vector<unsigned long>* indexes,
                                Expression_list* vals, Location location)
    : Expression(classification, location),
      type_(type), indexes_(indexes), vals_(vals)
  { go_assert(indexes == NULL || indexes->size() == vals->size()); }

 public:
  // Return whether this is a constant initializer.
  bool
  is_constant_array() const;

  // Return the number of elements.
  size_t
  element_count() const
  { return this->vals_ == NULL ? 0 : this->vals_->size(); }

protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return this->type_; }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  // The indexes.
  const std::vector<unsigned long>*
  indexes()
  { return this->indexes_; }

  // The list of values.
  Expression_list*
  vals()
  { return this->vals_; }

  // Get a constructor tree for the array values.
  tree
  get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context, tree type_tree);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The type of the array to construct.
  Type* type_;
  // The list of indexes into the array, one for each value.  This may
  // be NULL, in which case the indexes start at zero and increment.
  const std::vector<unsigned long>* indexes_;
  // The list of values.  This may be NULL if there are no values.
  Expression_list* vals_;
};

// Traversal.

int
Array_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (this->vals_ != NULL
      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Return whether this is a constant initializer.

bool
Array_construction_expression::is_constant_array() const
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return true;

  // There are no constant constructors for interfaces.
  if (this->type_->array_type()->element_type()->interface_type() != NULL)
    return false;

  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv)
    {
      if (*pv != NULL
          && !(*pv)->is_constant()
          && (!(*pv)->is_composite_literal()
              || (*pv)->is_nonconstant_composite_literal()))
        return false;
    }
  return true;
}

// Final type determination.

void
Array_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return;
  Type_context subcontext(this->type_->array_type()->element_type(), false);
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv)
    {
      if (*pv != NULL)
        (*pv)->determine_type(&subcontext);
    }
}

// Check types.

void
Array_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return;

  Array_type* at = this->type_->array_type();
  int i = 0;
  Type* element_type = at->element_type();
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv, ++i)
    {
      if (*pv != NULL
          && !Type::are_assignable(element_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
        {
          error_at((*pv)->location(),
                   "incompatible type for element %d in composite literal",
                   i + 1);
          this->set_is_error();
        }
    }
}

// Get a constructor tree for the array values.

tree
Array_construction_expression::get_constructor_tree(Translate_context* context,
                                                    tree type_tree)
{
  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
                                              (this->vals_ == NULL
                                               ? 0
                                               : this->vals_->size()));
  Type* element_type = this->type_->array_type()->element_type();
  bool is_constant = true;
  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
    {
      size_t i = 0;
      std::vector<unsigned long>::const_iterator pi;
      if (this->indexes_ != NULL)
        pi = this->indexes_->begin();
      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
           pv != this->vals_->end();
           ++pv, ++i)
        {
          if (this->indexes_ != NULL)
            go_assert(pi != this->indexes_->end());
          constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);

          if (this->indexes_ == NULL)
            elt->index = size_int(i);
          else
            elt->index = size_int(*pi);

          if (*pv == NULL)
            {
              Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
              Btype* ebtype = element_type->get_backend(gogo);
              Bexpression *zv = gogo->backend()->zero_expression(ebtype);
              elt->value = expr_to_tree(zv);
            }
          else
            {
              tree value_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
              elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context,
                                                              element_type,
                                                              (*pv)->type(),
                                                              value_tree,
                                                              this->location());
            }
          if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
            is_constant = false;
          if (this->indexes_ != NULL)
            ++pi;
        }
      if (this->indexes_ != NULL)
        go_assert(pi == this->indexes_->end());
    }

  tree ret = build_constructor(type_tree, values);
  if (is_constant)
    TREE_CONSTANT(ret) = 1;
  return ret;
}

// Export an array construction.

void
Array_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
  exp->write_type(this->type_);
  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
    {
      std::vector<unsigned long>::const_iterator pi;
      if (this->indexes_ != NULL)
        pi = this->indexes_->begin();
      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
           pv != this->vals_->end();
           ++pv)
        {
          exp->write_c_string(", ");

          if (this->indexes_ != NULL)
            {
              char buf[100];
              snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%lu", *pi);
              exp->write_c_string(buf);
              exp->write_c_string(":");
            }

          if (*pv != NULL)
            (*pv)->export_expression(exp);

          if (this->indexes_ != NULL)
            ++pi;
        }
    }
  exp->write_c_string(")");
}

// Dump ast representation of an array construction expressin.

void
Array_construction_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  Expression* length = this->type_->array_type()->length();

  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "[" ;
  if (length != NULL)
    {
      ast_dump_context->dump_expression(length);
    }
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "]" ;
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "{" ;
  if (this->indexes_ == NULL)
    ast_dump_context->dump_expression_list(this->vals_);
  else
    {
      Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
      for (std::vector<unsigned long>::const_iterator pi =
             this->indexes_->begin();
           pi != this->indexes_->end();
           ++pi, ++pv)
        {
          if (pi != this->indexes_->begin())
            ast_dump_context->ostream() << ", ";
          ast_dump_context->ostream() << *pi << ':';
          ast_dump_context->dump_expression(*pv);
        }
    }
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "}" ;

}

// Construct a fixed array.

class Fixed_array_construction_expression :
  public Array_construction_expression
{
 public:
  Fixed_array_construction_expression(Type* type,
                                      const std::vector<unsigned long>* indexes,
                                      Expression_list* vals, Location location)
    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
                                    type, indexes, vals, location)
  { go_assert(type->array_type() != NULL && !type->is_slice_type()); }

 protected:
  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
                                                   this->indexes(),
                                                   (this->vals() == NULL
                                                    ? NULL
                                                    : this->vals()->copy()),
                                                   this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
};

// Return a tree for constructing a fixed array.

tree
Fixed_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Type* type = this->type();
  Btype* btype = type->get_backend(context->gogo());
  return this->get_constructor_tree(context, type_to_tree(btype));
}

// Construct an open array.

class Open_array_construction_expression : public Array_construction_expression
{
 public:
  Open_array_construction_expression(Type* type,
                                     const std::vector<unsigned long>* indexes,
                                     Expression_list* vals, Location location)
    : Array_construction_expression(EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION,
                                    type, indexes, vals, location)
  { go_assert(type->is_slice_type()); }

 protected:
  // Note that taking the address of an open array literal is invalid.

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Open_array_construction_expression(this->type(),
                                                  this->indexes(),
                                                  (this->vals() == NULL
                                                   ? NULL
                                                   : this->vals()->copy()),
                                                  this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);
};

// Return a tree for constructing an open array.

tree
Open_array_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Array_type* array_type = this->type()->array_type();
  if (array_type == NULL)
    {
      go_assert(this->type()->is_error());
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  Type* element_type = array_type->element_type();
  Btype* belement_type = element_type->get_backend(context->gogo());
  tree element_type_tree = type_to_tree(belement_type);
  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree values;
  tree length_tree;
  if (this->vals() == NULL || this->vals()->empty())
    {
      // We need to create a unique value.
      tree max = size_int(0);
      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
                                               build_index_type(max));
      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* vec = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 1);
      constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, vec, NULL);
      elt->index = size_int(0);
      Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
      Btype* btype = element_type->get_backend(gogo);
      elt->value = expr_to_tree(gogo->backend()->zero_expression(btype));
      values = build_constructor(constructor_type, vec);
      if (TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
        TREE_CONSTANT(values) = 1;
      length_tree = size_int(0);
    }
  else
    {
      unsigned long max_index;
      if (this->indexes() == NULL)
        max_index = this->vals()->size() - 1;
      else
        max_index = this->indexes()->back();
      tree max_tree = size_int(max_index);
      tree constructor_type = build_array_type(element_type_tree,
                                               build_index_type(max_tree));
      if (constructor_type == error_mark_node)
        return error_mark_node;
      values = this->get_constructor_tree(context, constructor_type);
      length_tree = size_int(max_index + 1);
    }

  if (values == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  bool is_constant_initializer = TREE_CONSTANT(values);

  // We have to copy the initial values into heap memory if we are in
  // a function or if the values are not constants.  We also have to
  // copy them if they may contain pointers in a non-constant context,
  // as otherwise the garbage collector won't see them.
  bool copy_to_heap = (context->function() != NULL
                       || !is_constant_initializer
                       || (element_type->has_pointer()
                           && !context->is_const()));

  if (is_constant_initializer)
    {
      tree tmp = build_decl(this->location().gcc_location(), VAR_DECL,
                            create_tmp_var_name("C"), TREE_TYPE(values));
      DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
      TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
      TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
      DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
      if (copy_to_heap)
        {
          // If we are not copying the value to the heap, we will only
          // initialize the value once, so we can use this directly
          // rather than copying it.  In that case we can't make it
          // read-only, because the program is permitted to change it.
          TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
          TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
        }
      DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = values;
      rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
      values = tmp;
    }

  tree space;
  tree set;
  if (!copy_to_heap)
    {
      // the initializer will only run once.
      space = build_fold_addr_expr(values);
      set = NULL_TREE;
    }
  else
    {
      tree memsize = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(values));
      space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(element_type, memsize,
                                               this->location());
      space = save_expr(space);

      tree s = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(values)), space);
      tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location().gcc_location(),
                                             s);
      TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
      set = build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, values);
    }

  // Build a constructor for the open array.

  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type()->get_backend(context->gogo()));
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(type_tree) == RECORD_TYPE);

  VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* init = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 3);

  constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  tree field = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__values") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), space);

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)), "__count") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);

  elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, init, NULL);
  field = DECL_CHAIN(field);
  go_assert(strcmp(IDENTIFIER_POINTER(DECL_NAME(field)),"__capacity") == 0);
  elt->index = field;
  elt->value = fold_convert(TREE_TYPE(field), length_tree);

  tree constructor = build_constructor(type_tree, init);
  if (constructor == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  if (!copy_to_heap)
    TREE_CONSTANT(constructor) = 1;

  if (set == NULL_TREE)
    return constructor;
  else
    return build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree, set, constructor);
}

// Make a slice composite literal.  This is used by the type
// descriptor code.

Expression*
Expression::make_slice_composite_literal(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
                                         Location location)
{
  go_assert(type->is_slice_type());
  return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, NULL, vals, location);
}

// Construct a map.

class Map_construction_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Map_construction_expression(Type* type, Expression_list* vals,
                              Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION, location),
      type_(type), vals_(vals)
  { go_assert(vals == NULL || vals->size() % 2 == 0); }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return this->type_; }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*);

  void
  do_check_types(Gogo*);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Map_construction_expression(this->type_, this->vals_->copy(),
                                           this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  void
  do_export(Export*) const;

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
  
 private:
  // The type of the map to construct.
  Type* type_;
  // The list of values.
  Expression_list* vals_;
};

// Traversal.

int
Map_construction_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (this->vals_ != NULL
      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  if (Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Final type determination.

void
Map_construction_expression::do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return;

  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
  Type_context key_context(mt->key_type(), false);
  Type_context val_context(mt->val_type(), false);
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv)
    {
      (*pv)->determine_type(&key_context);
      ++pv;
      (*pv)->determine_type(&val_context);
    }
}

// Check types.

void
Map_construction_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  if (this->vals_ == NULL)
    return;

  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();
  int i = 0;
  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv, ++i)
    {
      if (!Type::are_assignable(key_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
        {
          error_at((*pv)->location(),
                   "incompatible type for element %d key in map construction",
                   i + 1);
          this->set_is_error();
        }
      ++pv;
      if (!Type::are_assignable(val_type, (*pv)->type(), NULL))
        {
          error_at((*pv)->location(),
                   ("incompatible type for element %d value "
                    "in map construction"),
                   i + 1);
          this->set_is_error();
        }
    }
}

// Return a tree for constructing a map.

tree
Map_construction_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  Location loc = this->location();

  Map_type* mt = this->type_->map_type();

  // Build a struct to hold the key and value.
  tree struct_type = make_node(RECORD_TYPE);

  Type* key_type = mt->key_type();
  tree id = get_identifier("__key");
  tree key_type_tree = type_to_tree(key_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (key_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  tree key_field = build_decl(loc.gcc_location(), FIELD_DECL, id,
                              key_type_tree);
  DECL_CONTEXT(key_field) = struct_type;
  TYPE_FIELDS(struct_type) = key_field;

  Type* val_type = mt->val_type();
  id = get_identifier("__val");
  tree val_type_tree = type_to_tree(val_type->get_backend(gogo));
  if (val_type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  tree val_field = build_decl(loc.gcc_location(), FIELD_DECL, id,
                              val_type_tree);
  DECL_CONTEXT(val_field) = struct_type;
  DECL_CHAIN(key_field) = val_field;

  layout_type(struct_type);

  bool is_constant = true;
  size_t i = 0;
  tree valaddr;
  tree make_tmp;

  if (this->vals_ == NULL || this->vals_->empty())
    {
      valaddr = null_pointer_node;
      make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
    }
  else
    {
      VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* values = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc,
                                                  this->vals_->size() / 2);

      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
           pv != this->vals_->end();
           ++pv, ++i)
        {
          bool one_is_constant = true;

          VEC(constructor_elt,gc)* one = VEC_alloc(constructor_elt, gc, 2);

          constructor_elt* elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
          elt->index = key_field;
          tree val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
          elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, key_type,
                                                          (*pv)->type(),
                                                          val_tree, loc);
          if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
            one_is_constant = false;

          ++pv;

          elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, one, NULL);
          elt->index = val_field;
          val_tree = (*pv)->get_tree(context);
          elt->value = Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, val_type,
                                                          (*pv)->type(),
                                                          val_tree, loc);
          if (elt->value == error_mark_node)
            return error_mark_node;
          if (!TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value))
            one_is_constant = false;

          elt = VEC_quick_push(constructor_elt, values, NULL);
          elt->index = size_int(i);
          elt->value = build_constructor(struct_type, one);
          if (one_is_constant)
            TREE_CONSTANT(elt->value) = 1;
          else
            is_constant = false;
        }

      tree index_type = build_index_type(size_int(i - 1));
      tree array_type = build_array_type(struct_type, index_type);
      tree init = build_constructor(array_type, values);
      if (is_constant)
        TREE_CONSTANT(init) = 1;
      tree tmp;
      if (current_function_decl != NULL)
        {
          tmp = create_tmp_var(array_type, get_name(array_type));
          DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
          make_tmp = fold_build1_loc(loc.gcc_location(), DECL_EXPR,
                                     void_type_node, tmp);
          TREE_ADDRESSABLE(tmp) = 1;
        }
      else
        {
          tmp = build_decl(loc.gcc_location(), VAR_DECL,
                           create_tmp_var_name("M"), array_type);
          DECL_EXTERNAL(tmp) = 0;
          TREE_PUBLIC(tmp) = 0;
          TREE_STATIC(tmp) = 1;
          DECL_ARTIFICIAL(tmp) = 1;
          if (!TREE_CONSTANT(init))
            make_tmp = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), INIT_EXPR,
                                       void_type_node, tmp, init);
          else
            {
              TREE_READONLY(tmp) = 1;
              TREE_CONSTANT(tmp) = 1;
              DECL_INITIAL(tmp) = init;
              make_tmp = NULL_TREE;
            }
          rest_of_decl_compilation(tmp, 1, 0);
        }

      valaddr = build_fold_addr_expr(tmp);
    }

  tree descriptor = mt->map_descriptor_pointer(gogo, loc);

  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo));
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  static tree construct_map_fndecl;
  tree call = Gogo::call_builtin(&construct_map_fndecl,
                                 loc,
                                 "__go_construct_map",
                                 6,
                                 type_tree,
                                 TREE_TYPE(descriptor),
                                 descriptor,
                                 sizetype,
                                 size_int(i),
                                 sizetype,
                                 TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(struct_type),
                                 sizetype,
                                 byte_position(val_field),
                                 sizetype,
                                 TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(val_field)),
                                 const_ptr_type_node,
                                 fold_convert(const_ptr_type_node, valaddr));
  if (call == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree ret;
  if (make_tmp == NULL)
    ret = call;
  else
    ret = fold_build2_loc(loc.gcc_location(), COMPOUND_EXPR, type_tree,
                          make_tmp, call);
  return ret;
}

// Export an array construction.

void
Map_construction_expression::do_export(Export* exp) const
{
  exp->write_c_string("convert(");
  exp->write_type(this->type_);
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator pv = this->vals_->begin();
       pv != this->vals_->end();
       ++pv)
    {
      exp->write_c_string(", ");
      (*pv)->export_expression(exp);
    }
  exp->write_c_string(")");
}

// Dump ast representation for a map construction expression.

void
Map_construction_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "{" ;
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression_list(this->vals_, true);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "}";
}

// A general composite literal.  This is lowered to a type specific
// version.

class Composite_literal_expression : public Parser_expression
{
 public:
  Composite_literal_expression(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
                               Expression_list* vals, Location location)
    : Parser_expression(EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL, location),
      type_(type), depth_(depth), vals_(vals), has_keys_(has_keys)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse);

  Expression*
  do_lower(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, int);

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return new Composite_literal_expression(this->type_, this->depth_,
                                            this->has_keys_,
                                            (this->vals_ == NULL
                                             ? NULL
                                             : this->vals_->copy()),
                                            this->location());
  }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
  
 private:
  Expression*
  lower_struct(Gogo*, Type*);

  Expression*
  lower_array(Type*);

  Expression*
  make_array(Type*, const std::vector<unsigned long>*, Expression_list*);

  Expression*
  lower_map(Gogo*, Named_object*, Statement_inserter*, Type*);

  // The type of the composite literal.
  Type* type_;
  // The depth within a list of composite literals within a composite
  // literal, when the type is omitted.
  int depth_;
  // The values to put in the composite literal.
  Expression_list* vals_;
  // If this is true, then VALS_ is a list of pairs: a key and a
  // value.  In an array initializer, a missing key will be NULL.
  bool has_keys_;
};

// Traversal.

int
Composite_literal_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (this->vals_ != NULL
      && this->vals_->traverse(traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse);
}

// Lower a generic composite literal into a specific version based on
// the type.

Expression*
Composite_literal_expression::do_lower(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
                                       Statement_inserter* inserter, int)
{
  Type* type = this->type_;

  for (int depth = this->depth_; depth > 0; --depth)
    {
      if (type->array_type() != NULL)
        type = type->array_type()->element_type();
      else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
        type = type->map_type()->val_type();
      else
        {
          if (!type->is_error())
            error_at(this->location(),
                     ("may only omit types within composite literals "
                      "of slice, array, or map type"));
          return Expression::make_error(this->location());
        }
    }

  Type *pt = type->points_to();
  bool is_pointer = false;
  if (pt != NULL)
    {
      is_pointer = true;
      type = pt;
    }

  Expression* ret;
  if (type->is_error())
    return Expression::make_error(this->location());
  else if (type->struct_type() != NULL)
    ret = this->lower_struct(gogo, type);
  else if (type->array_type() != NULL)
    ret = this->lower_array(type);
  else if (type->map_type() != NULL)
    ret = this->lower_map(gogo, function, inserter, type);
  else
    {
      error_at(this->location(),
               ("expected struct, slice, array, or map type "
                "for composite literal"));
      return Expression::make_error(this->location());
    }

  if (is_pointer)
    ret = Expression::make_heap_composite(ret, this->location());

  return ret;
}

// Lower a struct composite literal.

Expression*
Composite_literal_expression::lower_struct(Gogo* gogo, Type* type)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  Struct_type* st = type->struct_type();
  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
    {
      if (this->vals_ != NULL
          && !this->vals_->empty()
          && type->named_type() != NULL
          && type->named_type()->named_object()->package() != NULL)
        {
          for (Struct_field_list::const_iterator pf = st->fields()->begin();
               pf != st->fields()->end();
               ++pf)
            {
              if (Gogo::is_hidden_name(pf->field_name()))
                error_at(this->location(),
                         "assignment of unexported field %qs in %qs literal",
                         Gogo::message_name(pf->field_name()).c_str(),
                         type->named_type()->message_name().c_str());
            }
        }

      return new Struct_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
    }

  size_t field_count = st->field_count();
  std::vector<Expression*> vals(field_count);
  std::vector<int>* traverse_order = new(std::vector<int>);
  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
  while (p != this->vals_->end())
    {
      Expression* name_expr = *p;

      ++p;
      go_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
      Expression* val = *p;

      ++p;

      if (name_expr == NULL)
        {
          error_at(val->location(), "mixture of field and value initializers");
          return Expression::make_error(location);
        }

      bool bad_key = false;
      std::string name;
      const Named_object* no = NULL;
      switch (name_expr->classification())
        {
        case EXPRESSION_UNKNOWN_REFERENCE:
          name = name_expr->unknown_expression()->name();
          break;

        case EXPRESSION_CONST_REFERENCE:
          no = static_cast<Const_expression*>(name_expr)->named_object();
          break;

        case EXPRESSION_TYPE:
          {
            Type* t = name_expr->type();
            Named_type* nt = t->named_type();
            if (nt == NULL)
              bad_key = true;
            else
              no = nt->named_object();
          }
          break;

        case EXPRESSION_VAR_REFERENCE:
          no = name_expr->var_expression()->named_object();
          break;

        case EXPRESSION_FUNC_REFERENCE:
          no = name_expr->func_expression()->named_object();
          break;

        case EXPRESSION_UNARY:
          // If there is a local variable around with the same name as
          // the field, and this occurs in the closure, then the
          // parser may turn the field reference into an indirection
          // through the closure.  FIXME: This is a mess.
          {
            bad_key = true;
            Unary_expression* ue = static_cast<Unary_expression*>(name_expr);
            if (ue->op() == OPERATOR_MULT)
              {
                Field_reference_expression* fre =
                  ue->operand()->field_reference_expression();
                if (fre != NULL)
                  {
                    Struct_type* st =
                      fre->expr()->type()->deref()->struct_type();
                    if (st != NULL)
                      {
                        const Struct_field* sf = st->field(fre->field_index());
                        name = sf->field_name();

                        // See below.  FIXME.
                        if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(name)
                            && name[0] >= 'a'
                            && name[0] <= 'z')
                          {
                            if (gogo->lookup_global(name.c_str()) != NULL)
                              name = gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false);
                          }

                        char buf[20];
                        snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%u", fre->field_index());
                        size_t buflen = strlen(buf);
                        if (name.compare(name.length() - buflen, buflen, buf)
                            == 0)
                          {
                            name = name.substr(0, name.length() - buflen);
                            bad_key = false;
                          }
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
          break;

        default:
          bad_key = true;
          break;
        }
      if (bad_key)
        {
          error_at(name_expr->location(), "expected struct field name");
          return Expression::make_error(location);
        }

      if (no != NULL)
        {
          name = no->name();

          // A predefined name won't be packed.  If it starts with a
          // lower case letter we need to check for that case, because
          // the field name will be packed.  FIXME.
          if (!Gogo::is_hidden_name(name)
              && name[0] >= 'a'
              && name[0] <= 'z')
            {
              Named_object* gno = gogo->lookup_global(name.c_str());
              if (gno == no)
                name = gogo->pack_hidden_name(name, false);
            }
        }

      unsigned int index;
      const Struct_field* sf = st->find_local_field(name, &index);
      if (sf == NULL)
        {
          error_at(name_expr->location(), "unknown field %qs in %qs",
                   Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
                   (type->named_type() != NULL
                    ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
                    : "unnamed struct"));
          return Expression::make_error(location);
        }
      if (vals[index] != NULL)
        {
          error_at(name_expr->location(),
                   "duplicate value for field %qs in %qs",
                   Gogo::message_name(name).c_str(),
                   (type->named_type() != NULL
                    ? type->named_type()->message_name().c_str()
                    : "unnamed struct"));
          return Expression::make_error(location);
        }

      if (type->named_type() != NULL
          && type->named_type()->named_object()->package() != NULL
          && Gogo::is_hidden_name(sf->field_name()))
        error_at(name_expr->location(),
                 "assignment of unexported field %qs in %qs literal",
                 Gogo::message_name(sf->field_name()).c_str(),
                 type->named_type()->message_name().c_str());

      vals[index] = val;
      traverse_order->push_back(index);
    }

  Expression_list* list = new Expression_list;
  list->reserve(field_count);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < field_count; ++i)
    list->push_back(vals[i]);

  Struct_construction_expression* ret =
    new Struct_construction_expression(type, list, location);
  ret->set_traverse_order(traverse_order);
  return ret;
}

// Used to sort an index/value array.

class Index_value_compare
{
 public:
  bool
  operator()(const std::pair<unsigned long, Expression*>& a,
             const std::pair<unsigned long, Expression*>& b)
  { return a.first < b.first; }
};

// Lower an array composite literal.

Expression*
Composite_literal_expression::lower_array(Type* type)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  if (this->vals_ == NULL || !this->has_keys_)
    return this->make_array(type, NULL, this->vals_);

  std::vector<unsigned long>* indexes = new std::vector<unsigned long>;
  indexes->reserve(this->vals_->size());
  bool indexes_out_of_order = false;
  Expression_list* vals = new Expression_list();
  vals->reserve(this->vals_->size());
  unsigned long index = 0;
  Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
  while (p != this->vals_->end())
    {
      Expression* index_expr = *p;

      ++p;
      go_assert(p != this->vals_->end());
      Expression* val = *p;

      ++p;

      if (index_expr == NULL)
        {
          if (!indexes->empty())
            indexes->push_back(index);
        }
      else
        {
          if (indexes->empty() && !vals->empty())
            {
              for (size_t i = 0; i < vals->size(); ++i)
                indexes->push_back(i);
            }

          Numeric_constant nc;
          if (!index_expr->numeric_constant_value(&nc))
            {
              error_at(index_expr->location(),
                       "index expression is not integer constant");
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            }

          switch (nc.to_unsigned_long(&index))
            {
            case Numeric_constant::NC_UL_VALID:
              break;
            case Numeric_constant::NC_UL_NOTINT:
              error_at(index_expr->location(),
                       "index expression is not integer constant");
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            case Numeric_constant::NC_UL_NEGATIVE:
              error_at(index_expr->location(), "index expression is negative");
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            case Numeric_constant::NC_UL_BIG:
              error_at(index_expr->location(), "index value overflow");
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            default:
              go_unreachable();
            }

          Named_type* ntype = Type::lookup_integer_type("int");
          Integer_type* inttype = ntype->integer_type();
          if (sizeof(index) <= static_cast<size_t>(inttype->bits() * 8)
              && index >> (inttype->bits() - 1) != 0)
            {
              error_at(index_expr->location(), "index value overflow");
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            }

          if (std::find(indexes->begin(), indexes->end(), index)
              != indexes->end())
            {
              error_at(index_expr->location(), "duplicate value for index %lu",
                       index);
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            }

          if (!indexes->empty() && index < indexes->back())
            indexes_out_of_order = true;

          indexes->push_back(index);
        }

      vals->push_back(val);

      ++index;
    }

  if (indexes->empty())
    {
      delete indexes;
      indexes = NULL;
    }

  if (indexes_out_of_order)
    {
      typedef std::vector<std::pair<unsigned long, Expression*> > V;

      V v;
      v.reserve(indexes->size());
      std::vector<unsigned long>::const_iterator pi = indexes->begin();
      for (Expression_list::const_iterator pe = vals->begin();
           pe != vals->end();
           ++pe, ++pi)
        v.push_back(std::make_pair(*pi, *pe));

      std::sort(v.begin(), v.end(), Index_value_compare());

      delete indexes;
      delete vals;
      indexes = new std::vector<unsigned long>();
      indexes->reserve(v.size());
      vals = new Expression_list();
      vals->reserve(v.size());

      for (V::const_iterator p = v.begin(); p != v.end(); ++p)
        {
          indexes->push_back(p->first);
          vals->push_back(p->second);
        }
    }

  return this->make_array(type, indexes, vals);
}

// Actually build the array composite literal. This handles
// [...]{...}.

Expression*
Composite_literal_expression::make_array(
    Type* type,
    const std::vector<unsigned long>* indexes,
    Expression_list* vals)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  Array_type* at = type->array_type();

  if (at->length() != NULL && at->length()->is_nil_expression())
    {
      size_t size;
      if (vals == NULL)
        size = 0;
      else if (indexes != NULL)
        size = indexes->back() + 1;
      else
        {
          size = vals->size();
          Integer_type* it = Type::lookup_integer_type("int")->integer_type();
          if (sizeof(size) <= static_cast<size_t>(it->bits() * 8)
              && size >> (it->bits() - 1) != 0)
            {
              error_at(location, "too many elements in composite literal");
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            }
        }

      mpz_t vlen;
      mpz_init_set_ui(vlen, size);
      Expression* elen = Expression::make_integer(&vlen, NULL, location);
      mpz_clear(vlen);
      at = Type::make_array_type(at->element_type(), elen);
      type = at;
    }
  else if (at->length() != NULL
           && !at->length()->is_error_expression()
           && this->vals_ != NULL)
    {
      Numeric_constant nc;
      unsigned long val;
      if (at->length()->numeric_constant_value(&nc)
          && nc.to_unsigned_long(&val) == Numeric_constant::NC_UL_VALID)
        {
          if (indexes == NULL)
            {
              if (this->vals_->size() > val)
                {
                  error_at(location, "too many elements in composite literal");
                  return Expression::make_error(location);
                }
            }
          else
            {
              unsigned long max = indexes->back();
              if (max >= val)
                {
                  error_at(location,
                           ("some element keys in composite literal "
                            "are out of range"));
                  return Expression::make_error(location);
                }
            }
        }
    }

  if (at->length() != NULL)
    return new Fixed_array_construction_expression(type, indexes, vals,
                                                   location);
  else
    return new Open_array_construction_expression(type, indexes, vals,
                                                  location);
}

// Lower a map composite literal.

Expression*
Composite_literal_expression::lower_map(Gogo* gogo, Named_object* function,
                                        Statement_inserter* inserter,
                                        Type* type)
{
  Location location = this->location();
  if (this->vals_ != NULL)
    {
      if (!this->has_keys_)
        {
          error_at(location, "map composite literal must have keys");
          return Expression::make_error(location);
        }

      for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->vals_->begin();
           p != this->vals_->end();
           p += 2)
        {
          if (*p == NULL)
            {
              ++p;
              error_at((*p)->location(),
                       "map composite literal must have keys for every value");
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            }
          // Make sure we have lowered the key; it may not have been
          // lowered in order to handle keys for struct composite
          // literals.  Lower it now to get the right error message.
          if ((*p)->unknown_expression() != NULL)
            {
              (*p)->unknown_expression()->clear_is_composite_literal_key();
              gogo->lower_expression(function, inserter, &*p);
              go_assert((*p)->is_error_expression());
              return Expression::make_error(location);
            }
        }
    }

  return new Map_construction_expression(type, this->vals_, location);
}

// Dump ast representation for a composite literal expression.

void
Composite_literal_expression::do_dump_expression(
                               Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "composite(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ", {";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression_list(this->vals_, this->has_keys_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "})";
}

// Make a composite literal expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_composite_literal(Type* type, int depth, bool has_keys,
                                   Expression_list* vals,
                                   Location location)
{
  return new Composite_literal_expression(type, depth, has_keys, vals,
                                          location);
}

// Return whether this expression is a composite literal.

bool
Expression::is_composite_literal() const
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case EXPRESSION_COMPOSITE_LITERAL:
    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
    }
}

// Return whether this expression is a composite literal which is not
// constant.

bool
Expression::is_nonconstant_composite_literal() const
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case EXPRESSION_STRUCT_CONSTRUCTION:
      {
        const Struct_construction_expression *psce =
          static_cast<const Struct_construction_expression*>(this);
        return !psce->is_constant_struct();
      }
    case EXPRESSION_FIXED_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
      {
        const Fixed_array_construction_expression *pace =
          static_cast<const Fixed_array_construction_expression*>(this);
        return !pace->is_constant_array();
      }
    case EXPRESSION_OPEN_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTION:
      {
        const Open_array_construction_expression *pace =
          static_cast<const Open_array_construction_expression*>(this);
        return !pace->is_constant_array();
      }
    case EXPRESSION_MAP_CONSTRUCTION:
      return true;
    default:
      return false;
    }
}

// Return true if this is a reference to a local variable.

bool
Expression::is_local_variable() const
{
  const Var_expression* ve = this->var_expression();
  if (ve == NULL)
    return false;
  const Named_object* no = ve->named_object();
  return (no->is_result_variable()
          || (no->is_variable() && !no->var_value()->is_global()));
}

// Class Type_guard_expression.

// Traversal.

int
Type_guard_expression::do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  if (Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT
      || Type::traverse(this->type_, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
    return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Check types of a type guard expression.  The expression must have
// an interface type, but the actual type conversion is checked at run
// time.

void
Type_guard_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  // 6g permits using a type guard with unsafe.pointer; we are
  // compatible.
  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
  if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
    {
      if (this->type_->points_to() == NULL
          && (this->type_->integer_type() == NULL
              || (this->type_->forwarded()
                  != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
        this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
    }
  else if (this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type())
    {
      if (expr_type->points_to() == NULL
          && (expr_type->integer_type() == NULL
              || (expr_type->forwarded()
                  != Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"))))
        this->report_error(_("invalid unsafe.Pointer conversion"));
    }
  else if (expr_type->interface_type() == NULL)
    {
      if (!expr_type->is_error() && !this->type_->is_error())
        this->report_error(_("type assertion only valid for interface types"));
      this->set_is_error();
    }
  else if (this->type_->interface_type() == NULL)
    {
      std::string reason;
      if (!expr_type->interface_type()->implements_interface(this->type_,
                                                             &reason))
        {
          if (!this->type_->is_error())
            {
              if (reason.empty())
                this->report_error(_("impossible type assertion: "
                                     "type does not implement interface"));
              else
                error_at(this->location(),
                         ("impossible type assertion: "
                          "type does not implement interface (%s)"),
                         reason.c_str());
            }
          this->set_is_error();
        }
    }
}

// Return a tree for a type guard expression.

tree
Type_guard_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  Type* expr_type = this->expr_->type();
  if ((this->type_->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
       && (expr_type->points_to() != NULL
           || expr_type->integer_type() != NULL))
      || (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
          && this->type_->points_to() != NULL))
    return convert_to_pointer(type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo)),
                              expr_tree);
  else if (expr_type->is_unsafe_pointer_type()
           && this->type_->integer_type() != NULL)
    return convert_to_integer(type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(gogo)),
                              expr_tree);
  else if (this->type_->interface_type() != NULL)
    return Expression::convert_interface_to_interface(context, this->type_,
                                                      this->expr_->type(),
                                                      expr_tree, true,
                                                      this->location());
  else
    return Expression::convert_for_assignment(context, this->type_,
                                              this->expr_->type(), expr_tree,
                                              this->location());
}

// Dump ast representation for a type guard expression.

void
Type_guard_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) 
    const
{
  this->expr_->dump_expression(ast_dump_context);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() <<  ".";
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
}

// Make a type guard expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_type_guard(Expression* expr, Type* type,
                            Location location)
{
  return new Type_guard_expression(expr, type, location);
}

// Class Heap_composite_expression.

// When you take the address of a composite literal, it is allocated
// on the heap.  This class implements that.

class Heap_composite_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Heap_composite_expression(Expression* expr, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_HEAP_COMPOSITE, location),
      expr_(expr)
  { }

 protected:
  int
  do_traverse(Traverse* traverse)
  { return Expression::traverse(&this->expr_, traverse); }

  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::make_pointer_type(this->expr_->type()); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { this->expr_->determine_type_no_context(); }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  {
    return Expression::make_heap_composite(this->expr_->copy(),
                                           this->location());
  }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context*);

  // We only export global objects, and the parser does not generate
  // this in global scope.
  void
  do_export(Export*) const
  { go_unreachable(); }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The composite literal which is being put on the heap.
  Expression* expr_;
};

// Return a tree which allocates a composite literal on the heap.

tree
Heap_composite_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  tree expr_tree = this->expr_->get_tree(context);
  if (expr_tree == error_mark_node || TREE_TYPE(expr_tree) == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;
  tree expr_size = TYPE_SIZE_UNIT(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree));
  go_assert(TREE_CODE(expr_size) == INTEGER_CST);
  tree space = context->gogo()->allocate_memory(this->expr_->type(),
                                                expr_size, this->location());
  space = fold_convert(build_pointer_type(TREE_TYPE(expr_tree)), space);
  space = save_expr(space);
  tree ref = build_fold_indirect_ref_loc(this->location().gcc_location(),
                                         space);
  TREE_THIS_NOTRAP(ref) = 1;
  tree ret = build2(COMPOUND_EXPR, TREE_TYPE(space),
                    build2(MODIFY_EXPR, void_type_node, ref, expr_tree),
                    space);
  SET_EXPR_LOCATION(ret, this->location().gcc_location());
  return ret;
}

// Dump ast representation for a heap composite expression.

void
Heap_composite_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "&(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(this->expr_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ")";
}

// Allocate a composite literal on the heap.

Expression*
Expression::make_heap_composite(Expression* expr, Location location)
{
  return new Heap_composite_expression(expr, location);
}

// Class Receive_expression.

// Return the type of a receive expression.

Type*
Receive_expression::do_type()
{
  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
  if (channel_type == NULL)
    return Type::make_error_type();
  return channel_type->element_type();
}

// Check types for a receive expression.

void
Receive_expression::do_check_types(Gogo*)
{
  Type* type = this->channel_->type();
  if (type->is_error())
    {
      this->set_is_error();
      return;
    }
  if (type->channel_type() == NULL)
    {
      this->report_error(_("expected channel"));
      return;
    }
  if (!type->channel_type()->may_receive())
    {
      this->report_error(_("invalid receive on send-only channel"));
      return;
    }
}

// Get a tree for a receive expression.

tree
Receive_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Location loc = this->location();

  Channel_type* channel_type = this->channel_->type()->channel_type();
  if (channel_type == NULL)
    {
      go_assert(this->channel_->type()->is_error());
      return error_mark_node;
    }

  Expression* td = Expression::make_type_descriptor(channel_type, loc);
  tree td_tree = td->get_tree(context);

  Type* element_type = channel_type->element_type();
  Btype* element_type_btype = element_type->get_backend(context->gogo());
  tree element_type_tree = type_to_tree(element_type_btype);

  tree channel = this->channel_->get_tree(context);
  if (element_type_tree == error_mark_node || channel == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  return Gogo::receive_from_channel(element_type_tree, td_tree, channel, loc);
}

// Dump ast representation for a receive expression.

void
Receive_expression::do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << " <- " ;
  ast_dump_context->dump_expression(channel_);
}

// Make a receive expression.

Receive_expression*
Expression::make_receive(Expression* channel, Location location)
{
  return new Receive_expression(channel, location);
}

// An expression which evaluates to a pointer to the type descriptor
// of a type.

class Type_descriptor_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Type_descriptor_expression(Type* type, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR, location),
      type_(type)
  { }

 protected:
  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::make_type_descriptor_ptr_type(); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
  {
    return this->type_->type_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo(),
                                                this->location());
  }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The type for which this is the descriptor.
  Type* type_;
};

// Dump ast representation for a type descriptor expression.

void
Type_descriptor_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
}

// Make a type descriptor expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_type_descriptor(Type* type, Location location)
{
  return new Type_descriptor_expression(type, location);
}

// An expression which evaluates to some characteristic of a type.
// This is only used to initialize fields of a type descriptor.  Using
// a new expression class is slightly inefficient but gives us a good
// separation between the frontend and the middle-end with regard to
// how types are laid out.

class Type_info_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Type_info_expression(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_TYPE_INFO, Linemap::predeclared_location()),
      type_(type), type_info_(type_info)
  { }

 protected:
  Type*
  do_type();

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;

 private:
  // The type for which we are getting information.
  Type* type_;
  // What information we want.
  Type_info type_info_;
};

// The type is chosen to match what the type descriptor struct
// expects.

Type*
Type_info_expression::do_type()
{
  switch (this->type_info_)
    {
    case TYPE_INFO_SIZE:
      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr");
    case TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT:
    case TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT:
      return Type::lookup_integer_type("uint8");
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Return type information in GENERIC.

tree
Type_info_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  Btype* btype = this->type_->get_backend(context->gogo());
  Gogo* gogo = context->gogo();
  size_t val;
  switch (this->type_info_)
    {
    case TYPE_INFO_SIZE:
      val = gogo->backend()->type_size(btype);
      break;
    case TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT:
      val = gogo->backend()->type_alignment(btype);
      break;
    case TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT:
      val = gogo->backend()->type_field_alignment(btype);
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
  tree val_type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type()->get_backend(gogo));
  go_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);
  return build_int_cstu(val_type_tree, val);
}

// Dump ast representation for a type info expression.

void
Type_info_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "typeinfo(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ",";
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << 
    (this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_ALIGNMENT ? "alignment" 
    : this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_FIELD_ALIGNMENT ? "field alignment"
    : this->type_info_ == TYPE_INFO_SIZE ? "size "
    : "unknown");
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ")";
}

// Make a type info expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_type_info(Type* type, Type_info type_info)
{
  return new Type_info_expression(type, type_info);
}

// An expression which evaluates to the offset of a field within a
// struct.  This, like Type_info_expression, q.v., is only used to
// initialize fields of a type descriptor.

class Struct_field_offset_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Struct_field_offset_expression(Struct_type* type, const Struct_field* field)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_STRUCT_FIELD_OFFSET,
                 Linemap::predeclared_location()),
      type_(type), field_(field)
  { }

 protected:
  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::lookup_integer_type("uintptr"); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context);

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
  
 private:
  // The type of the struct.
  Struct_type* type_;
  // The field.
  const Struct_field* field_;
};

// Return a struct field offset in GENERIC.

tree
Struct_field_offset_expression::do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
{
  tree type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type_->get_backend(context->gogo()));
  if (type_tree == error_mark_node)
    return error_mark_node;

  tree val_type_tree = type_to_tree(this->type()->get_backend(context->gogo()));
  go_assert(val_type_tree != error_mark_node);

  const Struct_field_list* fields = this->type_->fields();
  tree struct_field_tree = TYPE_FIELDS(type_tree);
  Struct_field_list::const_iterator p;
  for (p = fields->begin();
       p != fields->end();
       ++p, struct_field_tree = DECL_CHAIN(struct_field_tree))
    {
      go_assert(struct_field_tree != NULL_TREE);
      if (&*p == this->field_)
        break;
    }
  go_assert(&*p == this->field_);

  return fold_convert_loc(BUILTINS_LOCATION, val_type_tree,
                          byte_position(struct_field_tree));
}

// Dump ast representation for a struct field offset expression.

void
Struct_field_offset_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() <<  "unsafe.Offsetof(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << '.';
  ast_dump_context->ostream() <<
    Gogo::message_name(this->field_->field_name());
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ")";
}

// Make an expression for a struct field offset.

Expression*
Expression::make_struct_field_offset(Struct_type* type,
                                     const Struct_field* field)
{
  return new Struct_field_offset_expression(type, field);
}

// An expression which evaluates to a pointer to the map descriptor of
// a map type.

class Map_descriptor_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Map_descriptor_expression(Map_type* type, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_MAP_DESCRIPTOR, location),
      type_(type)
  { }

 protected:
  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::make_pointer_type(Map_type::make_map_descriptor_type()); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return this; }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
  {
    return this->type_->map_descriptor_pointer(context->gogo(),
                                               this->location());
  }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context*) const;
 
 private:
  // The type for which this is the descriptor.
  Map_type* type_;
};

// Dump ast representation for a map descriptor expression.

void
Map_descriptor_expression::do_dump_expression(
    Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
{
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << "map_descriptor(";
  ast_dump_context->dump_type(this->type_);
  ast_dump_context->ostream() << ")";
}

// Make a map descriptor expression.

Expression*
Expression::make_map_descriptor(Map_type* type, Location location)
{
  return new Map_descriptor_expression(type, location);
}

// An expression which evaluates to the address of an unnamed label.

class Label_addr_expression : public Expression
{
 public:
  Label_addr_expression(Label* label, Location location)
    : Expression(EXPRESSION_LABEL_ADDR, location),
      label_(label)
  { }

 protected:
  Type*
  do_type()
  { return Type::make_pointer_type(Type::make_void_type()); }

  void
  do_determine_type(const Type_context*)
  { }

  Expression*
  do_copy()
  { return new Label_addr_expression(this->label_, this->location()); }

  tree
  do_get_tree(Translate_context* context)
  {
    return expr_to_tree(this->label_->get_addr(context, this->location()));
  }

  void
  do_dump_expression(Ast_dump_context* ast_dump_context) const
  { ast_dump_context->ostream() << this->label_->name(); }
  
 private:
  // The label whose address we are taking.
  Label* label_;
};

// Make an expression for the address of an unnamed label.

Expression*
Expression::make_label_addr(Label* label, Location location)
{
  return new Label_addr_expression(label, location);
}

// Import an expression.  This comes at the end in order to see the
// various class definitions.

Expression*
Expression::import_expression(Import* imp)
{
  int c = imp->peek_char();
  if (imp->match_c_string("- ")
      || imp->match_c_string("! ")
      || imp->match_c_string("^ "))
    return Unary_expression::do_import(imp);
  else if (c == '(')
    return Binary_expression::do_import(imp);
  else if (imp->match_c_string("true")
           || imp->match_c_string("false"))
    return Boolean_expression::do_import(imp);
  else if (c == '"')
    return String_expression::do_import(imp);
  else if (c == '-' || (c >= '0' && c <= '9'))
    {
      // This handles integers, floats and complex constants.
      return Integer_expression::do_import(imp);
    }
  else if (imp->match_c_string("nil"))
    return Nil_expression::do_import(imp);
  else if (imp->match_c_string("convert"))
    return Type_conversion_expression::do_import(imp);
  else
    {
      error_at(imp->location(), "import error: expected expression");
      return Expression::make_error(imp->location());
    }
}

// Class Expression_list.

// Traverse the list.

int
Expression_list::traverse(Traverse* traverse)
{
  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
       p != this->end();
       ++p)
    {
      if (*p != NULL)
        {
          if (Expression::traverse(&*p, traverse) == TRAVERSE_EXIT)
            return TRAVERSE_EXIT;
        }
    }
  return TRAVERSE_CONTINUE;
}

// Copy the list.

Expression_list*
Expression_list::copy()
{
  Expression_list* ret = new Expression_list();
  for (Expression_list::iterator p = this->begin();
       p != this->end();
       ++p)
    {
      if (*p == NULL)
        ret->push_back(NULL);
      else
        ret->push_back((*p)->copy());
    }
  return ret;
}

// Return whether an expression list has an error expression.

bool
Expression_list::contains_error() const
{
  for (Expression_list::const_iterator p = this->begin();
       p != this->end();
       ++p)
    if (*p != NULL && (*p)->is_error_expression())
      return true;
  return false;
}

// Class Numeric_constant.

// Destructor.

Numeric_constant::~Numeric_constant()
{
  this->clear();
}

// Copy constructor.

Numeric_constant::Numeric_constant(const Numeric_constant& a)
  : classification_(a.classification_), type_(a.type_)
{
  switch (a.classification_)
    {
    case NC_INVALID:
      break;
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpz_init_set(this->u_.int_val, a.u_.int_val);
      break;
    case NC_FLOAT:
      mpfr_init_set(this->u_.float_val, a.u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      mpfr_init_set(this->u_.complex_val.real, a.u_.complex_val.real,
                    GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_init_set(this->u_.complex_val.imag, a.u_.complex_val.imag,
                    GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Assignment operator.

Numeric_constant&
Numeric_constant::operator=(const Numeric_constant& a)
{
  this->clear();
  this->classification_ = a.classification_;
  this->type_ = a.type_;
  switch (a.classification_)
    {
    case NC_INVALID:
      break;
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpz_init_set(this->u_.int_val, a.u_.int_val);
      break;
    case NC_FLOAT:
      mpfr_init_set(this->u_.float_val, a.u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      mpfr_init_set(this->u_.complex_val.real, a.u_.complex_val.real,
                    GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_init_set(this->u_.complex_val.imag, a.u_.complex_val.imag,
                    GMP_RNDN);
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
  return *this;
}

// Clear the contents.

void
Numeric_constant::clear()
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INVALID:
      break;
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpz_clear(this->u_.int_val);
      break;
    case NC_FLOAT:
      mpfr_clear(this->u_.float_val);
      break;
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      mpfr_clear(this->u_.complex_val.real);
      mpfr_clear(this->u_.complex_val.imag);
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
  this->classification_ = NC_INVALID;
}

// Set to an unsigned long value.

void
Numeric_constant::set_unsigned_long(Type* type, unsigned long val)
{
  this->clear();
  this->classification_ = NC_INT;
  this->type_ = type;
  mpz_init_set_ui(this->u_.int_val, val);
}

// Set to an integer value.

void
Numeric_constant::set_int(Type* type, const mpz_t val)
{
  this->clear();
  this->classification_ = NC_INT;
  this->type_ = type;
  mpz_init_set(this->u_.int_val, val);
}

// Set to a rune value.

void
Numeric_constant::set_rune(Type* type, const mpz_t val)
{
  this->clear();
  this->classification_ = NC_RUNE;
  this->type_ = type;
  mpz_init_set(this->u_.int_val, val);
}

// Set to a floating point value.

void
Numeric_constant::set_float(Type* type, const mpfr_t val)
{
  this->clear();
  this->classification_ = NC_FLOAT;
  this->type_ = type;
  // Numeric constants do not have negative zero values, so remove
  // them here.  They also don't have infinity or NaN values, but we
  // should never see them here.
  if (mpfr_zero_p(val))
    mpfr_init_set_ui(this->u_.float_val, 0, GMP_RNDN);
  else
    mpfr_init_set(this->u_.float_val, val, GMP_RNDN);
}

// Set to a complex value.

void
Numeric_constant::set_complex(Type* type, const mpfr_t real, const mpfr_t imag)
{
  this->clear();
  this->classification_ = NC_COMPLEX;
  this->type_ = type;
  mpfr_init_set(this->u_.complex_val.real, real, GMP_RNDN);
  mpfr_init_set(this->u_.complex_val.imag, imag, GMP_RNDN);
}

// Get an int value.

void
Numeric_constant::get_int(mpz_t* val) const
{
  go_assert(this->is_int());
  mpz_init_set(*val, this->u_.int_val);
}

// Get a rune value.

void
Numeric_constant::get_rune(mpz_t* val) const
{
  go_assert(this->is_rune());
  mpz_init_set(*val, this->u_.int_val);
}

// Get a floating point value.

void
Numeric_constant::get_float(mpfr_t* val) const
{
  go_assert(this->is_float());
  mpfr_init_set(*val, this->u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
}

// Get a complex value.

void
Numeric_constant::get_complex(mpfr_t* real, mpfr_t* imag) const
{
  go_assert(this->is_complex());
  mpfr_init_set(*real, this->u_.complex_val.real, GMP_RNDN);
  mpfr_init_set(*imag, this->u_.complex_val.imag, GMP_RNDN);
}

// Express value as unsigned long if possible.

Numeric_constant::To_unsigned_long
Numeric_constant::to_unsigned_long(unsigned long* val) const
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      return this->mpz_to_unsigned_long(this->u_.int_val, val);
    case NC_FLOAT:
      return this->mpfr_to_unsigned_long(this->u_.float_val, val);
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      if (!mpfr_zero_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag))
        return NC_UL_NOTINT;
      return this->mpfr_to_unsigned_long(this->u_.complex_val.real, val);
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Express integer value as unsigned long if possible.

Numeric_constant::To_unsigned_long
Numeric_constant::mpz_to_unsigned_long(const mpz_t ival,
                                       unsigned long *val) const
{
  if (mpz_sgn(ival) < 0)
    return NC_UL_NEGATIVE;
  unsigned long ui = mpz_get_ui(ival);
  if (mpz_cmp_ui(ival, ui) != 0)
    return NC_UL_BIG;
  *val = ui;
  return NC_UL_VALID;
}

// Express floating point value as unsigned long if possible.

Numeric_constant::To_unsigned_long
Numeric_constant::mpfr_to_unsigned_long(const mpfr_t fval,
                                        unsigned long *val) const
{
  if (!mpfr_integer_p(fval))
    return NC_UL_NOTINT;
  mpz_t ival;
  mpz_init(ival);
  mpfr_get_z(ival, fval, GMP_RNDN);
  To_unsigned_long ret = this->mpz_to_unsigned_long(ival, val);
  mpz_clear(ival);
  return ret;
}

// Convert value to integer if possible.

bool
Numeric_constant::to_int(mpz_t* val) const
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpz_init_set(*val, this->u_.int_val);
      return true;
    case NC_FLOAT:
      if (!mpfr_integer_p(this->u_.float_val))
        return false;
      mpz_init(*val);
      mpfr_get_z(*val, this->u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      if (!mpfr_zero_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag)
          || !mpfr_integer_p(this->u_.complex_val.real))
        return false;
      mpz_init(*val);
      mpfr_get_z(*val, this->u_.complex_val.real, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Convert value to floating point if possible.

bool
Numeric_constant::to_float(mpfr_t* val) const
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpfr_init_set_z(*val, this->u_.int_val, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    case NC_FLOAT:
      mpfr_init_set(*val, this->u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      if (!mpfr_zero_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag))
        return false;
      mpfr_init_set(*val, this->u_.complex_val.real, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Convert value to complex.

bool
Numeric_constant::to_complex(mpfr_t* vr, mpfr_t* vi) const
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpfr_init_set_z(*vr, this->u_.int_val, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_init_set_ui(*vi, 0, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    case NC_FLOAT:
      mpfr_init_set(*vr, this->u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_init_set_ui(*vi, 0, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      mpfr_init_set(*vr, this->u_.complex_val.real, GMP_RNDN);
      mpfr_init_set(*vi, this->u_.complex_val.imag, GMP_RNDN);
      return true;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// Get the type.

Type*
Numeric_constant::type() const
{
  if (this->type_ != NULL)
    return this->type_;
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
      return Type::make_abstract_integer_type();
    case NC_RUNE:
      return Type::make_abstract_character_type();
    case NC_FLOAT:
      return Type::make_abstract_float_type();
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      return Type::make_abstract_complex_type();
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}

// If the constant can be expressed in TYPE, then set the type of the
// constant to TYPE and return true.  Otherwise return false, and, if
// ISSUE_ERROR is true, report an appropriate error message.

bool
Numeric_constant::set_type(Type* type, bool issue_error, Location loc)
{
  bool ret;
  if (type == NULL)
    ret = true;
  else if (type->integer_type() != NULL)
    ret = this->check_int_type(type->integer_type(), issue_error, loc);
  else if (type->float_type() != NULL)
    ret = this->check_float_type(type->float_type(), issue_error, loc);
  else if (type->complex_type() != NULL)
    ret = this->check_complex_type(type->complex_type(), issue_error, loc);
  else
    go_unreachable();
  if (ret)
    this->type_ = type;
  return ret;
}

// Check whether the constant can be expressed in an integer type.

bool
Numeric_constant::check_int_type(Integer_type* type, bool issue_error,
                                 Location location) const
{
  mpz_t val;
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpz_init_set(val, this->u_.int_val);
      break;

    case NC_FLOAT:
      if (!mpfr_integer_p(this->u_.float_val))
        {
          if (issue_error)
            error_at(location, "floating point constant truncated to integer");
          return false;
        }
      mpz_init(val);
      mpfr_get_z(val, this->u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    case NC_COMPLEX:
      if (!mpfr_integer_p(this->u_.complex_val.real)
          || !mpfr_zero_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag))
        {
          if (issue_error)
            error_at(location, "complex constant truncated to integer");
          return false;
        }
      mpz_init(val);
      mpfr_get_z(val, this->u_.complex_val.real, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  bool ret;
  if (type->is_abstract())
    ret = true;
  else
    {
      int bits = mpz_sizeinbase(val, 2);
      if (type->is_unsigned())
        {
          // For an unsigned type we can only accept a nonnegative
          // number, and we must be able to represents at least BITS.
          ret = mpz_sgn(val) >= 0 && bits <= type->bits();
        }
      else
        {
          // For a signed type we need an extra bit to indicate the
          // sign.  We have to handle the most negative integer
          // specially.
          ret = (bits + 1 <= type->bits()
                 || (bits <= type->bits()
                     && mpz_sgn(val) < 0
                     && (mpz_scan1(val, 0)
                         == static_cast<unsigned long>(type->bits() - 1))
                     && mpz_scan0(val, type->bits()) == ULONG_MAX));
        }
    }

  if (!ret && issue_error)
    error_at(location, "integer constant overflow");

  return ret;
}

// Check whether the constant can be expressed in a floating point
// type.

bool
Numeric_constant::check_float_type(Float_type* type, bool issue_error,
                                   Location location) const
{
  mpfr_t val;
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpfr_init_set_z(val, this->u_.int_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    case NC_FLOAT:
      mpfr_init_set(val, this->u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    case NC_COMPLEX:
      if (!mpfr_zero_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag))
        {
          if (issue_error)
            error_at(location, "complex constant truncated to float");
          return false;
        }
      mpfr_init_set(val, this->u_.complex_val.real, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  bool ret;
  if (type->is_abstract())
    ret = true;
  else if (mpfr_nan_p(val) || mpfr_inf_p(val) || mpfr_zero_p(val))
    {
      // A NaN or Infinity always fits in the range of the type.
      ret = true;
    }
  else
    {
      mp_exp_t exp = mpfr_get_exp(val);
      mp_exp_t max_exp;
      switch (type->bits())
        {
        case 32:
          max_exp = 128;
          break;
        case 64:
          max_exp = 1024;
          break;
        default:
          go_unreachable();
        }

      ret = exp <= max_exp;
    }

  mpfr_clear(val);

  if (!ret && issue_error)
    error_at(location, "floating point constant overflow");

  return ret;
} 

// Check whether the constant can be expressed in a complex type.

bool
Numeric_constant::check_complex_type(Complex_type* type, bool issue_error,
                                     Location location) const
{
  if (type->is_abstract())
    return true;

  mp_exp_t max_exp;
  switch (type->bits())
    {
    case 64:
      max_exp = 128;
      break;
    case 128:
      max_exp = 1024;
      break;
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  mpfr_t real;
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_RUNE:
      mpfr_init_set_z(real, this->u_.int_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    case NC_FLOAT:
      mpfr_init_set(real, this->u_.float_val, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    case NC_COMPLEX:
      if (!mpfr_nan_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag)
          && !mpfr_inf_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag)
          && !mpfr_zero_p(this->u_.complex_val.imag))
        {
          if (mpfr_get_exp(this->u_.complex_val.imag) > max_exp)
            {
              if (issue_error)
                error_at(location, "complex imaginary part overflow");
              return false;
            }
        }
      mpfr_init_set(real, this->u_.complex_val.real, GMP_RNDN);
      break;

    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }

  bool ret;
  if (mpfr_nan_p(real) || mpfr_inf_p(real) || mpfr_zero_p(real))
    ret = true;
  else
    ret = mpfr_get_exp(real) <= max_exp;

  mpfr_clear(real);

  if (!ret && issue_error)
    error_at(location, "complex real part overflow");

  return ret;
}

// Return an Expression for this value.

Expression*
Numeric_constant::expression(Location loc) const
{
  switch (this->classification_)
    {
    case NC_INT:
      return Expression::make_integer(&this->u_.int_val, this->type_, loc);
    case NC_RUNE:
      return Expression::make_character(&this->u_.int_val, this->type_, loc);
    case NC_FLOAT:
      return Expression::make_float(&this->u_.float_val, this->type_, loc);
    case NC_COMPLEX:
      return Expression::make_complex(&this->u_.complex_val.real,
                                      &this->u_.complex_val.imag,
                                      this->type_, loc);
    default:
      go_unreachable();
    }
}